Mhozojiukuü flocmoeecKuü K 200-jieTHeMy loÖHjieio nncaTejisi 7 1821-1881 L «Hu ma üme ßocmoeecKozo, /iHDÔume ßocmoeecKoao, ecnu MOJtceme, a He woweme, BpaHume flocmoeecKoao, ho Humaüme... no eo3N\OMHOcmu mo/ibKO e20» l/l. ÄHHeHCKuü ucmopuK, dpoMomypa, ny6/iuu,ucm a ml i 11 HOflöpfl 2021 roAa pocenňcKoe m MkipoBoe Ky/ibTypHoe coo6u^ecTBO otmgtmt 200-/ieTne co aha poKAeHMfl OAHoro H3 Be/iMMaíiLUMx MkipoBbix rmcaTe/ieK m Mbic/ikue/ieíi XIX BeKa Mkixaíi/iOBMMa flocToeBCKoro. OěAopa 4 no AaHHbiM HDHECKO, flocToeBCKMÍi ceroAH^ - oahh m3 ca/vibix i4HTnpyeiv\bix m nepeBOAHMbix pyccKkix aBTopoB b Mkipe. Ero xyAomecTBeHHoe nac/iepyie M3ynaeTC^ COBpeMeHHblMM wko/lbHklKa/Vlkl m CTyAeHTaMki, aHa/iki3kipyeTCfl /íMTepaTypoBeAaMM, no npon3BeAeHnaiv\ nucaTe/ia era bat cneKTaK/in, CHtuviatOT Kk1HO(t)k1/lbMbl. b TO >Ke BpeMfl, hm 06 OAHOM M3 k/iaCCMKOB /IMTepaTypbl He BblCKa3aHO CTO/lbKO npOTMBOpeMMBbIX Cy>KA6HMM: KTO-TO 3aHklTblBaeTCfl KHMraMM flocToeBCKoro v\ a^gt mm BOCTopmeHHbie OL^eHKM, KTO-TO, HanpoTMB, o cy LUH OCTU TBopnecTBa wiacrepa OT3biBaeTCfl HeoAH03HanHO. Teiv\ He iweHee, MHTepec k rmcaTe/ito He kicowaeT MHorne roAbi, kok b Poccmm, Ta k m 3a py6e>KOM. ripokBBeAeHkifl flocToeBCKoro c/io>KHbi, Tpe6ytOT BAy/v\HHBoro npoHTeHkifl, onpeAe/ieHHbix ycn/inM He TO/ibKO yiwa, ho m Aywti. Be/in km m nkicaTe/ib nepe3 cbom B3r/iflA Ha /v\np, Ha Me/iOBeKa, yKa3biBaeT Ha/vi nyTb k c a m m m ce6e. fl/ia flocToeBCKoro Hepa3pbiBHbi >KM3Hb m TBOpneCTBO. CtOMeTbl m v\ßßv\, pa3BepHyBLuneca Ha crpaHML^ax npoM3BeAeHMM, aBTop npomnsan, nponrpbiBa/1 CHana/ia b >km3hm. M py/ieTKa, m >KeHLAHHbi, m npeAaie/ibCTBO, m pa3Apa>KeHne, m KaTopra, m peBHOCTb, m 6o/ie3Hb, m yHMMKM3Hb flocToeBCKoro - noc/iy>Kľi/io ochobom, nMTaie/ibHoň, non bom ßj\a erpU npoM3BeAeHMM. 1821 roß, 30 OKTflöpfl (11 HOflöpa), b MocKBe b n pa bom c|)/ikire/ie MapnnHCKOÍi öo/ibHML^bi A/ifl öeAHbix poAM/icfl OeAop Mnxaíi/iOBMM flocToeBCKMÍi. B ceiv\be flocToeBCKkíx 6bi/io eine LuecTepo a e Ten: Mnxan/i (1820-1864), BapBapa (1822 - 1893), AHApeft (1825-1897), Bepa (1829 -1896), HuKO/iafí (1831-1883), A/ieKcaHApa (1835 -1889). .u ■ It CeMbfl POAMTe/lM MuxauA AHdpeeeuv flocmoeßCKitü - oreu, Oeflopa Mkixaň/ioBMHa. Bbi/i le/ioBex yrpioMbiM, HepBHblň, nofl03pnTe/ibHbiň. Mapua 0edopoBHa flocmoeecKan - MaTb nucaTe/iH. Bw/ia H6/10B6KOM »H3HepaflOCTHblM, flo6pbiM, pe/inrno3HbiM. Podumenu flocmoeecKOZO 0. M. - omen Muxau/i ÄHÔpeeeuH u m a m b M a p u n 0edopo6Ha Oieu,, Muxau/i ÄHApeeBtm (1789 1839), - cbiH yHkíaTCKoro cBflujeHHiiKa, Bpan (LUTa6-/ieKapb, xkipypr) mockobckoň Mapkí kí h C KOM 6o/lbHMI4bl ßj\f\ 6eAHblX, B 1828 r. no/iyMM/i 3BaHne noTOMCTBeHHoro ABopflHkíHa. b 1831 r. npno6pe/i ce/ibL^o flapoBoe KaujkipcKoro ye3Aa Ty/ibCKoň ryöepHMM, b 1833 r. coceAHtoto a^peBHto HepMOLUHK). ľlo BOcnMTaHMK) a^Teíi, OTen, 6bi/i Me/lOBeKOM HesaBMCMMbIM, 06pa30BaHHblM, 3a60T/1MBblM CeMbflHklHOM, ho OÔ/lB^B/l XapaKTepOM BCľlbl/lbHklBblM M nOA03pMTe/1bHblM. ľlOC/ie CMepTM >KeHbl b 1837 r. BbiLue/i b OTcraBKy, noce/m/ica B flapoBOM. n MaTb, M a p na Oe^opoBHa (ypoMAeHHaa HenaeBa; 1800—1837) nponcxoAn/ia H3 KynenecKOM ce/vibki, >KeHu^MHa pe/ikirkio3Hafl, emeroAHO B03n/ia ACTeK b TpoML^e-CepmeBy /íaBpy. Kpowie toto, ynn/ia mx mrraTb no KHkire «Cto neTbipe cB^u^eHHbie MCTopMM BeTxoro m HoBoro 3aBeTa» (b powiaHe «BpaTbfl Kapaiv\a30Bbi» BOcnoMkmai-ikifl 06 3TOM KHkire bk/IKDMeHbl B paCCKa3 CTa p 14a 30Ck1Mbl o C boom fleTCTBe). B ftON\e poAHTe/ieM MMTa/iM BC/iyx «1/lcTopiuo TocyAapcTBa PoccMMCKoro» H. M. Kapa/vBkma, npoM3BeA6HM^ ľ. P. flepMOBMHa, B. A. HtyKOBCKoro, A. C. ľlyujKMHa. floM b cene flapoBoe r C 1832 r. ceMbfl emeroAHO npoBOAHT neio s Kyn/ieHHOM otl^om cene flapoBoe (Ty/idjCKOM ryöepHMki). Bcrpemi m pa3roBopbi c iv\y>KMKaiv\m HaBcerfla OT/io>KM/iMCb b na/via™ flocToeBCKoro m craHOBATCfl b Aa^bHeíiLueM i^eHHbiM TBopnecKkíM MaTepna/iOM. npmviepoM cnymm paccKa3 «My>kmk MapeK» h3 «flHeBHMKa nncaTe/1^» 3a 1876. B 1832 r. flocToeBCKMÍi v\ ero CTapujMM 6paT Mnxan/1 h an a/i m 3aHki/viaTbCfl c n p kí xoa n b luh m kí b AOM yMMTe/i^mm. C 1833 oöynaiOTCfl b naHCMOHe H. M. flpaujycoBa (Cywapa), 3aTeiv\ b naHCMOHe /I.M. HepMaxa, b kotopom npenoAaßa/iM acrpoHOM fl. M. ľlepeBOLAMKOB, na/ieo/ior A. M. Ky6apeB. YMMTe/ib pyccKoro A3biKa H. M. Bn/ieBHM cbirpa/i Ba>KHyK) pO/lb B AyXOBHOM pa3BMTMM flOCTOeBCKOrO. BocnoMMHaHM^ o naHCMOHe noc/iy>KM/iM MaTepna/iOM p/in MHorkix npon3BeAeHMÍi rmcaTe/ifl. ľlaHCľioH H. M. flpaiuycoBa C flH Ba pa 1838 r. flocToeBCKMÍi ymiTCfl b DiaBHOM mh>KeHepHOM yHkí/ikime. Tawe/ioe BnenaT/ieHMe o «KaTop>KHbix roflax» ynei-ikifl MaCTMMHO CKpaUJMBatOT npM^Te/lbCKMe OTHOLUeHkífl c b. rpnropoBMMeiv\, Bpano/vi a. E. Pn3eHKaiv\nct)oiv\, Ae>KypHbiiv\ oc|)ml^epoM a. m. CaBe/ibeBbiM, xy/\o>khmkom k. a. TpyroBCKkíM. b n oc/i e actb m m i/BBecmbiií rmcaTe/ib Bcer^a cmrrasi, mto Bbi6op yneÖHoro SB&epßHwsi 6bi/i OLUki6oHHbiM. Oh CTpaAa/i ot BoeHHoK aTMOCc|)epbi m MywTpbi, ot ny>KAbix ero MHTepecaM ahchmi-i/ihh m ot OAMHonecTBa. DiaBHoe MHMkok. b yM m/i m lag 4)opMMpyK)tc^ nepBbie /íMTepaTypHbie 3aiv\bic/ibi