Industrial Chemistry Petr Ptáček, Hana Cídlová, Martin Šustr Faculty of Education, Masaryk University Brno, 2018 Introduction Dear students! You hold a study support for the subject Industrial chemistry. It is intended for students of Masaryk University, Faculty of Education, field of study Teaching of Chemistry. This is not a textbook in the true sense of the word. All the texts used in this study support have been prepared by native speakers. But, the majority of them is a part of a textbook R. Gallagher and P. Ingram: Chemistry Made Clear (Oxford University Press). No part of that publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. That is why this study support contains mainly links to the necessary parts in the textbook Chemistry Made Clear. An integral part of the study support is made by links to exercises. Again, these are links to the Chemistry Made Clear textbook. The textbook can be borrowed from the library of Faculty of Education, Masaryk University. A Czech-English and English-Czech vocabulary had been prepared in accordance with the textbook Chemistry Made Clear, containing also sound recordings spoken by native speakers (Cídlová, Ptáček, Šustr: Chemistry – Vocabulary and Reading; available from https://is.muni.cz/elportal/?id=1356790). Our study support contains also links to this vocabulary. The third part of this study support contains texts for listening to spoken English. The texts are taken from English-written Wikipedia and they are spoken by native speakers. We wish you a pleasant study. Brno, 2018 The authors Part I: Texts from GALLAGHER, R. a P. INGRAM. Chemistry Made Clear. GCSE ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Air, nitrogen, oxygen, noble gases Textbook pages 100-103 Vocabulary https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/pedf/ps16/chemistry/web/pages/chapter-8.html Questions: 101/1, 103/2 Exercises: 114/1 – 2 Water Textbook pages 106-113 Vocabulary https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/pedf/ps16/chemistry/web/pages/chapter-8.html Questions: 105/1 – 3 Exercise: 115/8a Industrial uses of electrolysis Textbook pages 82-83 Vocabulary https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/pedf/ps16/chemistry/web/pages/chapter-6.html Questions: 83/1 – 3 Exercises: 84/1 – 12 Metals Vocabulary https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/pedf/ps16/chemistry/web/pages/chapter-10.html Exercises: 151/8a, d, f, 10, 11, 12 Occurrence in the Earth's crust Textbook pages 138-139 Question: 139/7, 8 Extracting and recycling Textbook pages 140-141 Questions: 141/1, 2, 4, 6 Use of metals and alloys Textbook pages 142-143 Questions: 143/2, 3, 5 Aluminium Textbook pages 144-145 Questions: 145/1 – 5 Iron Textbook pages 146-147 Questions: 147/1 – 9 Corrosion Textbook pages 148-149 Questions: 149/2, 149/7 Hydrogen Textbook pages 152-153 Vocabulary https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/pedf/ps16/chemistry/web/pages/chapter-11.html Questions: 153/1, 2 Chlorine Textbook pages 174-175 Vocabulary https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/pedf/ps16/chemistry/web/pages/chapter-12.html Question: 175/1 Ammonia, nitric acid Textbook pages 158-159 Vocabulary https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/pedf/ps16/chemistry/web/pages/chapter-11.html Questions: 159/1, 2 Exercises:164/4, 5, 8, 9 Fertilisers Textbook pages 160-163 Vocabulary https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/pedf/ps16/chemistry/web/pages/chapter-11.html Questions: 163/1 – 6 Sulphur, sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid Textbook pages 170-173 Vocabulary https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/pedf/ps16/chemistry/web/pages/chapter-12.html Questions: 171/1, 173/1, 2 Exercise: 178/5 Carbonates Vocabulary https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/pedf/ps16/chemistry/web/pages/chapter-13.html Textbook pages 180-181 Coal, oil, gas Textbook pages 186-187 Vocabulary https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/pedf/ps16/chemistry/web/pages/chapter-13.html Questions: 187/2, 5 Substances from oil Textbook pages 196-197 Vocabulary https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/pedf/ps16/chemistry/web/pages/chapter-13.html Questions: 197/1-4 Exercises: 201/10, 11 Ethanol Textbook pages 195 Vocabulary https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/pedf/ps16/chemistry/web/pages/chapter-13.html Questions: 195/3, 4 Exercise: 201/8c, d – i Part II: Texts from Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia Copper — Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulphides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0 % copper. Sites include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey in 2005, Chile[1] was the top producer of copper with at least one-third world share followed