fl3blK0B0M TPAHODEP
ripM 06yHeHMM MHOCTpaHHbIM H3blKaM npOMCXOflUT npOU,eCC, npM KOTOpOM pOflHOM M M3yHaeMblM   A3blKkl   BXOflflT   B  fBblKOBOM   KOHTaKT.   3tot  npOU,eCC   Ha3blBaeTCfl A3blKOBOM
TpaHecjjep.1
fl3biKOBOM TpaHC<J)ep - 3to noc/ieflCTBue b/inflHMfl OflHoro H3bi«a Ha Apyroti, t.e. npuwieHeHne Hopwi OflHoro H3biKa b Apyrowi b nucbivieHHOM m/m/im ycrHon penn.
B/lklflHkie  B/ia/],eHMfl  pOflHblM  fl3blKOM  Ha  yCBOeHkie  MHOCTpaHHOrO H3blKa  MOM<eT 6blTb,
Kpo/we Hy/ieBoro, /im6o no/io>KHTe/ibHbiM, /im6o OTpnu,aTe/ibHbiM.
no3MTHBHbiM TpaHC(}>ep (I1T) - no/iowkiTe/ibHoe B/iMflHue B/ia,o,eHkm poflHbiM (flpyruM HHOCTpaHHbiM) A3biKOM, ncno/ib30BaHne Tex 3/ieMeHTOB poflHoro (flpyroro MHOCTpaHHoro)
A3blKa, KOTOpbie H3M nOMOraiOT B OB/iafleHMM flpyrMM H3blKOM.
klHTepa>epeHu;km - OTpnu,aTe/ibHoe B/inaHne B/ia,o,eHkifl poflHbiM (flpyruM MHOCTpaHHbIM) A3biKOM, npoflB/iflK)Lu,eecfl b HapyaieHMM HopMbi M3yHae/v\oro H3biKa nofl B/iMflHnew\ HaBbiKOB
pOflHOrO A3blKa.
fl3blKOBOM TpaHC(J)ep npOflB/lfleTCfl Ha pa3HblX A3blKOBblX ypOBHflX:
1) ZieKCMKO-CeMaHTMHeCKOM
2) rpa(J)MMecKOM
3) (JjOHeTMHeCKOM
4) rpaMMaTkinecKOM (Mop^o/iornHecKOM m cnHTaKcunecKowi) deneHb ipaHC^epa 3aBMCMT ot MHorux cfcaKTopoB:
•     npMHaA7ie>KHOCTb A3blKOB K pa3HblM M/1M 6/lM3KOpOACTBeHHblM CeMbflM 1 B HacTOHmee Bpeiwa HannHaeT ncno/ib30BaTbca TepMMH cross-linguistic influence (Me>Kijfl3biKOBoe B/inflHne)
• AByfl3bNHaa cpep,a x oTcyTCTBue M3yHae/v\oro peneBoro OKpyweHHfl
• CTeneHb B/ia,o,eHi/m poflHbíM v\ flpyrwM kiHOcrpaHHbíM «3biKOM npMMepbi TpaHc4>epa Mem^y qeuJCKMM n pyccnuM H3biKaMn:
1) /lEKCMKO/lOrMfl M CEMAHTMKA
HeT coMHeHna b tom, hto npw M3yHeHHM pyccKoro A3biKa HewcKwviH yHainHMkica b o6w,eM npeo6/ia,qaeT no/io>KkiTe/ibHoe b/ikiaHne (no3MTMBHbiň TpaHccJjep), KOTopoe b cpaBHMTe/ibHO 3HaMMTe/ibHoň n\epe npoflB/iaeTCfl b o6/iacm /íeKCMKM m rpaM/v\a™Ki/i (3flecb b HecKo/ibKo MeHbiiieří iviepe).
a) no3MTMBHbiň TpaHcct»ep:
• HeKOTopbie c/iosa TOKflecTBeHHbie, oneHb noxowu Apyr Ha Apyra (oco6eHHo o6uj,ec/iaBHHCKne) -> omeu, - otec, cóih - syn, momq - máma, óom - dům, tánono -jablko, MonoKO - mléko, eoda -voda
• MHTepHai4MOHa/iM3Mbi -> npe3udeHm, Ky/ibmypa, Memod 6) MHTep<t>epeHi4Mfl
• pa3H0e 3HaHeHMe CflOB, KOTOpbie OflHHaKOBO 3BynaT - (\AeWbfl3blKOBbie
OMOHMMbi -> KpacHbiů (červený) - krásný, wueom (břicho) - život, neáenn (týden) -neděle, móda (bobulový plod obecně) - jahoda
• ncno/ib30BaHne npnHacTkiří n fleenpHHacTwň
2) TPA0MKA
B npou,ecce ycBoeHkm rpa^nnecKoň cucTeMbi pyccKoro íBbwa mo>kho Ha ocHoeaHMH conocTaB/ieHMfl pyccKoro h neiucKoro a/i<J)aBMTOB pacnpefle/iMTb 6yKBbi a36yKM Ha rpynnbi,
KOTOpbie MMeiOT m71m nO/10>KklTe/lbHOe B/1MflHHe, m/1m OTpMU,aTe/1bHOe b/lMflHMe.
a) no3MTMBHbiň TpaHccfiep
• ByKBbi, co b n anatomu e no rpa(j)MHecKoň 4)opMe  m  no ochobhomy 3ByKOBOiv\y 3HaHeHMio -> a, A, K, M, o, O, T; C\zf       Of 0
• ByKBbi, HanoMMHaK)iu,ne HeKOTopbie neiucKue 6yKBbi -> k, m,
B npou,ecce ycBoeHHa rpac|)HHecKořt cucreMbi pyccKoro fl3bwa 3to nowtoraeT newcKHM yHauj,MMCfl, c/ieflOBaTe^bHo, flB/iaeTCfl no3MTHBHbiM TpaHc4>epo/v\.
