DEVELOPMENT OF THE CZECH EDUCATION
Kateřina Vlčková
Abstract: In this chapter we shall look at the development of the Czech education from the
very beginning to the present.
1. Introduction
In the Czech lands, education has always been greatly appreciated. Often, classes and
groups of people who were not educated elsewhere could get education here (e. g. hussite
women in the 15th
century, general knowledge of reading and writing in the population in the
thirties of the 20th
century was notably higher than in the rest of Europe). The fact that the
credit of education was high was reflected in the organisation of the school system: The first
university was founded in 1348 and the technical university (Vysoké učení technické) in
1717. The compulsory education (then 6-year) was established by law in 1774 and from 1869
it was compulsory for 8 years.
Because a large part of Czech history is closely connected to the Austrian-Hungarian
Empire, the school system of the Czech lands was for a long time quite similar to the Austrian
one. After the break-up of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire and creation of the Czechoslovakia
in 1918, the school system of the Czech Republic was conjoined with the Slovak one. The
Slovakian school system remains until today almost identical with the Czech, even though
after the break-up of the federation, each of the two countries follows a slightly different path.
Nevertheless, in the context of European integration all the school systems are coming closer
to each other again. Let us now go back to the beginning.
2. Historical milestones
What is now the area of Czech Republic had been populated a very long time ago. After
Celts and old Germans, in the times of the migration of nations, came the Slavs in the fifth
century BC. The first schools are reported from the old Slavic settlements and from the times
of the Great Moravia, in the times of christianisation of the population by Constantin and
Methodius. The first school mentioned in writing is the Budeč where the children of the
nobility were educated in religious studies, and reading and writing in Latin. An important
school (St. Vitus's cathedral school) was established in 973 with the Prague bishopric. By the
end of the 10th
century, quality schools were commonly established by the Benedictine
monasteries.
During the middle ages, new type of schools begun to be established. These were founded
by towns, which were flourishing due to the fast development of craft and trade. In these
schools, which were similar to those founded by monasteries, children of rich families were
taught by priests. In the 12th
and 13th
century such schools were to be found in all towns of the
Bohemian kingdom.
The economic development that came after the crusades in the 12th
and 13th
century made
it possible for universities to be founded. These were independent of the church and rulers and
international from the very beginning. The students could freely move from one university to
another. The study language was Latin. Quite similar tendencies can be seen even today, can
they not? In 1206 the Sorbonne was founded in Paris. Charles IV, the King of Bohemia and
Holy Roman Emperor, following this example, established the first university in the central
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Europe, which is known today as the Charles University in Prague. The graduates form the
Charles University helped the development of the lower and higher schools in towns, which
prepared their pupils for working in crafts and trade or university studies. In 14th
century the
church found themselves in a crisis. In 1409 all the German professors and students decided
to leave the university to go to Leipzig. Jan Hus became the rector of the Charles University.
He was later burned to death by a council in Constance in 1415, because he tried to reform the
church. After the hussite wars, the Unitas Fratrum (Brethren Unity) was established by Petr
Chelčický, which founded many new schools that were of higher quality than the catholic
schools. In the 14th
and 16th
century the Charles University opened for poor people. An order
that had a major influence on the Czech education (especially higher education) were the
Jesuits, who were given the university in 1622. The most prominent personality in the Czech
education lived in the 17th
century. It was the famous teacher of nations, Johann Amos
Comenius. He created the first united, modern and humanistic educational system. Because
Comenius was born on March 28. 1592, this day is celebrated as the teachers' day.