by the United States, Indonesia and Peru. Copper can also be recovered through the in-situ leach process. Several sites in the state of Arizona are considered prime candidates for this method. The amount of copper in use is increasing and the quantity available is barely sufficient to allow all countries to reach developed world levels of usage. — Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95 % of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast, with around 1014 tons in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, which is about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction. However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable with present-day prices and technologies. — Estimates of copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate. Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world. Because of these and other factors, the future of copper production and supply is the subject of much debate, including the concept of peak copper, analogous to peak oil. — The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6 %, and most commercial ores are sulphides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS[2]) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu[2]S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15 % copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this material with silica in flash smelting removes much of the iron as slag. The process exploits the greater ease of converting iron sulphides into oxides, which in turn react with the silica to form the silicate slag that floats on top of the heated mass. The resulting copper matte, consisting of Cu[2]S, is roasted to convert all sulphides into oxides: 2 Cu[2]S + 3 O[2] → 2 Cu[2]O + 2 SO[2] — The cuprous oxide is converted to blister copper upon heating: 2 Cu[2]O → 4 Cu + O[2] — The Sudbury matte process converted only half the sulphide to oxide and then used this oxide to remove the rest of the sulphur as oxide. It was then electrolytically refined and the anode mud exploited for the platinum and gold it contained. This step exploits the relatively easy reduction of copper oxides to copper metal. Natural gas is blown across the blister to remove most of the remaining oxygen and electrorefining is performed on the resulting material to produce pure copper: Cu^2+ + 2 e^− → Cu — Like aluminium, copper is recyclable without any loss of quality, both from raw state and from manufactured products. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. An estimated 80 % of all copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35–55 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (140–300 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (30–40 kg per capita). — The process of recycling copper is roughly the same as is used to extract copper but requires fewer steps. High-purity scrap copper is melted in a furnace and then reduced and cast into billets and ingots; lower-purity scrap is refined by electroplating in a bath of sulphuric acid. — Numerous copper alloys have been formulated, many with important uses. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Bronze usually refers to copper-tin alloys, but can refer to any alloy of copper such as aluminium bronze. Copper is one of the most important constituents of silver and carat gold and carat solders used in the jewelry industry, modifying the color, hardness and melting point of the resulting alloys. Some lead-free solders consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals. — The alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin (currently called a nickel) consists of 75 % copper and 25 % nickel in homogeneous composition. The alloy o 90 % copper and 10 % nickel, remarkable for its resistance to corrosion, is used for various objects exposed to seawater, though it is vulnerable to the sulphides sometimes found in polluted harbors and estuaries. Alloys of copper with aluminium (about 7 %) have a golden color and are used in decorations. Shakudō is a Japanese decorative alloy of copper containing a low percentage of gold, typically 4–10 %, that can be patinated to a dark blue or black color. Vocabulary alloy slitina aluminium hliník billet předlitek; ubytovat bioleaching bioloužení blister copper blistr mědi brass mosaz, žesťové hudební nástroje bronze bronz carat gold karátové zlato carat solder pájka composition chemické složení; esej; hudební skladba concentration koncentrace constituent složka copper měď copper sulphides sulfidy mědi copper-tin alloy slitina mědi a cínu corrosion koroze cupronickel kupronikl (10–30 % Ni + do 1,5 % Fe, zbytek Cu) cuprous oxide oxid měďný electrolytically elektrolyticky electrorefining elektrorafinace extracted těžený, získávaný extraction extrakce froth floating pěnová flotace furnace pec gold zlato hardness tvrdost heating zahřívání homogenous homogenní chalcocite chalkocit (sulfid měďný) chalcopyrite chalkopyrit ingot ingot, odlitek iron železo iron sulphides sulfidy železa jewelry klenotnictví leach process proces loužení manufactured vyrobený matte lech (měděný), kamínek melted rozpuštěný melting point bod tání metal kov mine důl; moje; mina mud kal (anodový); bláto natural gas zemní plyn ore ruda oxides oxidy oxygen kyslík pit šachta, důl platinum platina polluted znečištěný porphyry porfyr product produkt production výroba, těžba raw surový; syrový recyclable recyklovatelný recycling recyklace reduction redukce resistance odolnost; odpor resource zdroj, zásoba scrap zbytek; šrot silica křemen, oxid křemičitý silver stříbro slag struska smelted tavený source zdroj, pramen; příčina sulphuric acid kyselina sírová supply zásoba; nabídka volume objem zinc zinek Exercises 1) What is a major source of copper in the modern world? 2) What is the most known ore of copper? 3) Match each alloy with its composition: Alloy Composition a) Brass A) 75 % copper, 25 % nickel b) Bronze B) 70 % copper, 30 % zinc c) Cupronickel C) 90-96 % copper, 4-10 % gold d) Shakudō D) 88 % copper, 12 % tin Zinc — Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc in various proportions, was used as early as the third millennium BC. Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12^th century in India, though it was known to the ancient Romans and Greeks. To date, the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, as early as the 9^th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc. Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called "philosopher's wool" or "white snow". — The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke (prong, tooth). German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746. Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron is the major application for zinc. Other applications are in electrical batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys such as brass. — A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulphide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory. — Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only iron, aluminium, and copper with an annual production of about 13 million tonnes. About 70 % of the world's zinc originates from mining, while the remaining 30 % comes from recycling secondary zinc. — Worldwide, 95 % of new zinc is mined from sulphidic ore deposits, in which sphalerite (ZnS) is nearly always mixed with the sulphides of copper, lead and iron. Zinc mines are scattered throughout the world, with the main areas being China, Australia, and Peru. China produced 38 % of the global zinc output in 2014. — Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. The ore is finely ground, then put through froth flotation to get a zinc sulphide ore concentrate consisting of about 50 % zinc, 32 % sulphur, 13 % iron, and 5 % SiO[2]. — Roasting converts the zinc sulphide concentrate to zinc oxide: 2 ZnS + 3 O[2] → 2 ZnO + 2 SO[2] — The sulphur dioxide is used for the production of sulphuric acid, which is necessary for the leaching process. If deposits of zinc carbonate, zinc silicate, or zinc spinel are used for zinc production, the roasting can be omitted. — For further processing two basic methods are used: pyrometallurgy or electrowinning. Pyrometallurgy reduces zinc oxide with carbon or carbon monoxide at 950 °C (1.740 °F) into the metal, which is distilled as zinc vapour to separate it from other metals, which are not volatile at these temperatures. The zinc vapour is collected in a condenser. The equations below describe this process: 2 ZnO + C → 2 Zn + CO[2] ZnO + CO → Zn + CO[2] — In electrowinning, zinc is leached from the ore concentrate by sulphuric acid: ZnO + H[2]SO[4] → ZnSO[4] + H[2]O — Finally, the zinc is reduced by electrolysis. 2 ZnSO[4] + 2 H[2]O → 2 Zn + 2 H[2]SO[4] + O[2] — The sulphuric acid is regenerated and recycled to the leaching step. — Refinement of sulphidic zinc ores produces large volumes of sulphur dioxide and cadmium vapour. Smelter slag and other residues contain significant quantities of metals. Zinc in rivers flowing through industrial and mining areas can be as high as 20 ppm. Effective sewage treatment greatly reduces this; treatment along the Rhine, for example, has decreased zinc levels to 50 ppb. Concentrations of zinc as low as 2 ppm adversely affects the amount of oxygen that fish can carry in their blood. Vocabulary alchemist alchymista alloy slitina aluminium hliník brass mosaz, žesťové hudební nástroje cadmium kadmium carbon uhlík carbon monoxide oxid uhelnatý casting odlitek; konkurz concentrate koncentrát; soustředit se concentration koncentrace copper měď corrosion koroze distillation destilace electrochemical properties elektrochemické vlastnosti electrolysis elektrolýza electrowinning