Index for inclusion
developing learning and participation in schools
Tony Booth and Mel Ainscow
editing and production for CSIE Mark Vaughan
Published by the Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education (CSIE)
CSIE
supporting inclusion
challenging exclusion
Centrefor
Studies on Inclusive
Education
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
contents
part 1
an inclusive approach to school development • 1
Welcome to the index for inclusion • 1
Key concepts: developing a language for inclusion • 2
The review framework: dimensions and sections • 7
The review materials: indicators and questions • 9
The Index process • 10
The Index in use • 10
What schools can hope to achieve • 11
part 2
the Index process • 13
phase 1 Getting started with the Index • 15
phase 2 Finding out about the school • 23
phase 3 Producing an inclusive school development plan • 31
phase 4 Implementing priorities • 33
phase 5 Reviewing the Index process • 36
part 3
indicators and questions • 39
List of indicators • 39
Indicators with questions • 42
part 4
summary sheet and questionnaires • 87
part 5
further reading and Disability Equality in Education • 99
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools1
part 1
an inclusive approach
to school development
Welcome to the index for inclusion
The Index is a resource to support the inclusive development of schools.
It is a comprehensive document that can help everyone to find their own
next steps in developing their setting. The materials are designed to
build on the wealth of knowledge and experience that people have about
their practice. They challenge and support the development of any
school, however ‘inclusive’ it is thought to be currently.
Inclusion is often associated with students* who have impairments or
students seen as ‘having special educational needs’. However, in the
Index, inclusion is about the education of all children and young people.
The Index offers schools a supportive process of self-review and
development, which draws on the views of staff, governors, students and
parents/carers, as well as other members of the surrounding
communities. It involves a detailed examination of how barriers to
learning and participation can be reduced for any student.
The Index is not an additional initiative but a way of improving schools
according to inclusive values. It is not an alternative to raising
achievement but about doing this in a way that builds collaborative
relationships and improvements in the learning and teaching
environment. In attending to values and the conditions for teaching and
learning it can help to sustain improvements in schools. It encourages a
view of learning in which children and young people are actively
involved, integrating what they are taught with their own experience. It is
a practical document, setting out what inclusion means for all aspects of
schools; in staffrooms, classrooms, and playgrounds.
The Index was produced over a three year period, with the help of a
team of teachers, parents, governors, researchers and a representative of
disability organisations, who had wide experience of encouraging the
inclusive development of schools. An initial version was piloted in six
primary and secondary schools and then a modified version was
evaluated in a detailed programme of action research in seventeen
schools in four local education authorities (LEAs). The schools found that
the materials helped them to identify issues for development that might
otherwise have been overlooked and to put them into practice. They also
suggested ways in which the materials could be improved. The first
published version was produced in March 2000 and was distributed free
to all primary, secondary and special schools and LEAs in England, by the
Department for Education and Employment. This new edition, though
broadly similar to the previous version, simplifies the language of the
Index and contains other modifications in response to comments on, and
observations of its use.
* Within the materials
we use the term
students to refer to
children and young
people in schools
irrespective of age.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools2
Using the Index in a variety of ways
There is no ‘right’ way of using the Index. Part 2
describes only one way of using it. It assumes that
the process is started and led from within individual
schools. However, many schools find it useful to
have support, in getting started with the Index, from
someone with previous knowledge of using it. In some areas, clusters or
families of schools work in collaboration with each other and LEA
advisory staff. They have found that such arrangements give them added
impetus to keep going.
Part 2 is also written as if, from the start, the intention is to integrate the
Index work with an existing school development planning process. Some
schools begin on a smaller scale, for example, in using the materials to
raise awareness about inclusion with teachers and governors. This may
then lead on to work in greater depth. Others have taken on the sections
of the Index to do with improving staff conditions and relationships
before looking more generally at teaching and learning. The Index has
been used to structure a piece of individual or group research by
teachers in a school. Any use is legitimate which promotes reflection
about inclusion and leads to greater participation of students in the
cultures, curricula and communities of their schools.
The contents of the Index
There are four elements to the Index:
Key concepts
● to support thinking about inclusive school development.
Review framework: dimensions and sections
● to structure the approach to the evaluation and development of the
school.
Review materials: indicators and questions
● to enable a detailed review of all aspects of a school and help to
identify and implement priorities for change.
An inclusive process
● to ensure that the process of review, planning for change and putting
plans into practice is itself inclusive.
Key concepts: developing a language for inclusion
The key concepts of the Index are ‘inclusion’, ‘barriers to learning and
participation’, ‘resources to support learning and participation’, and
‘support for diversity’. These provide a language for discussing inclusive
educational development.
Inclusion
Everyone has his or her own view of a complex idea like inclusion. The
dimensions, sections, indicators and questions provide a progressively
more detailed view. Many people find that the notion of inclusion
becomes clearer as they engage with the materials.
