Phonetics and phonology terms phonetics a theory that describes the sounds that we use in speech phonology a theory that describes the relationships between different phonemes, talks about the way phonemes function in a language phonemes regularly used speech sounds – vowels, consonants and diphthongs/ in English this does not mean letters of the alphabet! phonemic system of the language the complete set of phonemes English a great part of its spelling is not phonemic, i.e. the way sounds are pronounced does not necessarily correspond with the way these are written Czech a great part of its spelling is phonemic, i.e. the way sounds are pronounced often corresponds with the way these are written different realisation of a phoneme different pronunciation of a phoneme/depends on its position in a word eg. t in eat and tea allophones different realisations of a phoneme phonemic (narrow) transcription transcription where every speech sound must be identified as one of the phonemes and written with the appropriate symbol phonetic (broad) transcription transcription that includes more information eg. stress, intonation letters of the alphabet in English these represent spellings, not sounds symbols represent speech sounds/phonemes transcription uses symbols to represent speech sounds stress relative strength of a syllable intonation the use of the pitch of the voice to convey meaning accent refers to a different pronunciation of a word only; different pronunciation of people from different places, different social classes, different social backgrounds, different ages, different educational backgrounds dialect refers to a variety of language which is different from others not just in pronunciation but also in the use of language (lexis, grammar) RP shortened form for received pronunciation received pronunciation accent traditionally used by newsreaders on BBC broadcasting channels articulators parts of our body that participate on production of speech sounds vocal tract the air goes through this, it ends at the mouth and nostrils vowels sounds in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes through the vocal tract to the lips consonants sounds in which there is an obstruction to the flow of air as it passes through the vocal tract to the lips examples of semivowels w, j, r semivowel a sound phonetically like a vowel (that is the way it is produced)/phonologically like a consonant (that is its place in speech) eg.a way diphthongs sounds which consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another eg. beard, Ian, tour, pain pure vowel a vowel that does not glide, i.e. remains constant/not a diphthong triphthongs sounds which consist of a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third eg. player, fire, lower, hour vocal folds you find these inside the Adam´s Apple glottis the opening between the vocal folds voiceless consonants (eg.p,f,s) when these are produced the vocal folds are wide apart/no vibration involved voiced consonants the edges of the vocal folds are touching each other, air passing through the glottis causes vibration glottal stop the vocal folds are firmly pressed together/this sound is used also in the London area eg. when pronouncing Scotland narrow glottis the result of this is the sound h force of articulation sounds that are produced with more force are called fortis/sounds produced with less force are called lenis fortis meaning ´strong´, i.e. produced with more force/when at the end of a syllable makes the vowel before shorter eg.back lenis meaning ´weak´, i.e. produced with less force/when at the end of a syllable makes the vowel before longer eg.bag eg. p,t,k,f,th as in think,s,š voiceless/fortis eg. b,d,g,v,th as in this,z,dž voiced/lenis weak syllables unstressed parts of words/often containing schwa/less muscular energy needed when pronouncing these strong syllables more muscular energy needed when pronouncing these schwa the most commonly occurring vowel in English/always associated with weak syllables primary stress the stronger type of word stress secondary stress the weaker type of word stress weak-form words (function words) words that have more than one realisation depending on function and/or position in utterance eg. auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, prepositions linking process of joining words together in utterance/words in real connected speech are linked together/even syllables within a word can be linked together eg. playing linking r it is used when a word ending in r is followed by a word beginning with a vowel eg. here are intrusive r it is used to link words ending with a vowel even when there is no justification eg. Formula A; media event