What
about
genome?
Are we differenet?
NUTRIGENETICS and
NUTRIGENOMICS
 Nutrigenomics
The science of the effect of nutrients
and bioactive components on gene
expression.
 Nutrigenetics
The science of the effect of genetic
variation on dietary response.
NUTRIGENETICS
NUTRIGENOMICS
Source: Mutch D. et al. (2005) FASEB Journal 19: 1602-1616
Personalized nutrition
TIME
SUSCEPTIBILITY
GEN
POOR
NUTRITION
in utero
FOOD
COMPONENT 1
SMOKING
GOOD
NUTRITION
in utero
HEALTHPENDULUM
HEALTH DISEASE
PROTECTIVE
GEN
FOOD
COMPONENT 2
PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY
Source: Joost H.G. (2007) British Journal of Nutrition 98: 26-31
• Three generations at once are exposed to the same
environmental conditions (diet, toxins, hormones, etc.). In order
to provide a convincing case for epigenetic inheritance, an
epigenetic change must be observed in the 4th generation.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/inheritance/
EPIGENETICS
Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2014.00049/full
Will Eating Less Make You Live
Longer?
Calorie restriction (CR)
- Research: Rhesus monkeys
- 30 % CR diet
- improve regulation of glucose, decreased blood
pressure and blood lipids, reduce body weight and
abdominal fat, reduced body temperature
(possible anti-aging)
- long-term CR and longevity may not be known for
several decades
Figure:
Caloric restriction and the four hypotheses of aging. Four major theories of
aging; oxidative damage attenuation hypothesis (green), glucose-insulin hypothesis
(yellow), growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 (blue), and the
hormesis hypothesis (orange).
Okinawa
 Year 2006:
740 cenetnarians
 50 cenetnarians/100 000 inhabitants
 Slovenija (2010): 196 centenarians
(8/100 000 inhabitants); (2016, 209)
Source: https://www.statista.com/chart/18826/number-of-hundred-year-olds-
centenarians-worldwide/
Source: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/21/worlds-centenarian-
population-projected-to-grow-eightfold-by-2050/ft_16-04-20_centenarian_us/
625 centenarians / 10.5 million
6,25 / 100 000
Okinawa
Energy intake: 1 800 do 1 900 KCal/day
“Eat until you are eight parts
(out of ten) full“
“Eight parts of a full stomach sustain the
man; the other two sustain the doctor.“
(Japanese proverb)
DNA test…
Source: https://geneplanet.com/eu
WHAT ABOUT MICROBIOTA?
Researchers found two types of bacteria—
Methanobrevibacter, the main methane-producing
microbe in the human gut, and Akkermansia—were
more abundant in MS patients. In contrast, those with
MS had lower levels of others, such as Butyricimonas,
in comparison with healthy individuals. The levels of
microorganisms that differ in MS patients are thought
to drive inflammation or have been associated with
autoimmunity.
Figure 1 Distinguishing what is considered a prebiotic with the proposed definition
Gibson, G. R. et al. (2017) The International Scientific Association for Probiotics
and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics
Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75
Prebiotics must be selectively utilized and have adequate evidence of health benefit for the target
host. Dietary prebiotics must not be degraded by the target host enzymes. *The figure shows
candidate as well as accepted prebiotics in that levels of evidence currently vary, with FOS and GOS
being the most researched prebiotics.CLA, conjugated linoleic acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid;
FOS, fructooligosaccharides; GOS, galactooligosaccharides; MOS, mannanoligosaccharide; XOS,
xylooligosaccharide.
Effects of the maternal microbiota in pregnancy and early life
Braedon McDonald, and Kathy D. McCoy Science
2019;365:984-985
Copyright © 2019, American Association for the Advancement of Science
- Low carbohydrate diet
- Avoid high-glycemic-index carbs
- Fish and other omega-3 fats and a lot of protein
- Minimum five cups of green tea
- 150 (250) pills per day
- USA (1948 - )
- inventor (text-to-speech
synthesis, speech
recognition technology…)
- futurist
- a director of engineering
at Google
“He believes that 20 to 25 years
from now, we will have millions of
blood-cell sized devices, known as
nanobots, inside our bodies fighting
against diseases, improving our
memory, and cognitive abilities. He
believes that a machine will pass
the turing test by 2029.”
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil