Faculty of Education, Masaryk University in Brno Lexicology -- Autumn Semester 2004 Syllabus: SEMINARS Week 1 Introduction and bibliographical information. Lexicology as a linguistic discipline. The act of naming. Naming unit - conventionality and universality. Linguistic sign, its types and properties. Reference and denotation. Week 2 Semantic nucleus, semantic environment, semantic/lexical field. Classification of meaning. Conceptual and associative meaning. Change of meaning (extension, restriction, pejoration, amelioration). Week 3 Inflectional and derivational morphology. Morphemes - free and bound. Root, affix, stem. Week 4 Compounding -- coordinate and subordinate, endocentric and exocentric compounds. Week 5 Derivation. Back formation. Conversion. Abbreviation: clippings, acronyms, blends. Week 6 Collocations/word groups and phraseological units. Lexical chains. Week 7 Semantic relationships between lexical units (sense relations): polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, synonymy and antonymy (complementarity, converseness). Week 8 Language figures: metaphor, metonymy, simile, taboo, euphemism, dysphemism, understatement, hyperbole, synechdoche, litotes. Loan words. Week 9 Form classes - nouns. Number, countability, definiteness, case, gender. Week 10 Form classes - adjectives. Central and peripheral adjectives. Stative and dynamic adjectives. Gradability. Week 11 Form classes - pronouns. Reference - anaphora, cataphora, exophora/deixis. Adverbs. Week 12 Form classes - verbs. Transitivity. Stative and dynamic verbs. Tense, voice, aspect, mood. Week 13 Final test. Colloquy. Lexicology Bibliography: Hladký, Josef -- Růžička, Milan: A Functional Onomatology of English. Masarykova univerzita, Brno 1998. Vachek, Josef: A Linguistic Characterology of Modern English. (3. přeprac. vydání -- Clare Krojzlová a Josef Hladký). Státní pedagogické nakladatelství, Praha 1990. Vachek, Josef: Chapters from Modern English Lexicology and Stylistics. SPN, Praha/Bratislava 1974. Mathesius, Vilém: A Functional Analysis of Present Day English on a General Linguistic Basis. Transl. by Libuše Dušková. Academia, Praha 1975. Crystal, David: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press 1995. Čermák, František: Jazyk a jazykověda. Nakladatelství Karolinum, Praha 2001. Peprník, J.: English Lexicology. UP, Olomouc. Cruse, D.A.: Lexical Semantics. Cambridge University Press 1986, 1991. Bolinger, Dwight - Sears, Donald A.: Aspects of Language. Third Edition. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers 1968, 1981. McCarthy, Michael: Vocabulary. Oxford University Press 1990. Palmer, Frank Robert: Semantics. (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, first published 1976. Adams, Valerie: An introduction to modern English word- formation. Longman, London 1973. English language series, no. 7. Radford, A. - Atkinson, M. -- Britain, D. -- Clahsen, H. -- Spencer, A.: Linguistics. An Introduction. Cambridge University Press 1999. Hasan, Rugaiya - Halliday, M.A.K.: Language, context and text: Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press 1990. Halliday, M.A.K.: Language as social semiotic. Edward Arnold 1978. Čermák, F. - Blatná, R. a kol.: Manuál lexikografie. Nakladatelství H&H, 1995. Lexicology - Autumn 2004 Handout - week 1 Analyse the following signs. Are they iconic, indexical or symbolical? III [three] ; AC (abbrev. for average cost) BBC € ů Lexicology - Autumn 2004 Handout - week 2 SEMANTIC NUCLEUS, SEMANTIC ENVIRONMENT, SEMANTIC/LEXICAL FIELD. CLASSIFICATION OF MEANING. CONCEPTUAL AND ASSOCIATIVE MEANING. CHANGE OF MEANING (EXTENSION, RESTRICTION, PEJORATION, AMELIORATION). 1. What are the differences in the semantic nucleus (i.e. the denotative/cognitive/conceptual meaning) between the following English and Czech expressions? morning - ráno take - vzít settle - usadit (se) car - auto wood - les power - cow - kráva lid - víko/víčko cap - house - dům cottage - chalupa clock - hodiny engineer - inženýr trade - obchod 2. What are the differences in the semantic environment (the connotative and stylistic meaning) between the following English and Czech expressions? ivy - břečťan shaggy dog story - rozvláčná povídačka porch - (Am) veranda it´s all Greek to me - ? to have guts - ? heath, moorland - vřesoviště cricket (game) - continental - kontinentální Notes: saucepan lid, lid on a jar, piano lid, dustbin lid; bottle cap, pen cap (Br pen lid), lens cap (on a camera); grandfather clock, alarm clock, wall clock, sundial, hourglass, egg timer Lexicology - Autumn 2004 Handout - week 3 1. Are the following statements true? If not, how can you modify them to make them true? One morpheme can also be one word. Morph is a minimal unit of meaning. A root is a bound morpheme. A free morpheme is the one added to the root in derivation. English words are the largest elements between which other elements can be inserted with relative freedom. DRIVER and DRIVERS are two different words. DRIVER and DRIVERS are two different lexemes. DRIVER and DRIVE are two different lexemes. New lexemes can be created by derivation. Collocations, word groups and idioms are roughly the same. 2. What is the difference between a stem and a root? 3. How many allomorphs of the indefinite article can you find in the following sentences? How are they conditioned? We have a dog. She passed me an apple. He isn´t just an architect, he´s the best architect you can get. There´s a pen next to the computer. 4. Can the following be classified as one word? And lexeme? Oilfield red-handed old-timer red-light district fishburger better workaholic to be given -ing to set st./sb. aside hyper- wristwatch redcurrant an expensive watch red wine persona non grata 5. a) How can you classify the following differences between singular and plural forms of nouns, between infinitive/present and past tense forms of verbs, and positive and comparative forms of adjectives? How are they conditioned? Do the two words in a pair belong to the same lexeme? Which of them are instances of suppletion? wife - wives goose - geese chamois - chamois phenomenon - phenomena larva - larvae spectrum - spectra bacillus - bacilli shelf - shelves child - children bad - worse go - went speak - spoke be - was/were b) How about plurals of the following? cabbage calculus fish antenna person 6. Analyze the following words. What are their morphological components? Prepare half-witted preparatory bad-mouthed preschooler switchboard prescriptive swordsmanship sycophantic nation turntable donation syllable donkey impeccable turnkey imbalance frightfully imbibe get-together irrevocable atonement 7. List some English noun-forming suffixes and some nouns having the suffixes. List some English adjective-forming suffixes and some nouns having the suffixes. List some English verb-forming suffixes and some nouns having the suffixes. Now do the same for Czech: noun-forming suffixes adjective-forming suffixes verb-forming suffixes Which of them are still productive? 8. Can you adduce three examples of grammatical morphemes and lexical morphemes? How do they differ? Lexicology - Autumn 2004 Handout - week 4 COMPOUNDS 1. Give some examples, if there exist, of compound conjunctions compound numerals compound prepositions compound adverbs compound nouns of the following make-up: noun + noun adjective + noun (so-called Germanic type) noun + adjective (so-called French type) noun + verb verb + noun verb + adverb adverb + verb compound verbs consisting of a verb + verb formally endocentric compounds semantically endocentric compounds (so-called modifying compounds) formally exocentric compounds semantically exocentric compounds (so-called bahuvrihi compounds) 2. Are the following lexemes compounds, derivatives, or something else? (to) make up (to) give away make-up easternmost miniskirt automatic auto-destruction childish childless childlike childproof off-the-peg offset oddball (to) outnumber