The Index in use
‘It’s something you can dip in
and out of, and doesn’t pretend
to say: right you need to start
here.’
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools3
Some of the ideas which make up the view of inclusion within the Index
are summarised in figure 1. Inclusion involves change. It is an unending
process of increasing learning and participation for all students. It is an
ideal to which schools can aspire but which is never fully reached. But
inclusion happens as soon as the process of increasing participation is
started. An inclusive school is one that is on the move.
Participation means learning alongside others and collaborating with
them in shared learning experiences. It requires active engagement with
learning and having a say in how education is experienced. More deeply,
it is about being recognised, accepted and valued for oneself.
Developing inclusion involves reducing exclusionary pressures.
‘Disciplinary exclusion’ is the temporary or permanent removal of a
student from school for breaches of school rules. It is the result of one
set of exclusionary pressures. Like inclusion, exclusion is thought of in a
broad way. It refers to all those temporary or longer lasting pressures
which get in the way of full participation. These might result from
difficulties in relationships or with what is taught, as well as from
feelings of not being valued. Inclusion is about minimising all barriers in
education for all students.
Inclusion starts from a recognition of the differences between students.
figure 1 Inclusion in education
Inclusion in education involves:
● Valuing all students and staff equally.
● Increasing the participation of students in, and reducing their
exclusion from, the cultures, curricula and communities of local
schools.
● Restructuring the cultures, policies and practices in schools so that
they respond to the diversity of students in the locality.
● Reducing barriers to learning and participation for all students, not
only those with impairments or those who are categorised as
‘having special educational needs’.
● Learning from attempts to overcome barriers to the access and
participation of particular students to make changes for the benefit
of students more widely.
● Viewing the difference between students as resources to support
learning, rather than problems to be overcome.
● Acknowledging the right of students to an education in their locality.
● Improving schools for staff as well as for students.
● Emphasising the role of schools in building community and
developing values, as well as in increasing achievement.
● Fostering mutually sustaining relationships between schools and
communities.
● Recognising that inclusion in education is one aspect of inclusion in
society.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools4
The development of inclusive approaches to teaching and learning
respect and build on such differences. This may involve deep changes in
what goes on in classrooms, staffrooms, playgrounds and in relationships
with parents/carers. To include any child or young person we have to be
concerned with the whole person. This can be neglected when inclusion
is focused on only one aspect of a student such as an impairment or a
need to learn English as an additional language. The exclusionary
pressures on a child with an impairment may be primarily directed at his
or her background or may arise because the curriculum does not engage
his or her interests. Children learning English as an additional language
may feel dislocated from their culture, or may have experienced a recent
trauma. But we have to avoid thinking in stereotypes. Sometimes these
children may have more in common, even in these respects, with children
in the school for whom English is a home language than with students
for whom it is not.
The work done in identifying and reducing the difficulties of one student
may benefit many other students, whose learning was not initially a
particular focus of concern. This is one way in which differences between
students, in interests, knowledge, skills, background, home language,
attainments or impairment can be resources to support learning.
Students continue to be excluded from a mainstream education because
they have an impairment or are seen to ‘have learning difficulties’. This
should be made more difficult by the Special Educational Needs and
Disability Act,1 the Disability Rights Code of Practice for Schools2 and the
Statutory Guidance on Inclusive Schooling associated with the Act. This
guidance recognises that mainstream education has sometimes been
‘blocked’ for ‘trivial and inappropriate’ reasons.3 Where parents want it,
schools and LEAs are legally obliged to endeavour to make it possible
for a child with an impairment to attend a mainstream school and
participate within it. However, this falls short of the recognition of the
right of a child to a local mainstream education. The Race Relations
(Amendment) Act,4 encourages similar action in relation to increasing
‘race equality’, supported by guidance from the Commission for Racial
Equality.5 6 7
Inclusion is about making schools supportive and stimulating places for
staff as well as students. It is about building communities which
encourage and celebrate their achievements. But inclusion is also about
building community more widely. Schools can work with other agencies
and with communities to improve educational opportunities and social
conditions within their localities.
Barriers to learning and participation
In the Index, ‘barriers to learning and participation’ provides an alternative
to the concept of ‘special educational needs’. The idea that educational
difficulties can be resolved by identifying some children as ‘having special
educational needs’ has considerable limitations. It confers a label that can
lead to lowered expectations. It deflects attention from the difficulties
experienced by other students without the label, and from sources of
difficulty in relationships, cultures, curricula, teaching and learning
approaches, school organisation and policy. It contributes to a fragmentation
1 Department for
Education and Skills
(2001) Special
Educational Needs and
Disability Act, London,
DfES.