In 1773 the Jesuitic order was abolished. Marie Therese, a Habsburg ruler, initiated a
number of reforms in 1774 that were to enhance the economy of the state. Compulsory
education was established in a unified 3-stage schooling system. A lot of vocation schools
were established. The first military academy was founded in 1752. From 1770 a new type of
business academies were introduced. Teachers were educated in so-called Preparandia, which
were constituted with regular schools. The monarchy's language policy leads to germanise-
tion of the Czech people, which then resulted in the so-called National Renaissance, the aim
of which was to save the Czech language and ensure proper national education. Similar
tendencies are to be found all over Europe at that time. In reaction to the National
Rennaisance, the church and monarchy strengthened their positions. In 1886, the system was
divided once again into the basic stage (up to 14 years of age) and the secondary school with
school leaving exam (so-called maturita), which was subdivided into comprehensive middle
school (Gymnázium) and middle technical school (Reálné Gymnázium). Teachers were
educated in 4-year teaching institutes. The school inspection shifted from the church onto the
school inspectors. The compulsory education was prolonged to 8 years in length in 1869. The
responsibility was on the state, financing laid on towns. After the First World War, in 1918,
independence of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed. One of the primary problems was creating a
unified education system and compensating for the cultural differences between the advanced
Czech lands, Slovakia and a part of Ukraine that belonged to the new republic. In the
twenties, many laws were passed, but the structure of schooling remained unchanged. Only, it
was necessary to establish the schooling system in Slovakia and Transcarpathia.
The twenties and thirties of the twentieth century meant quick development of reform
pedagogy, which tried to realise a reform of life in schools, education content, unified
secondary schools and balanced approach between comprehensive and vocational education.
This was also the time of many important Czech educational theorists and active teachers.
There were also new universities founded in the new republic, for example the Masaryk
University in Brno (1919), which was named after the first president of Czechoslovakia,
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. At that time, Czechoslovakia belonged among nine of the most
advanced countries in the world.
In 1933 Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. In 1938 he decided to occupy
Czechoslovakia (Protectorate Böhmen und Mähren) and the Second World War began. The
country was again heavily germanised. German language became the most important subject
in school (it took one fifth of all school time). The textbooks were modified in the context of
Nazi ideology. In 1939, all the universities were closed down and were turned into barracks
and military prisons. Many secondary schools (mainly gymnasiums) were closed down. New
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schools were established to educate new Nazi elite. Many young people forced to hard labour
in German factories. After the war, the school system as well as the infrastructure were all in
ruins. There was a lack of teachers, for many died to concentration camps. New school
buildings had to be build; new books had to be written, new curricula planned. The
universities were reopened in 1945.
In 1945, university education of teachers was established by the law. One year later new
students were accepted to the newly founded pedagogical faculty of the Masaryk University.
It was the fifth faculty of the Brno university.
In 1948, the political situation was given a new direction towards the socialism and
communism. All schools became state-centred and the church lost its influence. The elementary
education was compulsory, unified, free and designed for nine years. Kindergartens, which had
been established as early as in the thirties, were incorporated into the educational system, although
they were not compulsory. The unified school system (1948 ­ 1953) consisted of: first stage (1. ­
5. grade), second stage (6. ­ 9. grade) and third stage (10. ­ 12. grade). The third stage included 4-
year grammar schools (gymnasiums), 4-year technical academies, and 2/3-year vocational
schools. The first and second stage were later conjoined into a unified basic school, which
covered the compulsory education (8/9 years). The curriculum was modified to fit the ideology, it
was unified, compulsory and nature science and work oriented.
The "Velvet Revolution", which came in 1989, made it possible for the basic principles of
education in the Czech lands to change from communist to democracy-based. In the nineties
of the twentieth century many quick reforms were introduced and the school system was
diversified, decentralised, democratised and de-ideologised. The nineties are therefore
remembered as extraordinary time of many changes that took place in a very short period of
time.
3. Discussion
ˇ Did you have any expectations about history of education in the Czech Republic?
ˇ Which part of the history of Czech education do you find the most interesting? Is there
anything that surprised you?
ˇ What did you know about the socialistic Czechoslovakia in connection with education?
ˇ Have your views and opinions on Czech schooling changed since you started studying in
the Czech Republic?
ˇ Can you name any similar tendencies in Europe to those mentioned in the text?
ˇ Do you now what the oldest universities in Europe are and when they were founded?
ˇ Are there any similarities between the history of education in the Czech lands and in your
country?
ˇ What are the milestones of the history of education in your country?
ˇ Comenius was a great teacher. He travelled to many countries. Did he happen to visit your
country? What did he do there?
ˇ Does your country have a similar personality? Who was it and what did they achieve?
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