nucaTe/ia. ypoKki Tarnte b b kiHMeHepHOM yHľi/iľime no okohm3hmm ynn/imna (KOHeq, 1843) 6ypyu\v\v\ M3BecTHbiM rmcaTe/ib 3aMMC/ieH no/ieBbiM mhmKeHepHyK) KowiaHAy- OflHaKO, y>Ke b Hana/ie /íeTa 1844 rv peujMB Bcei4e/io nocBATkiTb ce6a /lMTepaType, noflaeT b OTCTaBKy m yBO/ibHaeTca b MMHe nopyMMKa. B fiHBape 1844 r. flocToeBCKMM 3aKaHHkiBaeT nepeBOA noBecTM 5a/ib3aKa «EBreHMfl TpaHAe». 1844 r. momho CMMTaTb Hana/iOM MHoromic/ieHHbix 3TanoB TBopnecTBa flocToeBCKoro. Miv\eHHO b 3tot toa OeAop Mkixaii/iOBMM nnujeT CBoe nepBoe npoM3B6A6HMe «BedHbie niodu». PoMaH «BeAHbie /ik>ah», wweeT mck/itomiTe/ibHbiK ycnex. Oh bncoko ol^eHeH B. Be/iMHCKMM m H. HexpacoBbiM. flocToeBCKMM co3AaeT pea/iMCTMMecKyK) KapTMHy >km3hm «3a6nTbix» o6ľiTaTe/ieft «neTep6yprcKMx y m ob», ra/iepeto coi4na/ibHbix tmiiob ot y/iMMHoro h m Libero ao «ero n peBOCxoAHTe/i bCTBa ». b Ii B 1846 r. flocToeBCKMÍi c6/iki>KaeTCfl c ceivibeK MaíÍKOBbix, perynapHO nocemaeT /iMTepaTypHO-c|)M/ioco(|)CKMM Kpy>KOK 6paTbeB BeKeTOBbix. YnacTByeT oh m b opraHM3ai4MM TaMHOM Tkinorpac|)mm p/in nenaTaHM^ B033BaHMÍi k KpecrbflHa/vi M CO/lflaTaM. flOCTOeBCKMM OTKpbITO BbiCTynaeT n pom b KpenocTHoro npaBa. 23 anpe/ia 1849 r. rmcaTe/ia apecroBa/iki; ero apxMB npn apecTe OTo6paH v\, BepOflTHO, yHMMTOMKeH B III OTfle/ieHMM. 8 MeCfll^eB flOCTOeBCKMM npOBOAMT B A/ieKceeBCKOM paBe/iMHe ľleTponaB/iOBCKOÍí xpenocm noA c/ieACTBweM, bo BpeMfl, KOToporo npoflB/iaeT MywecTBO, CKpbiBaa MHome c|)aKTbi m crpe/viflCb no bo3mo>khoctm CMflľMMTb BMHy TOBapMLL^6M. ľlklCaTe/lb npH3HaH C/16/^CTBMeiNA «OflHMM M3 B3>KH6MliJMX» cpeAM neTpaujeBL^eB, BkiHOBHbiM b «yiv\bic/ie Ha HkicnpoBepweHkie cyu^ecTBytou^Mx OTenecTBeHHbix 33kohob m rocyAapcTBeHHoro nop^A«a». J11 i I nepBOHana/ibHbiM npuroßop BoeHHO-cyAHoft kommccmm r/iacki/i: «... omcmaeHoao UHmeHep-nopynuKa flocmoeecKoeo, 3a HedoHeceHue o pacnpocmpaHeHuu npecmynHoeo o penuzuu u npaeume/ibcmee nucbwia numepamopa BenuHCHOZO u 3/ioy/vibiui/ieHH020 cohuhchub nopynuKa ľpuzopbeea, nuiuumb huhob, ecex npae cocmonHun u nodeepzHymb CMepmHOÜ kq3hu paccmpe/mHuewi». 22 AGKaöpa 1849 r. flocToeBCKMÍi BMecre c APyrMMM o>KMAaeT Ha C6M6hobckom n/i a 14y Mcno/iHeHM^ CMepTHoro npuroBopa. Ho no pe30/iKDi4MM HkiKO/iaa I Ka3Hb 3aiv\eHeHa eiv\y 4-/leTHen KaToproíi c /inLueHneiv\ «Bcex npaB cocto^hm^» m noc/ieAyioujeK CAaneíí b co/iAaTbi. HoMbK) 24 AeKa6pfl flocToeBCKMÍi b OKOBax OTnpaB/ieH H3 neiepöypra. 10 flHBapa 1850 r. npn6biBaeT b To6o/ibCK, rfle b KBapTkipe CMOTpnTe/ia nponcxoAkiT Bcrpena rmcaTe/m c weHa/vin AeKaopucroB — n. E. AHHeHKOBOM, A. ľ. MypaBběBOM m H. fl. 0OHBM3MHOM. Ohm a^P^t OeAopy Mkixaii/iOBMMy EBaHre/me, KOTopoe oh XpaHM/l B C KD >KM3Hb. C flHBapfl 1850 no 1854 rr. flocToeBCKMÍi BMecre c flypoBbiM OTÖbiBaeT KaTopry «nepi-iopaöoHkiM» b Mapľia fl/v\MTpneBHa Mcaeßa -I nepBaa >KeHa O. M. flocToeBCKoro B ^HBape 1854 r. flocToeBCKMÍi 3aMnc/ieH P^AOBblM B 7-m /IMHeMHbIM 6aTa/1bOH. B 1855 r. npon3BeAeH b yHTep-oc^ml^epbi. BecHOM 1857 r. rmcaTe/ito B03BpameHO noTOMCTBeHHoe ABop^HCTBO m npaBO nenaTaTbCfl, ho no/iMi^eMCKMM HaA3op HaA HMM coxpai-meTCfl AO 1875 r. 6 4)eBpa/ifl 1857 r. flocToeBCKMÍi >KeHHTCfl Ha MapMM fl/v\MTpneBHe McaeBOM. Ha KaTopre pa3Bn/iacb -rame/iaa 6o/ie3Hb flocToeBCKoro - arm/iencmi. BecHOM 1859 r. rmcaTe/ito pa3peujeH BbixoA b OTCTaBKy m no3AHee npoKMBaHkíe b neiep6ypre. Wm B 1859 r. nofiB/ifitOTCfl b nenaTM nepBbie npokBBeAeHkífl, HarmcaHHbie flocToeBCKMM noc/ie KaTopm noBecm: «A^ak)lukmh coh» m «Ce/io Crenai-mkiKOBO v\ j6IXL06nTaTe/lM». i Can/toe M3BecTHoe npoki3BeAeHkie Oeßopa Mkixaft/ioBkma ßocroeBCKoro, Boweßiijee b 30/iotom (J)Oha MkipoBOM /lMTepaTypbi - poMaH «npecmyn/ieHue u HdKa3CiHue». HankicaHHoe b mwe/ibin nepkioß >KH3HGHHbix McnbuaHHM aBTopa, oho 3aiparnBaeT MHorkie cepbě3Hbie npo6/ieMbi, KOTopbie ocraiOTCfl aKTya/ibHbiMM m no cen p,enb. Bo Bpen/ia CBoero npeôbiBaHkía Ha KaTopre Oěflop Mkixan/ioBMH BbíHyMK^eH oömaTbca He TO/ibKO c no/iMTMHecKMMM npecrynHkixaMki, HO kl c onacHbiMki yro/iOBHkixaiviki - yôkikli^aiviki kl Bopawiki. Haö/itoßaa 3a 3TkiMki Me/iOBenecxkiMki TkinamaMki, nkicaTe/ib npkixoAkiT k BbiBOßy, mto b noßaB/iaioiiieM 6o/ibWkiHCTBe npecTyn/ieHkifl coßepiueHbi stumm /ltOAbMM Ha noHBe dpaiuHoro OTMaaHkia. ľloc/ie OTiweHbi KpenocTHoro npaßa m Horn e xpecTbflHe, He kiivieBiiJkie cpeflCTB k cy mecTBOBa h wo, ompaB/ia/ikicb b 60/1 biu n e ropová, rp,e nbflHCTBOBa/iki, rpa6ki/iki ki y6kiBa/iki. MivieHHO Tor^a y nkicaTe/ia BnepBbie B03HkixaeT kiflea HankicaTb poiwaH, no/iHbiň Apaiw ki BHyTpeHHkíx koh(J)/imktob. ľlo n/iaHy npoki3BeAeHkie 3aAyMbiBa/iocb KaK kicnoBeßb Pacxo/ibHkíxoBa, b KOTopoň pacKpbiBaeTCfl AyxoBHbiň onbiT r/iaBHoro repoa. OßHaxo bo Bpen/ia HankicaHkia powiaHa aBTop noHkiwiaeT, m to He b cocTO^Hkíki orpaHMHMTbCfl nepe>KkiBaHkiflMki oßHoro PacKO/ibHkiKOBa ^KAeH yřÍTM ki3 yHMBepcMTeia, ho He MOweT HkwaK nonpaBkiTb cbom Ae/ia. Oh nyBCTByeT HecnpaBefl/iMBOCTb CBoero no/iomeHkía, BHflHT Boxpyr TaKkíx HKflaeT b ero ro/iOBe dpa iu h y to ki pa3pyujkiTe/ibHyio TeopkíK) o A^/ieHkíki /lio^etf Ha Hki3UJkix («OÖbIKHOBeHHblX») kl BblCWklX («COÖCTBeHHO /ltOßeM»). PoAkiOH peiuaeT npoBepkiTb Ha ce6e («Tßapb a ApoHoiijafl n/in npaBa mvieio?»), yökiB crapyxy-npoL^eHTii^kiL^y ki He TO/ibKO, ki36aBkiB Tbiomki zito^eŕí OT ee npon3BO/ia, ki nonpaBkiB coöcTBeHHoe iviaTepkía/ibHoe no/io>KeHkie. J mi 'r Mynaacb ki TOMflCb, PacKO/ibHkíKOB c6/iki>KaeTCfl c CoHeft, KOTopaa Ta tone npecTynki/ia 3aKOH, KaK ki repoň. Ho fleByuiKa oda/iacb hmctom b Aywe, OHa 60/ibiue MyneHkiija, qe/vi rpewHkiiia^ripoAaB cboio HeBkiHHOCTb 3a ckiMBO/ikmecKkíe 30 py6/ieň, KaK ľlyqa npoßa/i XpkiCTa 3a 30 cepe6p&HkiKOB, Coha cnac/ia cewibio, ho npe^a/ia ce6a. Te/vi He jvieHee nopoHHaa cpe^a He noMewa/ia.^ ň ocraBaTbca r/iyôoKO pe/ikirki03HOk1 AeByujKOÍí kl BOcnpkiHkiiviaTb npokicxoAfliijee, KaK HeooxoßkiMyio >KepTBy. s6j*4 "r^ri- .~<~/ ".s '-l£.'.^7~ .U i0.. Ma J. ( lá «PacKO/ibHUKoe mueem e kcdkôom u3 jhoc. He ece pa3Maxuea/iu monopoM, ho mm fmedHeeHO po hu m dpyz dpyza c/ioeoM, 632/1BOOM, omHoiueHueM. M ece u3-3a neeo? JKmo-mo Hauienmbieaem Ha m, h m o Mbi vyvine dpyeux, docmoÜHbi nymuezo omHOiueHUB k ceôe, fiymueü >hu3hu. yl ece 3 m o - pacKO/ibHUKoemuHa. 3mom poMQH ôydem anmyaneH do kohu.o wpeMeH». >/iaAMMnp YBapoB - pe>Knccep cneKTaK/ia «PacKO/ibHMKOB», co3AaHHoro Ha ocHOBe poMaHa O. M. flocToeBCKoro «ľlpecTyn/ieHne m HaKa3aHne». ÉL POMaH «M2POK» nOflBkl/lCfl ßOBO/lbHO HGOÖbIHHO. fleHeHKHbie npo6/ieMbi BbiHyxKßaiOT ßocroeBCKoro noň™ c M3AaTe/ibCTBOM Ha Ka6a/ibHoe cor/iaweHkie, ycTa h a b/i n Ba buj e e oneHb xopoTKkift cpoK HankicaHkm HOBoro poMaHa - Hoa6pb 1866 r. 3a ocHOBy npokBBefleHkm aBTop 6epeT xopoujo n3BecTHyio e/viy Teiwy - xa3kmo. HTo6bi ycneTb k cpoxy , Oe^op Mkixaft/ioBkm npkir/iawaeT k coTpYAHMHecTBy CTeHorpa(J)MCTKy AHHy Chmtkmhy. 100 B8HHKHX P0M8R0B W MU JČjfo 'ťeflop/lOCTOEBCKMH * MľPOK % Paöora Hafl poiwaHOM c6/inHeBpa/ie 1867 r. ohm nomeHki/ikicb (nepBaa mena ßocroeBCKoro CKOHHa/iaCb ot HaXOTKkl). BcKope b Ba^eH-Ba^eHe ßocToeBCKkift b onepeAHOM pa3 npokirpbiBaeT KpynHyto cyMiwy feiner n K/iflHeTCfl cynpyre HaBcer^a ocTaBMTb py/ieTKy. Cßoe c/iobo OeAop Mkixan/ioBMH CAepma/i. TaxkiM o6pa30M, poMaH «MrpoK» onacm aBTo6kiorpakiHHbiM. ripaB^a, ßocToeBCKkift c/vior npeoAO/ieTb naryÖHyio CTpacTb k kirpe, a bot maBHbiň repoft npoki3BeAeHkm A/iexceft 1/lBaHOBkm, noxome , He Bbi6pa/icfl c 3Toro AHa. I V Mrpa b poMaHe - He TO/ibKO py/ieTKa. B tun po kom CMbic/ie 3TO B3anMOOTHOiueHM}q (vie>KAy repofl/vm. ľlo/iMHa kirpaeT A/iexceeivi MBaHOBkmeM, Bbmy>ti b more o6o6paTb o6onx. MrpaeT AeTpwe. MrpaeT ki ca/vi