2 Disability Rights
Commission (2002)
Disability Discrimination
Act 1995 Part 4: Code
of Practice for Schools,
London, DRC.
3 Statutory Guidance
2001 Inclusive
Schooling, Children
with Special
Educational Needs,
London, DfES p13.
4 The Home Office (2000)
Race Relations
(Amendment) Act,
London, The Home
Office.
5 Commission for Racial
Equality (2002)
Preparing a Race
Equality Policy for
Schools, London, CRE.
6 Commission for Racial
Equality (2002) Code of
Practice on the Duty to
Promote Race Equality,
London, CRE.
7 Commission for Racial
Equality (2002) The
Duty to Promote Race
Equality, A Guide for
Schools, London, CRE.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools5
of the efforts that schools make to respond to the diversity of students
grouped under different headings such as ‘special educational needs’,
‘English as an additional language’, ‘ethnic minority’, ‘gifted and talented’.
The notion of barriers to learning and participation can be used to direct
attention at what needs to be done to improve the education for any
child. Students encounter difficulties when they experience barriers to
learning and participation. Barriers may be found in all aspects of the
school, as well as within communities, and in local and national policies.
Barriers also arise in the interaction between students and what and how
they are taught. Barriers to learning and participation can prevent access
to a school or limit participation within it.
Although the language of ‘special educational needs’ can be a barrier to
the development of inclusive practice in schools, it remains part of the
culture and policy framework of all schools and influences a variety of
practices. It is used in writing ‘statements of special educational needs’, in
the identification of student difficulties in the Special Educational Needs
Code of Practice,8 in the use of Individual Education Plans and the
information that schools have to provide in order to account for their
expenditure on ‘special educational needs’. Although they do not have to
use the title by law, most schools designate someone as ‘a special
educational needs co-ordinator’ and are encouraged to do so by the
Special Educational Needs Code of Practice, as well as the Teacher Training
Agency’s ‘standards for special educational needs co-ordinators’.9 The
alternative terms ‘learning support co-ordinator’, ‘learning development coordinator’
or ‘inclusion co-ordinator’ are preferable. Such terms encourage
a broader notion of support that connects work done with students who
experience difficulties, with necessary changes for all students.
The shift to a different way of thinking about educational difficulties
creates complexity, since for some purposes we have to work with the
existing language. But those who adopt the alternative concepts find that
they help to provide new possibilities to identify and overcome
difficulties in schools.
Resources to support learning and participation
The minimising of barriers to learning and participation involves
mobilising resources within the school and its communities. There are
always more resources to support learning and participation than are
currently used within any setting. Resources are not just about money.
Like barriers they can be found in any aspect of a school; in students,
parents/carers, communities, and teachers; in changes in cultures, policies
and practices. The resources in students, in their capacity to direct their
own learning and to support each other’s learning, may be particularly
under-utilised, as may the potential for staff to support each other’s
development. There is a wealth of knowledge, within a school, about what
impedes the learning and participation of students, which may not always
be used to the full. The Index helps schools to draw on this knowledge to
inform school development.
Figure 2 provides a set of questions that can be used to reflect on
existing knowledge about the cultures, policies and practices of a school.
8 Department for
Education and Skills
(2001) The Special
Educational Needs Code
of Practice, London,
DfES.
9 Teacher Training Agency
(1998) National
Standards for Special
Educational Needs
Co-ordinators, London,
TTA.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools6
Support for diversity
When difficulties are seen to arise from the ‘special educational needs’
of children and young people it can seem natural to think of support as
about providing additional people to work with particular individuals.
The Index adopts a far broader notion of ‘support’ as all activities
which increase the capacity of a school to respond to student diversity.
Providing support to individuals is only part of the attempt to increase
the participation of students. Support is also provided when teachers
plan lessons with all students in mind, recognising their different
starting points, experiences and learning styles or when students help
each other. When learning activities are designed to support the
participation of all students the need for individual support is reduced.
Equally, the experience of supporting an individual may lead to an
increase in active, independent learning, as well as contributing to
improvements in teaching for a wider group of students. Support is a
part of all teaching and all staff are involved in it. Major responsibility
for the co-ordination of support may rest with a limited number of
people but in working out how support is co-ordinated it is essential to
link support for individuals and groups with staff and curriculum
development activities.
A social model of educational difficulties and disabilities
The use of the concept ‘barriers to learning and participation’ for the
difficulties that students encounter, rather than the term ‘special
educational needs’, is part of a social model of difficulties in learning and
disability. It contrasts with a medical model in which difficulties in
education are seen to arise from deficiencies or impairments in a child or
young person. According to the social model, barriers to learning and
participation can exist in the nature of the setting or arise through an
interaction between students and their contexts: the people, policies,
institutions, cultures, and social and economic circumstances that affect
their lives.
