Sounds which are not phonemes, just allophones/replacements of certain phonemes: [ɾ] = alveolar tap (flap), replacing /t/ in AmE [ʔ] = glottal stop (=plosive], replacing [t] and sometimes even [p] and /k/ in substandard accents of British English; originated in Scotland [ts] = affricated /t/ in initial positions in SE accents [dz] = affricated /d/ in initial positions in SE accents The Cockney diphthong shift: [iː] > [eɪ] > [aɪ] > [ɔɪ] Consequences of misplaced stresses: Camden Town (Roger Kingdon) unique (Jan Werich) event (a student) dessert, Pompei (myself) 2a) [ðɪˈʃjɪəz] 2b) [ˌ jʊərəvɪʒənˈsɒŋˌkɒntest] or [ˌ jʊərəvɪʒənˈsɒŋkənˈtest] 2c) was won by the Ukrainian singer Jamala 2c) [wəzˈwʌnbaɪðəjuːˈkʰreɪnjənˈsɪŋə dʒʌˈmɑːlə] 2d) [wɪðəˌmelənˈkʰɒlɪkˈtʃjuːn] 2e) [ˌsʌŋˈpʰɑːtliɪnðəˈtɑːtəˌlæŋgwɪdʒ] 2f) [əˈbɑʊtðəˌnaɪntiːnˌfɔːtiˈfɔː] 2g) [ˌdiːpɔːˈtʰeɪʃənəfkraɪˈmɪənˈtɑːtəz] 2h) [baɪˈjɒsɪpˈstɑːlɪn] Sounds which are not phonemes, just allophones/replacements of certain phonemes: [ɾ] = alveolar tap (flap), replacing /t/ in AmE [ʔ] = glottal stop (=plosive], replacing [t] and sometimes even [p] and /k/ in substandard accents of British English; originated in Scotland [ts] = affricated /t/ in initial positions in SE accents [dz] = affricated /d/ in initial positions in SE accents The Cockney diphthong shift: [iː] > [eɪ] > [aɪ] > [ɔɪ] Consequences of misplaced stresses: Camden Town (Roger Kingdon) unique (Jan Werich) event (a student) dessert, Pompei (myself) Yod dropping and Yod Coalescence - what is the difference? These two are mutually exclusive - if you get Yod Dropping you don't get Yod Coalescence, and vice-versa. Yod Dropping REMOVES the j after t and d before u: becomes becomes Yod Coalescence happens when the j has NOT dropped, but AFFRICATES the preceding t or d - becomes becomes - so dew and Jew become homophones (=pronounced the same), and Tuesday is pronounced Choose-day. Yod Dropping is common in North America, Yod Co in Britain. Note that in older Cockney (up to the last third of the 20th century) Yod Dropping was common in Cockney; since then it has disappeared and Yod Coalescence has replaced it. Source: Pétur Knútsson´s page St. Patrick class, March 15 1) Song: a listening comprehension exercise https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdblgoXNiL8 Questions: a) the 3 colours on the Irish flag b) the girl´s age c) the expressions for flag and car d) the young man´s identity e) two expressions for what the girl would rather do than have the flag taken away 2) Description of Irish accent 3) Song: Famine by Sinéad O´Connor https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0K2kaG3VhM & Exercise in word stresses IPA stress symbol: ˈ beˈfore the ˈstressed ˈsyllable