A/iexceft MBaHOBMH. M Bce BeHHaeT py/ieTKa - cmmbo/i >km3hm, cyqbôbi. XapaxTepHO, hto kirpox npaxTkmecxki paBHO^ymeH k AeH bra m. BbikirpaB 200 Tbiom, oh /íerKO ki 6biCTpo kix TpaTkíT. Ae/iaeT sto x/iaßHoxpoBHo, co3Haie/ibHo n 6e3 y^oBo/ibCTBHfl. B py/ieTKe ero kimepecyeT He CTO/ibKo Bbikirpbiiu, CKO/ibKO ca m npoi^ecc. rioBecTBOBaHkie HaiwepeHHO Bepfiícn oj nepBoro /ikiL^a. AocToeBCKMM, Ta km m o6pa30M, noKa3biBaeT TOHKOCTM AyiUeBHblX nepeHKMBaHMM, OTTeHKM HyBCTB repoa, OTKpbiBaeT p,nn MkiTaTe/ia BHyrpeHHkiM n/mp kirpoxa, noKa3biBaeT CTyneHki, BeAyujkie ero b 6e3ßHy. MacTepcTBO AocToeBCKoro npkiB/iexaeT BHkiiwaHkie HHTaie/ieň k poiwaHy y>xe ßßa c no/iOBMHOM CTO/ieTMfl. A3apTHbiM kirpox XIX BeKa OT/iMHaeTCfl OT kirpoMaHa BeKa XXI TO/ibxo ofleMKfloří, MaHepaMM n Mo6n/ibHbiM Te/ie(j)OHOM. CyTb ero npkicrpacTkiM oda/iacb tom >Ke. o ah a ki3 caiwbix HenocrkiMkiMbix BepwkiH pyccKoň ki MkipoBOkí /lmepaTypbi poiwaH «Mduom», xax ki Bcer^a b >km3hm ßocroeBcxoro, co3Aaeľca b oneHb ipy^Hbiň p,nn nkicaTe/ia nepkio/v y/vikipaeT ero HOBopo>KflěHHaíi AOHb, Ha Oeßopa Mkixaft/ioBkma AaBHT xpeAkiTopbi, a TaioKe peAaxijkifl mypHa/ia, /yia KOToporo oh nnca/1 cbom poiwaH. M3-3a t3kom -mwe/ion aTMOC(j)epbi rmcaie/ib Ha noc/ießHkie ßeHbrki noKM^aeT Pocen to ki npoflO/iMOGT TBopnecxyio pa6oTy b LLlBetÍLjapkíki. ripeoAO/ieBafl cBoě ynaAOHHoe HacrpoeHkie, n/ioxoe 3ßopoBbe ki HenpkiflTHbie noroAHbie yc/iOBkia, flocToeBCKMM Bcě-Taxki CMor 3aKOHHMTb poiwaH, OAHaKO no kiTory HecKO/ibKO pa3onapoBaH cbomm TBopeHkieiw, c^maa, hto TaK ki He c/vior no/iHOCTbto pacxpbiTb cboio Mbic/ib nmaie/ito. i i i I . U H Ii MO/IOAOM ABOpflHMH /leB HklKO/iaeBMH MblUJKklH B03Bpail4aeTCfl ki3 LilBeML^apkiki, r^e npoBě/i Hecxo/ibxo /íeT, /íenacb ot 3nH/ienCMM, K eAklHCTBeHHbIM OCTaBUJklMCfl pOACTBeHHMKaM — ceivibe EnaHHMHbix. C caiwbix nepBbix crpaHkiu, nepe^ Ha/viki npeflCTaeT mckpghhmm m HenocpeACTBeHHbiň qe/iOBex, b Mopa/ibHOM n/iaHe CTOflujkikl Ha CTyneHb Bbiiue oxpymaioiiikix ero /ítOAeň. KHfl3b MblliJKMH 3HaKOMklTCfl C ľlap(J)eHOM POľOMklHblM B/iK)6/iěHHbiM b HacracbK) Oki/ikinnoBHy, 6biBUjyio coAepmaHxy 6oraToro ABopaHkíHa. ľlo3>Ke b ľleiepoypre /leB Hkixo/iaeBkm BCTpenaeTCfl c caiwokl Hacracbeň Oki/ikinnoBHOkl, xoľopyío OTM3AHHO AOÔkiBaeľca PoroMkiH. 