Disabilities are barriers to participation for students with impairments or
chronic illness. Disabilities may be created in the environment or by the
interaction of discriminatory attitudes, actions, cultures, policies and
institutional practices with impairments, pain, or chronic illness.
Impairment can be defined as a long term ‘limitation of physical,
intellectual or sensory function’,10 though the notion of an intellectual
impairment is problematic and may suggest an unwarranted physical
figure 2 Addressing barriers and resources in schools
● What are the barriers to learning and participation?
● Who experiences barriers to learning and participation?
● How can barriers to learning and participation be minimised?
● What resources to support learning and participation are available?
● How can additional resources to support learning and participation
be mobilised?
10 Adapted from Disabled
People’s International,
1981.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools7
basis to difficulties. While there is little that schools can do to
overcome impairments, they can considerably reduce the disabilities
produced by discriminatory attitudes and actions and institutional
barriers.
Institutional discrimination
The Macpherson Report11 following the inquiry into the way the murder
of Stephen Lawrence had been handled by the police, focused attention
on the institutional racism within police forces and other institutions,
including schools and education offices. Institutional discrimination is
deeply embedded within cultures and influences the way people are
perceived and the responses that are made to them, including the way
staff are appointed. Institutional discrimination is much wider than
racism. It includes the ways institutions may disadvantage people
because of their gender, disability, class, ethnicity and sexual
orientation. It is a barrier to participation and in education may impede
learning. Because people are often more familiar with discussion of
racism or sexism than disablism, they may be less aware of the
involvement of people and institutions in the creation of disability.
Racism, sexism, classism, homophobia, and disablism share a common
root in intolerance to difference and the abuse of power to create and
perpetuate inequalities. Making schools more inclusive may involve
people in a painful process of challenging their own discriminatory
practices and attitudes.
The review framework: dimensions and sections
Inclusion and exclusion are explored along three interconnected
dimensions of school improvement: creating inclusive cultures, producing
inclusive policies and evolving inclusive practices (see figure 3). These
dimensions have been chosen to direct thinking about school change.
Experience with the Index indicates that they are seen, very widely, as
important ways to structure school development.
The three dimensions are all necessary to the development of inclusion
within a school. Any plan for school change must pay attention to all of
figure 3
The three dimensions
of the Index
evolvinginclusivePRACTICES
producinginclusivePOLICIES
creating inclusive CULTURES
11 Macpherson, W. (1999)
The Stephen Lawrence
Inquiry (Macpherson
Report), Command
Paper 4261 vol 1,
London, Stationery
Office.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools8
them. However, the dimension ‘creating inclusive cultures’ is placed,
deliberately, along the base of the triangle. At times, too little attention
has been given to the potential for school cultures to support or
undermine developments in teaching and learning. Yet they are at the
heart of school improvement. The development of shared inclusive values
and collaborative relationships may lead to changes in the other
dimensions. It is through inclusive school cultures, that changes in
policies and practices can be sustained by new staff and students.
Each dimension is divided into two sections to further focus attention on
what needs to be done to increase learning and participation in a school.
The dimensions and sections are set out in figure 4. Together, they
provide a review framework to structure a school development plan and
can become headings within it. Schools may wish to ensure that they are
moving forward in all these areas.
figure 4 The dimensions and sections in the Index
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
Section A.1 Building community
Section A.2 Establishing inclusive values
This dimension creates a secure, accepting, collaborating, stimulating
community, in which everyone is valued as the foundation for the highest
achievements of all. It develops shared inclusive values that are conveyed
to all new staff, students, governors and parents/carers. The principles and
values, in inclusive school cultures, guide decisions about policies and
moment to moment practice in classrooms, so that school development
becomes a continuous process.
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
Section B.1 Developing the school for all
Section B.2 Organising support for diversity
This dimension makes sure that inclusion permeates all school plans. Policies
encourage the participation of students and staff from the moment they join
the school, reach out to all students in the locality and minimise exclusionary
pressures. All policies involve clear strategies for change. Support is
considered to be all activities which increase the capacity of a school to
respond to student diversity. All forms of support are developed according to
inclusive principles and are brought together within a single framework.
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
Section C.1 Orchestrating learning
Section C.2 Mobilising resources
This dimension develops school practices which reflect the inclusive cultures
and policies of the school. Lessons are made responsive to student
diversity. Students are encouraged to be actively involved in all aspects of
their education, which draws on their knowledge and experience outside
school. Staff identify material resources and resources within each other,
students, parents/carers and local communities which can be mobilised to
support learning and participation.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools9
The review materials: indicators and questions
Each section contains between five and 11 indicators (see pages 39–41).