6) MHTep<t>epeHL^Mfl
• ByKBbi, coBnaflaK)iu,Me no cBoeň c|)opMe, ho OT/wHatomnecfl n0 3ByK0B0iv\y 3HaHeHMio -> B, H, p, P, c, C, y, y, x, X; fP    ň J y* V,
yHauj,necfl flonycKaiOT oluhôkm npM 3a/vieHe 6yKB /iaTMHMU,bi n a36yKH. Hanpwvtep, c/iobo HOC (He HOC, a NOS), slovo BPHO (BPHO).
• ncno/ib30BaHne flecfincoB m Ti/ipe
• (opcj)orpa(j)Mfl) npaBonncaHne 3anMCTBOBaHHbix c/iob uo33ur, yHueepcumem
3) OOHETMKA
lipu ycBoeHMM (|)OHeTMHecKoíí CMCTeMbi pyccKoro A3biKa MMeKDTCfl /ikiiub orpaHM4eHHbie
B03MO>KHOCTM HCnO/lb30BaHklfl n03MTMBHOrO TpaHC(|)epa hop, B/lMflHMeM pOflHOrO H3blKa.
a) no3HTMbhbin TpaHC<t>ep
• npon3HOLueHne napHbix cor/iacHbix d-d', m-m', h-h'
• npon3HoweHľie s,(ob Hana/ie c/ioBa -> rôíioko m/im noc/ie r/iacHoro -> /wo;? 6) MHTep(t>epeHL^Mfi
• b HewcKOM A3biKe ya,apeHne Bcer^a Ha nepBOM c/iore, b pyccKOM H3biKe y/],apeHMe MoweT na/],aTb Ha /ik>6om c/ior
3
•   MK, Me/ioflľm, pi/iTM
•   OKOHMaHMfl -020, -eeo
• OKOHMaHne -ca npoM3Hocn/v\ [14a]
• peAyKU,nfl (aKaHbe, MKaHbe n flpyrne) -> MHoro, n/ioxo b KOHu,e [o] B/wecTO peAyu,npoBaHHoro [t]
• npon3HonieHMe MarKkix -> w, iq, TBepflbix -> m, ui, u, v\ napHbix cor/iacHbix -> n-/i'(0u/ibM), p-p'(Hropb)
4) rPAMMATMKA (MOP0>O/lOrMfl M CMHTAKCMC) a) no3HTMBHbim TpaHccfiep
• b   neiucKOM   m   pyccKOM   A3biKax   cyiu,ecTByK)t   oflMHaKOBbie   MacTM penu (cymecTBMTe/ibHbie, r/iaro/ibi,...)
• b o6omx A3biKax cyiu,ecTByK)t rpaMMaTunecKue Kaieropnn: POA
hhc/io na,o,e>k
oflyiueB/ieHHocTb/HeoAyiueByieHHocTb
/imj,o
BpeMn
bma (nucaTb-HanucaTb) 6) nHTep4>epemj,nfl
• OKOHHaHkie npoweflLijero Bpew\eHM mho>KecTBeHHoro Hkicna >KeHCKoro po^a -> b 4ewcKOM A3biKe: Ženy přišly, a b pyccKOM fl3bi«e: >HeHiU,UHbi npuui/iu.
• CMHTaKCHHeCKMe KOHCTpyKU,MM -> 6b/ CO/WC? CKQ30í\a BMeCTO 6b/ CO/MU CK03a/lU
• CK/ioHeHne -> e napny BMecro e napne, no zopox B/viecTo no aopaM (necaM, napnaM,
nnouu,adnM)
• BbipaweHkle cyLu,ecTBOBaHna m co6ctb6hhoctm -> vazba „y N\enn (ecmb)"- (já mám)
• b Pfl He ynoTpe6/iaeTCfl r/iaro/i být b HacrcmineM Bpe/weHM -> Oh cmydei-im. (On je student)
• oikiTaeMbiň npeflMeT -> 1 nac, 2, 3, 4 naca, 5...MacoB
• npMHacTMfl m fleenpkmacTMfl n hx nepeBOfl Ha HewcKkiň H3biK (zoeopn o daHHou meivie, cudn Ha dueaHe)
• vyjadřování podmínky, příčiny, důsledku (ne 3ho/o, noudy nu » myda; ec/iu r myda noúdy, h ewiy amo cnamy)
/lkľrepaTvpa:
PURM, R., JELÍNEK, S., VESELÝ, J. Didaktika ruského jazyka: vybrané kapitoly. 3. vyd. Hradec Králové: Gaudeamus, 2003. 250 s. ISBN 80-7041-174-0. info