06pa3yeľca /ítoôoBHbiň Tpeyro/ibHMK: Poro>xkiH - MbiwxkiH - EapaujxoBa. Ha npora>xeHkiki Bcero poMaHa Hacracbfl Oki/ikinnoBHa MeneTCfl n/iem/iy ^By/via /viy>KMMHa/viM. Ot t&>xe/iek1iijero nckixo/iorkmecxoro HaripameHkía repou HaHMHatOT cxoflkiTb c y Ma. flocToeBCKMM crpeMkiTca co3Aaľb «npexpacHoro qe/ioßexa», KOTopbiM Mor 6bi noxa3aľb, hto ki b stom Mkipe, rp,e h a 6/1 \op,a eTCfl AyxoBHbiň ynaflox, 4>ki/ikiCTepcTBO, cynpymecxkie M3MeHbi, m ABOMHa^ >Kki3Hb npaxTkmecxki Hopiwa, eu\e >KkiBbi Ao6poTa, cnpaBeA/ikiBOCTb kí kicxpeHHaa /ltoöoßb. Taxou Mkicelep Ha^e/iěH KHfl3b MbiiuKMH. Tpareßkia po/viaHa 3ax/iK>MaeTCfl b toivi, hg/ioBGK, CTpeMflinMMCfl bm^eTb b coBpeivieHHOM e/viy Mkipe to/ibKO /ltoöoßb kí AOÖpoTy, norkiôaeT b Heiw, 6yAynn Henpncnoco6/ieHHbiM k >km3hm. C 1872 r. AocToeBCKMÍí BMecre c meHoft ce/ikíTca b ropové Crapaa Pyca HoBropoACKOM ry6epHkiki. B stom He6o/ibwoM CTapkíHHOM npoBMHL^kia/ibHOM ropoAKe nkicaTe/ib mhoto kí kíHTeHCkiBHO paôoraeľ. 3Aecb, b ppN\e oruß MoaHHa PyiwiHLjeBa, craBiuero ayxobhmkom Oe^opa Mkixaki/ioBkma, oh 3aßepwaeT cbom powiaH «Becbi». C/i e AO m m3 n OA ero nepa bnxoamt powiaH «nodpocmOK» (1875). Hepe3 toa noflB/iaeTCfl «flHeeHUK nucamerm», paccKa3 «KpomKcm». B 1870-x rr. AocľoeBCKkíkl no/iynaeT Bceoöu^ee npn3HaHne b caMbix uj n po km x c/i oíi x pyccKoro oöu^ecTBa. AocToeBCKoro KaK 6o/ibiuoro nkicaTe/ifi bncoko OLjeHkíBaeT n LjapcKaa B/iacTb. Ceßki noHMTaTe/ieíí nkicaTe/ifi OKa3biBatOTCfi kí MO/ioßbie h/ieHbi kiMnepaľopcKofí cewibki - CbmoBbfl A/ieKcaHApa II Cepreň kí ľlaBe/i kí KoHCTaHTkiH KoHCTaHTMHOBMH PowiaHOB. B Hana/ie 1878 r. BOcnkľraTe/ib Be/ikiKkix KHfl3eíí AMkľrpkíki ApceHbeB noceTki/i AocToeBCKoro m noBeßa/i, hto rocyflapb me/iaeľ, hto6n Oeflop MkixaM/ioBkiH 6/iaroTBopHO noB/ikia/i CBOkiMki oecefla/viki Ha aßrycTeMiiJkix tOHomefí. Ta k Be/ikiKkikÍ nkicaTe/ib craHOBkíTCJ] HaCTaBHklKOM tOHblX POMaHOBblX. n y m k h h t. (OHEPKV). Phi npo«3«e«HH5s 0. H. Äceroesesro, S low I8S0 r., bi aaev Ishír COmeeiFa JlWtaieJieJ Pjetwa Cjio&íhocth, bo Bpena ontpirria iumtiihsj njmnui n íoein. C-flETF.PGVPrV 181». 5v mu**** aocToi»oiaro k.fbsb o ormoi* nut, B 70-e rr. XIX Bexa eflßa /im He 60/1 b we AocToeßcxoro-riMcaTe/ifi 6bi/i M3BecTeH ßocToeBCKMM-nyô/iMu.MCT. Be/iMHaMUJMivi weAeßpoM ero nyô/iMu.mctmkm cra/ia «nyujxMHCxafi penb», npoM3HeceHHafi 8 und h a 1880 r. no c/iynato otxpntmh naMfrmMxa noary Ha dpacTHOM n/iom,aAM. Penb, b xoTopoM «nepe3 npM3My TBopnecTBa riyujxMHa pacciviaTpMBa/iMCb ochobn pyccxoM xy/ibTypbi m pyccxoro MkipoB033peHkm, npMße/ia c/iywaTe/ieft b no/iHbifí BOCTopr. riyö/iMi^MCT A. Axcaxoß cxa3a/i; «r/7 cnumato pewb 0edopa Muxaü/ioeuna ßocmoeecKOZO coôbimueM e Hauieü numepamype. Bnepa eiqe mohcho öbino mo/iKoeamb o moM, eenuKuü nu ece/wupHbiü no3tn tlyuuKUH, unu