These are statements of aspiration against which existing arrangements
can be compared in order to set priorities for development. Each
represents an important aspect of the school, though sometimes the
importance of an issue, such as ethnicity, gender or impairment, is
reflected by it being spread through the indicators as a whole.
The meaning of each indicator is clarified by a
series of questions (see pages 42–85). The
questions following each indicator help to define
its meaning in ways that invite schools to explore
it in detail. They prompt and challenge thinking
about a particular indicator and draw out existing
knowledge about the school. They sharpen the
investigation of the current situation in the school,
provide additional ideas for development activities
and serve as criteria for the assessment of
progress. Often, it is when people begin to engage
with the detail of the questions that they see the practical significance
of the Index. At the end of each set of questions there is an invitation
to add questions. It is expected that staff in every school will make
their own version of the Index by adapting and changing existing
questions and adding their own.
Some indicators and questions refer to matters for which schools share
responsibility with LEAs, such as access to school buildings, statements
of ‘special educational needs’ and admissions policies. We hope that
schools and LEAs will work constructively together to produce building
plans, procedures for developing statements, and admissions policies,
which encourage the participation in the mainstream of all students
from a school’s locality.
In some schools, staff and governors may conclude that they do not
wish to engage with particular indicators at present, or that these do
not indicate a direction in which they wish to travel. Schools are
expected to respond in different ways and to adjust the materials to
their own requirements. However, adaptation should be resisted if it is
proposed because an indicator or question poses an uncomfortable
challenge.
In other schools, indicators and questions may not apply because of
the character of the school. Single-sex schools and many religious
denomination schools do not set out to include all students from their
locality. Nevertheless staff in such schools often do wish to plan for the
inclusive development of their school and may wish to adapt the
indicators and questions to suit their purposes. They are subject to the
same requirements for inclusive change, for example within the
national curriculum, or in legislation on disability or race, as other
schools. When the Index was first published it was not anticipated that
it would be used to prompt the development of special schools.
However, several special schools have used it to uncover restrictions in
the participation of students and staff within the schools.
The Index in use
‘It’s like a set of Russian dolls
– as you move through the
dimensions, sections,
indicators and questions you
get deeper and deeper into
what is going on in every
aspect of the school and how
you can improve it.’
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools10
The Index process
The Index process itself can contribute to the development of
inclusion. It involves a detailed collaborative self-review which draws
on the experience of everyone connected to the school. It is not about
assessing anyone’s competence but about finding ways to support
school and professional development. A version of this process is
described in detail in part 2. It can be represented in the same way as
a school development planning cycle, with an additional phase in the
first year, ‘Getting started with the Index’, in which a co-ordinating
group becomes familiar with the materials and how they can be used
(see figure 5).
However, school development should not be seen as a mechanical
process. It arises as much from making connections between values,
emotions and actions as from careful reflection, analysis and planning.
It is about hearts as much as minds.
The Index in use
The Index has been used in a large number of schools in the UK and in
many other countries. Schools make best use of it when they take
ownership of the materials, adapting them to their own circumstances.
It has been drawn upon in creating national and local policy documents.
The Government Guidance on Inclusive Schooling echoes the review
framework of the Index when it suggests that inclusion is ‘a process by
which schools, local education authorities and others, develop their
cultures, policies and practices’. It describes the Index as a means by
which ‘schools … can … identify and remove the barriers to learning and
participation’.12 The Index is an acknowledged influence on the guidance
for ‘Working With Teaching Assistants’.13 Some of its basic concepts are
shared with the statutory guidance on inclusion in the national
curriculum14 as well as the inclusion guidance for Ofsted inspectors and
head teachers15 and it formed part of the background to ‘Inclusive
School Design’.16 A version of the Index is being prepared to support the
figure 5 The Index
process and the
school development
planning cycle
phase 2
Finding out about the school
phase 3
Producing an inclusive
school development plan
phase 4
Implementing priorities
phase 5
Reviewing the
Index process
phase 1
Getting started with the Index
12 Department for Education
and Skills (2001)
Inclusive Schooling p3.
13 Department for Education
and Employment (2000)
Working With Teaching
Assistants, London, DfEE.
14 Department for Education
and Employment (1999)
Inclusion, providing
effective learning
opportunities for all
pupils, in The National
Curriculum Handbook for
Primary Teachers in
England, London, DfEE.
15 Office for Standards in
Education (2000)
Evaluating educational
inclusion, London, DfEE.
16 Department for Education
and Employment (2001)
Inclusive School Design,
London, HMSO.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools11
development of all aspects of local authorities, from the fire service to
the library service. One LEA has reorganised its inclusion agenda around
the dimensions and sections of the Index to make it compatible with the
work it wishes to support in schools, with the head of inclusion claiming
that ‘the Index is the lead document for this Authority’. Another
education authority has revised upwards its target of schools it wishes to
see working with the Index from 25% to 40% to 100%. Many LEAs have
supported collaborating groups of schools to work with the Index, and
this has been a particularly valuable way to get schools started and
sustain their involvement.