elektolytické získávání element prvek equation rovnice flotation flotace iron železo laboratory laboratoř lead olovo; vést, řídit leaching process proces loužení luminescent paint luminescenční barva metallurgy metalurgie mining hornictví, dolování ore ruda oxygen kyslík pure čistý pyrometallurgy pyrometalurgie recycling recyklace reduced redukováno refinement čištění; vylepšení residue zbytek resistant odolnost; odpor roasting pražení scattered rozptýlený separate oddělit, separovat sewage odpadní voda, splašky sphalerite sfalerit sulphur síra sulphur dioxide oxid siřičitý sulphuric acid kyselina sírová temperature teplota vapour pára volatile těkavý zinc zinek zinc carbonate uhličitan zinečnatý zinc diethyl diethylzinek zinc gluconate glukonát zinečnatý zinc chloride chlorid zinečnatý zinc methyl dimethylzinek zinc oxide oxid zinečnatý zinc plating zinkování zinc pyrithione pyrithion zinečnatý zinc silicate křemičitan zinečnatý zinc spinel zinečnatý spinel zinc sulphide sulfid zinečnatý Exercises 4) Decide whether the following statements are true or false. a) Zinc was known to the ancient Romans and Greeks. TRUE / FALSE b) Zinc was named by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf after the German word “zinke“. TRUE / FALSE c) The major application for zinc is zinc plating of iron. TRUE / FALSE d) We can find zinc chloride and zinc pyrithione in some cosmetics. TRUE / FALSE e) Zinc is the most common metal in use. TRUE / FALSE f) Chemical formula of sphalerite is FeS[2]. TRUE / FALSE g) Pyrometallurgy and electrowinning are part of a zinc production process. TRUE / FALSE Plaster — Plaster is a building material used for the protective and/or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is "stucco", which is also often used for plasterwork that is worked in some way to produce relief decoration, rather than flat surfaces. — The most common types of plaster mainly contain either gypsum, lime, or cement, but all work in a similar way. The plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a stiff but workable paste immediately before it is applied to the surface. The reaction with water liberates heat through crystallization and the hydrated plaster then hardens. — Forms of plaster have several other uses. In medicine plaster orthopedic casts are still often used for supporting set broken bones. In dentistry plaster is used to make dental models. Various types of models and moulds are made with plaster. In art, lime plaster is the traditional matrix for fresco painting; the pigments are applied to a thin wet top layer of plaster and fuse with it so that the painting is actually in coloured plaster. In the ancient world, as well as the sort of ornamental designs in plaster relief that are still used, plaster was also widely used to create large figurative reliefs for walls, though few of these have survived. Gypsum plaster — Gypsum plaster, or plaster of Paris, is produced by heating gypsum to about 150 °C: — CaSO[4]·2H[2]O + heat → CaSO[4]·0.5H[2]O + 1.5H[2]O (released as steam). — When the dry plaster powder is mixed with water, it reforms into gypsum. The setting of unmodified plaster starts about 10 minutes after mixing and is complete in about 45 minutes; but not fully set for 72 hours. If plaster or gypsum is heated above 130 °C, hemihydrate is formed, which will also re-form as gypsum if mixed with water. — A large gypsum deposit at Montmartre in Paris led "calcined gypsum" (roasted gypsum or gypsum plaster) to be commonly known as "plaster of Paris". — Plasterers often use gypsum to simulate the appearance of surfaces of wood, stone, or metal, on movie and theatrical sets for example. Nowadays, theatrical plasterers often use expanded polystyrene, although the job title remains unchanged. — Plaster of Paris can be used to impregnate gauze bandages to make a sculpting material called plaster bandages. It is used similarly to clay, as it is easily shaped when wet, yet sets into a resilient and lightweight structure. This is the material that was (and sometimes still is) used to make classic plaster orthopedic casts to protect limbs with broken bones, the artistic use having been partly inspired by the medical use. The hydration of plaster of Paris relies on the reaction of water with the dehydrated or partially hydrated calcium sulphate present in the plaster. Lime plaster — Lime plaster is a mixture of calcium hydroxide and sand (or other inert fillers). Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the plaster to set by transforming the calcium hydroxide into calcium carbonate (limestone). Whitewash is based on the same chemistry. — To make lime plaster, limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated above approximately 850 °C to produce quicklime (calcium oxide). Water is then added to produce slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), which is sold as a wet putty or a white powder. Additional water is added to form a paste prior to use. The paste may be stored in airtight containers. When exposed to the atmosphere, the calcium hydroxide very slowly turns back into calcium carbonate through reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide, causing the plaster to increase in strength. — Lime plaster was a common building material for wall surfaces in a process known as lath and plaster, whereby a series of wooden strips on a studwork frame was covered with a semi-dry plaster that hardened into a surface. The plaster used in most lath and plaster construction was mainly lime plaster, with a cure time of about a month. To stabilize the lime plaster during curing, small amounts of plaster of Paris were incorporated into the mix. Because plaster of Paris sets quickly, "retardants" were used to slow down setting time enough to allow workers to mix large working quantities of lime putty plaster. A modern form of this method uses expanded metal mesh over wood or metal structures, which allows a great freedom of design as it is adaptable to both simple and compound curves. Today this building method has been partly replaced with drywall, also composed mostly of gypsum plaster. In both these methods, a primary advantage of the material is that it is resistant to a fire within a room and so can assist in reducing or eliminating structural damage or destruction provided the fire is promptly extinguished. — Lime plaster is used for frescoes, where pigments, diluted in water, are applied to the still wet plaster. Vocabulary airtight vzduchootěsný anhydrous bezvodý atmosphere atmosféra bondage obvaz calcium carbonate uhličitan vápenatý calcium hydroxide hydroxid vápenatý calcium oxide oxid vápenatý calcium sulphate síran vápenatý carbon dioxide oxid uhličitý CaSO[4].2H[2]O CaSO[4 ]. 2 H[2]O cement cement, tmel clay jíl, hlína coating vrstva, povlak, nátěr compound sloučenina crystallization krystalizace curing sušení; léčení; vyřešení dentistry zubní lékařství desiccant vysoušedlo diluted zředěný element prvek extinguished uhašený fillers výplně form utvořit, vytvořit fresco freska fuse rozpustit, sloučit; pojistka gauze síťka, gáza gypsum sádrovec, sádra harden tvrdnutí heat teplo heating zahřívání hemihydrate hemihydrát hydration hydratace impregnate impregnovat, napustit inert inertní, netečný layer vrstva lightweight lehký, odlehčený lime plaster vápenná omítka limestone vápenec manufactured vyrobený material látka, hmota metal kov mixed smíchaný orthopedic cast ortopedický odlitek paste pasta; přilepit pigment pigment, barvivo plaster omítka, sádrová malta polystyrene polystyren powder prášek putty tmel quicklime nehašené vápno render omítka; učinit, poskytnout resilient pružný, odolný retardant retardér sand písek; odvaha slaked lime hašené vápno state skupenství; stát (země) steam vodní pára (nad hladinou vařící vody) stucco štuk, štuková omítka surface povrch; hladina water voda β-anhydrite β-anhydrit γ-anhydrite γ-anhydrit Exercises 5) Complete the text. In English "…………………" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "…………………" commonly refers to external applications. The most common types of plaster mainly contain either …………………, …………………, or …………………, but all work in a similar way. The plaster is manufactured as a dry ………………… and is mixed with ………………… to form a stiff but workable ………………… immediately before it is applied to the surface.. There are many uses for the plaster: In medicine ……...…………………………………………………………………………. In dentistry …………………………………………………………………………………. In art ..………………………………………………………………………………………. In the ancient world .………………………………………………………………………. Gypsum plaster is produced by heating gypsum. The chemical equation is: ………………… + heat ® ………………… + ………………… The nearly water-free form (CaSO[4]·nH[2]O, n = 0 to 0.05) is called …………………. Lime plaster is a mixture of ……………………….………… and …………… . Lime plaster is used for ……………………………………………………………………… . Soap — In chemistry, a soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Household uses for soaps include washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping, where soaps act as surfactants, emulsifying oils to enable them to be carried away by water. In industry they are also used in textile spinning and are important components of some lubricants. Metal soaps are also included in modern artists' oil paints formulations as a rheology modifier. — Soaps for cleaning are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in an aqueous solution. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids attach to a single molecule of glycerol. — In this reaction, the triglyceride fats first hydrolyze into free fatty acids, and then the latter combine with the alkali to form crude soap: an amalgam of various soap salts, excess fat or alkali, water, and liberated glycerol (glycerin). The glycerin, a useful byproduct, can remain in the soap product as a softening agent, or be isolated for other uses. — Soaps are key components of most lubricating greases, which are usually emulsions of calcium soap or lithium soap and mineral oil. Many other metallic soaps are also useful, including those of aluminium, sodium, and mixtures of them. Such soaps are also used as thickeners to increase the viscosity of oils. In ancient times, lubricating greases were made by the addition of lime to olive oil. — The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2 800 BC in ancient Babylon. A formula for soap consisting of water, alkali, and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet around 2 200 BC. — The Ebers papyrus (Egypt, 1 550 BC) indicates the ancient Egyptians bathed regularly and combined animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to create a soap-like substance. Egyptian documents mention a soap-like substance was used in the preparation of wool for weaving. — In the reign of Nabonidus (556–539 BC), a recipe for soap consisted of uhulu [ashes], cypress [oil] and sesame [seed oil] "for washing the stones for the servant girls". Vocabulary alkali zásada – látka zvyšující koncentraci OH^– iontů v roztoku (hydroxidy, vodný roztok amoniaku) aluminium hliník amalgam směsice; amalgám aqueous solution vodný roztok byproduct vedlejší produkt calcium vápník cassia oil kasiový olej crude soap surové mýdlo emulsifying oil emulgační olej emulsion emulze fat tuk, tlustý fatty acid mastná kyselina formula vzorec, vzorce glycerin glycerin, glycerol glycerol glycerol, glycerin grease mastnota hydrolyze hydrolyzovat lithium lithium lubricant lubrikant, mazivo mineral oil minerální olej mixture směs molecule molekula potassium hydroxide hydroxid draselný rheology modifier reologický modifikátor salt sůl soap mýdlo sodium sodík sodium hydroxide hydroxid sodný softening agent změkčovadlo strong base silná zásada substance látka surfactant surfaktant, povrchově aktivní látka textile spinning spřádání tkaniny thickener zahušťovadlo triglyceride triglycerid viscosity viskozita water voda Exercise Connect following words to create a correct sentence. Example: · soap, fatty acid Sentence: Soap is a salt of a fatty acid. · soap, sodium hydroxide, oils Sentence:……………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………. · crude soap, alkali, oils Sentence:……………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………. · byproduct, softening agent, glycerol Sentence:……………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………. · metallic soap, aluminium, thickener Sentence:……………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………. · history, cassia oil, soap-like substance, cypress oil Sentence:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………… ………………………. Literature Cooper. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia [online]. San Francisco (CA): Wikimedia Foundation, 2001-, 24 June 2018, [cit. 2018-26-7]. Dostupné z: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper. Brass. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia [online]. San Francisco (CA): Wikimedia Foundation, 2001-, 3 August 2018, [cit. 2018-04-08]. Dostupné z: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass. Plaster. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia [online]. San Francisco (CA): Wikimedia Foundation, 2001-, 29 June 2018, [cit. 2018-04-08]. Dostupné z: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster. Soap. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia [online]. San Francisco (CA): Wikimedia Foundation, 2001-, 01 June 2018, [cit. 2018-04-08]. Dostupné z: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap. GALLAGHER, R. a P. INGRAM. CHEMISTRY MADE CLEAR. GCSE ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987, 208 s. ISBN 978-0-19-914267-5. Zvukové nahrávky Jazykové centrum CORRECT, Brno. 2017. Zvukové nahrávky Hope, jazykový servis, Brno. 2017. Content Introduction. 2 Part I: Texts from GALLAGHER, R. a P. INGRAM. Chemistry Made Clear. 3 Air, nitrogen, oxygen, noble gases. 4 Water 4 Industrial uses of electrolysis. 4 Metals. 4 Occurrence in the Earth's crust 4 Extracting and recycling. 4 Use of metals and alloys. 4 Aluminium.. 4 Iron. 4 Corrosion. 5 Hydrogen. 5 Chlorine. 5 Ammonia, nitric acid. 5 Fertilisers. 5 Sulphur, sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid. 5 Carbonates. 5 Coal, oil, gas. 5 Substances from oil 6 Ethanol 6 Part II: Texts from Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. 7 Copper 8 Vocabulary. 10 Exercises. 11 Zinc. 12 Vocabulary. 13 Exercises. 15 Plaster 16 Vocabulary. 18 Exercises. 19 Soap. 20 Vocabulary. 21 Exercise. 22 Literature. 23 ________________________________ [1] Chyba rodilého mluvčího. Patří „Chile“, nahráno je „copper“.