Hern; cezodHB amom eonpoc ynpa3dHeHjácmuHHoe 3HCweHue riyuiKUHa noKa30HO, u Henezo 60/ibiue mo/iKoeamb!». AocToeBCKMtí 6bi/i TopmecTßeHHO yßeHHaH orpoMHbiM /laßpoßbiM BeHKOM. HoHbKD nMcaTe/ib noexa/i x naivifiTHMKy riyujxMHa m no/io>km/i CBOM BeHOK x ero iioaho>kmk). Ii 3a ABa noc/ieAHkix roAa CBoeft >km3hm (1878-1880 rr.) nucaie/ib C03AaeT cBoe caMoe /lyniuee ki caMoe r/iaBHoe CBoe npoki3BeAeHkie - poMaH «BpambR KapaMci3oebi». PoMaH no n pa By cHkiTaeTca weAeßpoM MnpoBOM /ikiTepaTypbi. K ero C03AaHkiK) AOCTOeBCKMM LUe/1 B CK) >Kk13Hb. 3Aecb OH noAH^/i Ba>KHeMLiikie npo6/ieMbi He/ioBenecTBa: HpaBCTBeHHbie m AyxoBHbie ocHOBbi cymecTBOBaHMii /íHDAeří, Bonpoc o CMblC/ie >Kk13Hk1. CoAepMOHkie poMaina 6bi/io onpeAe/ieHO cki/ibHbiM BnenaT/ieHneM flocroeBCKoro ot m crop mm AMknpkia M/ibUHCKoro, /io>kho oÖBMHeHHoro b yôkiňcTBe co6cTBeHHoro otl^a m 3aK/iK)HeHHoro b Omckmm ocrpor, rAe «Aec^Tb /ieT crpaAa/i b KaTopncHOkl paöoTe HanpacHO». kl crop km oÖBMHeHHoro 6bi/ia ki3/io>KeHa AocToeBCKkiM eu^e b «3ankicKax ki3 MepTBoro AOMa», a no3>Ke c|)kirypa M/ibMHCKoro cra/ia npoo6pa30M mhumoto omeyonřÍL^bi AMknpkia Kapaiv\a30Ba. I V I B poMaHe aBTopa kimepecyeT He TO/ibKo cyqböa OTAe/ibHbix repoeß («oamh 6paT — aTekicr. OTMaaHkie. ßpyroft — Becb aHa™k. TpeTkiM — 6yp,yu\ee noxo/ieHkie, MkiBaa cki/ia, HOBbie /ik>am»), ho ki cyAböa oômeMe/iOBeMecxaa. Ha noHBe AeTexTkiBHoro ctOKeia pa3BMBaeTCfl cepbe3Haa coLjkia/ibHO-nckixo/iorkmecxafl APawa o toni, mo «b Mkipe Bce 6o/iee ki 6o/iee yracaeT Mbic/ib o c/iy>KeHkiki Me/iOBenecTBy o öpaTcree ki u.e/iocTHOCTM /ltOAen» (n/ibic/ib crapu.a 3ocnMbi). MivieHHO 3ockiivia yciwaTpkiBaeT b r/iaBHbix repoax pa3ABoeHHOCTb: OAHOBpewieHHO ki noTpeÖHOCTb b Bepe ki npaB^e, ki «CK/ioHHOCTb Ko /DKki», Kapaivia30BiAkiHe — AyxoBHOiwy pa3/io>KeHkiio, öoroöopnecTBy, /lOMHbiM kiCTkiHaiw. He ivieHee BamHaa cocraB/i^ioma^ poiwaHa - npow/ioe, HacroaiAee ki öyAyiMee Pocenu. Ha npkiiwepe repoeß npokBBeAeHkia «BpaTbfl Kapaivia30Bbi» O. M. ßocroeBCKkikl noKa3a/i Bexki pocckiMCKOM kiCTopkiki. ripouj/ioe Pocenu - sto yxo/i^mee noKO/ieHkie: CTapkiK KapaMa30B, üo/ieHOB, crapeu, 3ockiMa. Abtop npoTkiBonocraB/iaeT kix npeACTaBkne/iflM «HacToaiAero» BpeiweHki - 6paTt>a Kapaivia30Bbi, ľpyíueHbKa, GviepAflKOB, PaKkiTkiH, GviypoB, -3to npeAcraBkiTe/iki mo/iOAoro noxo/ieHkia, «öyAyiAero» CTpaHbi. flocToeBCKMM AO kohu,a >Kki3Hki ocra/ica BepeH ceöe ki He yrpaTki/i Bepbi b He/iOBenecTBO. Oh noxa3biBaeT Ha/vi, hto, h e cm OTp a Ha Beto nopoHHOCTb ki HecnpaßeA/iMBOCTb Mkipa, ne/ioBeK moh