Versions of the Index have been prepared or are being prepared in
Arabic, Chinese (for use in Hong Kong), Finnish, French, German, Hindi,
Hungarian, Maltese, Norwegian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish and
Swedish. English versions are being used in Australia, Canada, South
Africa and the USA. An international team supported by UNESCO has
looked at how versions of the Index can be developed for the
economically poor areas of countries of the South.17
Such work has encouraged a view
that the concepts, review
framework, review materials and
process of the Index have wide
application. There have also been
suggestions about how the Index
can be improved. There is a
particular need for more examples
of the range of work with the Index. Some examples are included in
part 2 and an extensive dossier of brief reports of such work is in
preparation18 as well as detailed case studies of the Index in action.
These will be published separately.
What schools can hope to achieve
Inclusion is said to be ‘the keystone’19 of Government education policy.
However, many teachers argue that they have to work hard to minimise
the excluding pressures from policies, which in encouraging
competition between schools can lead to a narrow view of the
achievement of students. Many barriers to learning and participation
reside within contexts over which schools have little control. The most
powerful barriers to achievement remain those associated with poverty
and the stresses it produces. Nevertheless, schools can and do change.
They can radically affect the educational experiences of students and
staff by developing cultures in which everyone is respected and where
policies and practices support all students to be engaged in learning,
to participate with others and to achieve highly. Many schools, in
widely differing circumstances, find the Index helpful in allowing them
to take a degree of control over their own inclusive development;
analysing what they do, determining priorities for change and putting
these into practice.
The Index in use
‘It effects changes which
benefit all students, influencing
views and raising awareness of
the real implications of
inclusion.’
17 Booth T. and BlackHawkins
K. (2001)
Developing an Index for
Inclusion with Countries
of the South, Paris,
UNESCO.
18 Centre for Studies on
Inclusive Education
(2002 in preparation)
Working With the Index
for Inclusion, Bristol,
CSIE.
19 Department for
Education and
Employment (1998)
Meeting Special
Educational Needs; A
Programme of Action,
London, DfEE (p8).
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools13
part 2
the Index process
An overview
The Index process starts from the first engagement with the materials. It
builds on the knowledge of all members of the school’s communities and
is adapted to the particular circumstances of the school. In this way it
encourages the whole school to take ownership of the process. If school
improvements are to be sustained then they need to be owned by staff,
governors, parents/carers and students. They need to be integrated into
the school’s cultures.
The phases of the Index process are set out in figure 6 and discussed in
detail in the following pages. If the Index is to be integrated into the
school development cycle, phases 1, 2 and 3 need to be completed well
before the end of a planning year so that priorities can be entered into
the school development plan for the next year.
figure 6 The Index process
phase 1 Getting started with the Index (half a term)
Setting up a co-ordinating group
Reviewing the approach to school development
Raising awareness about the Index
Exploring existing knowledge using the concepts and review framework
Deepening enquiry using the indicators and questions
Preparing to work with other groups
phase 2 Finding out about the school (one term)
Exploring the knowledge of staff and governors
Exploring the knowledge of students
Exploring the knowledge of parents/carers and members of local
communities
Deciding priorities for development
phase 3 Producing an inclusive school development plan
Putting the Index framework into the school development plan
Putting priorities into the school development plan
phase 4 Implementing priorities (on-going)
Putting priorities into practice
Sustaining development
Recording progress
phase 5 Reviewing the Index process (on-going)
Evaluating developments
Reviewing work with the Index
Continuing the Index process
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools14
One school described the first year of working with the Index as like
joining in on a moving skipping rope, trying to mesh the Index process
with the turns of the existing school development cycle. Schools differ in
the way they carry out school planning. Some have a three-year rolling
plan while others plan over five years. Some produce a detailed plan for
the following year, while others go into detail only for the term ahead.
The Index is not only about a carefully planned, stepby-step
process of identifying and implementing
priorities for change. Development in schools is always
more complex and messy than this. The concern of the
Index with changes in values may prompt staff and
students to make adaptations to cultures, policies and
practices which are much more unpredictable than work
on any particular identified priority. These might involve
broad shifts in the way the whole staff work with each other or smaller
changes in the way a particular member of staff interacts with children.
As the exploration of school cultures, policies and
practices proceeds, opportunities for inclusive
development may become apparent that were
previously unnoticed. Staff may discover that, in some
respects, the school is less inclusive than they first
thought. This will be balanced by the uncovering of
resources to support learning and participation, in staff,
students, parents/carers and in the surrounding
communities.
While the Index can be used by schools working on
their own, many welcome outside support, particularly in the early
stages. A workshop with key people in the school, led by someone
already familiar with the Index, can help to get things started.
The Index in use
‘The indicators and detailed
questions are really helpful
as stand alone activities
when schools want to
consider particular issues.’
The Index in use
‘Our authority has made a
significant leap forward
towards embracing
inclusion in all our schools
and the Index has helped
us shape our thinking about
the process by which
schools can be supported.’
᭤
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools15
phase 1
Getting started with the Index
(half a term)
This first phase of the Index starts with setting up a co-ordinating group,
which reflects and represents the school. The group reviews the approach
to school development and connects the Index work to current
arrangements. Group members raise awareness of the Index within the
school, inform themselves about the materials and prepare to use them
to carry out a review of the school with staff, governors, parents/carers
and students. This phase might be completed over half a term.
A set of 12 activities has been included, in this phase, to structure and
support the work of the co-ordinating group. The activities assume that
group members have read part 1. Each activity will need to be given a
clear time limit and should be carried out in sub-groups of no more than
four. These activities can also be used in workshops with groups of
teachers and other staff to familiarise them with the materials and help
them decide how they are going to use it.
Setting up a co-ordinating group
If the Index is to assist school development, the head teacher and other
senior staff have to be involved. An existing school development
planning team might initiate the work. Membership of this team should
include the learning support co-ordinator and where relevant, a
co-ordinator of support for children learning English as an additional
language. It is important that the group reflects the gender and ethnic
composition of the school and might include a representative of
parents/carers, students, governors or non-teaching staff. New people
may be co-opted as the work progresses. As schools vary considerably in
size and composition, the Index co-ordinating group will also vary. In a
large secondary school each department might have its own planning
group, linked to a central group.
The materials need to be accessible to all members of the group. Schools
are encouraged to photocopy any of the materials for use in schools.
Each member of the co-ordinating group will need to keep his or her own
phase 2
Finding out about the school
phase 3
Producing an inclusive
school development plan
phase 4
Implementing priorities
phase 5
Reviewing the
Index process
phase 1
Getting started with the Index
● Setting up a co-ordinating group
● Reviewing the approach to school
development
● Raising awareness about the Index
● Exploring existing knowledge using
the concepts and review
framework
● Deepening enquiry using the
indicators and questions
● Preparing to work with other
groups
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools16
set of materials. These might contain additional indicators and questions,
analyses of the consultations with others in the school, and overheads
for presentations.
Including a critical friend
Co-ordinating groups have often found it helpful to include ‘a critical
friend’. This should be someone from outside the school, who knows the
school reasonably well, is supportive but challenging
and is committed to seeing the process through to
completion. He or she needs to have the confidence
of the group and the school, and to respect the
sensitive nature of some of the discussions in which
he/she will be involved. This might be someone who
is already familiar with the Index, who can help with
the detailed investigations of the school and the
gathering and analysis of views of staff, governors,
parents/carers and students.
People who have been asked to fulfil the role of critical friend include
teachers from other schools, educational advisers, educational
psychologists and members of institutions of higher education. A primary
and secondary school chose to use the opportunity of the Index to
establish closer links between them by having the learning support coordinator
in each school as the other’s critical friend.
A critical friend can help to make sure that the school does not avoid
tackling contentious issues. However, all members of the group need to
be willing to gently challenge colleagues to produce evidence for their
opinions and conclusions about the school.
Taking care to work inclusively
The co-ordinating group has to become a model for inclusive practice
within the school, operating collaboratively, ensuring that everyone is
listened to carefully, irrespective of gender, background or status, and
that no one dominates discussions. The group members will need to feel
The Index in use
‘Any school thinking of using
the Index would be well
advised to link up with another
school (or more) to maintain
the momentum for change and
enhance the breadth of issues
for debate.’
‘My lovely human funny fascinating son
is absolutely fine just as he is. He
loves football, painting, playing with cars,
laughing with friends just like any other six
year old and he happens to have down
syndrome. But that’s not a problem for him.
He does not need to be changed or be
cured. He needs to participate and be
included. That is why the Index process is
such a gift to me as his parent and ally,
because it will help our school to further its
examination of what things need to change
and be adapted in the school, the
curriculum and in our thinking to keep
Sonny at the centre where he belongs.
We have formed a co-ordinating group,
consisting of head teacher and the senior
management team, the learning support
co-ordinator, the learning support governor
and myself as a parent representative. We
have chosen an educational psychologist
from outside the catchment area as our
critical friend.’
The Index: what I want for my son
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools17
that they can trust each other and that it is possible to speak freely and
in confidence. Each member of the group needs to offer their opinions in
a way that invites dialogue. Differences in view should be welcomed as a
resource to carry the group forward in its thinking.
Reviewing the approach to school development
Work with the Index provides an opportunity to review the way
development takes place at the school. Schools differ greatly in their
approach to development planning. Some involve a wide group of people
working together in a relatively systematic way, as in the process
described here. In other schools, a written document may have been
produced in response to the demands for inspectors and may have
involved very few members of the school. Use of the Index can help with
all these approaches to planning.
There is likely to be a variety of school development activities besides
those in the formal school development plan. These may have been
initiated from within the school or in response to a local or national
initiative. The Index process might be used to check on overlap between
activities to improve their co-ordination and make what is learnt by one
group of people available to others within the school.
Activity 1 Reviewing school development planning
(suggested timing: 1 hour)
The members of the group might use the following questions to structure
a review of the approach to school development planning.
• How was the school development plan produced?
• What is the content of the plan?
• How is it implemented?
• What other school development activities take place?
• How are they co-ordinated?
• How might the planning process and content of the plan be improved?
Raising awareness about the Index
Before any specific planning decisions are made, it is important that
members of the wider school community are informed about the Index.
An awareness-raising session might involve someone from outside the
school, perhaps from the LEA, who has already worked with the Index or
it might be led by a member of staff, such as the chair of the coordinating
group, who has familiarised him or herself with the Index
materials. Additions to the co-ordinating group might be made as a result
of this session.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools18
Exploring existing knowledge using the concepts
and review framework
Members of the co-ordinating group will need to develop a shared view of
the Index before they introduce it to others. They might start by sharing
their existing knowledge using the Index concepts and review framework
before considering the additional matters raised by using the indicators
and questions. Activities 2, 3 and 4 can help to structure the exploration of
existing knowledge, at a meeting or series of meetings. The group should
remember that at this stage any ideas for development should be seen as
provisional until all views within the school have been considered.
Activity 2 What is inclusion? (30 mins)
The Index group should share their views on inclusion:
• To what extent is inclusion seen to be associated with ‘children with
special educational needs’?
• To what extent is inclusion identified with students whose behaviour is
viewed as problematic?
They should then look at figure 1, page 3, Inclusion in education. The
ideas in figure 1 summarise the approach to inclusion in the Index and
each element should be discussed briefly, in turn. From experience with
this activity, it is not a good idea to dwell on it for too long at this stage.
Discussions about inclusion often reveal strongly held views. It is unlikely
that everyone will agree about every aspect of the view of inclusion in
the Index. There needs to be agreement that it is concerned with all
students who experience barriers to learning and participation for
whatever reason, and that it involves making changes to the cultures,
policies and practices in the school. But beyond this broad consensus,
resolution of deeper differences may take a considerable time. People
using the Index have found that they revise and develop their approach
to inclusion as they work through it.
Activity 3 Barriers and resources (20 mins)
The co-ordinating group should remind themselves of the description of
the dimensions and sections in figure 4, page 8. They can then use these
headings to structure their thinking about barriers and resources as they
respond to the following questions:
• What barriers to learning and participation arise in the cultures, policies
and practices of the school?
• Who experiences barriers to learning and participation within the school?
• What resources can be mobilised to support learning and participation
and develop the cultures, policies and practices within the school?
Activity 4 What is support? (20 mins)
A broad notion of support is introduced in part 1 page 6, as ‘all activities
which increase the capacity of a school to respond to student diversity’. The
co-ordinating group might consider the following questions:
• What activities count as support within the school?
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools19
• What are the implications of the Index definition of support for the
work of staff?
• What are the implications of the Index definition of support for its
co-ordination?
Deepening enquiry using the indicators and questions
The co-ordinating group needs to become familiar with the indicators and
questions and how they can be used to explore cultures, policies and
practices. The use of the indicators and questions builds on what is
already known and in encouraging a detailed exploration of the school,
directs attention to issues that may not have been previously considered.
Activity 5 Using the indicators to identify provisional concerns
(25 mins)
The purpose of this activity is to identify concerns that might need to be
examined further. The list of indicators is printed on pages 39–41. These
might be examined either in questionnaire form (questionnaire 1 on
pages 88–89) or by using cards with an indicator written on each.
Questionnaires can be answered individually and then compared with
others in the group so that differences can be discussed. Alternatively
the group might sort the cards into four piles according to how well the
statement describes the school. Each indicator is responded to in one of
four ways: ‘definitely agree’, ‘agree to some extent’, ‘disagree’ and ‘need
more information’. In the sorting task the cards should be put into piles
with these same headings. ‘Need more information’ is chosen when the
meaning of the indicator is unclear or insufficient information is
available to make a decision. The meaning of an indicator can be
clarified by finding it in part 3 and looking at questions related to it.
At the end of the questionnaire there is space to write up to five
priorities for development. The questionnaire or the sorting task focuses
attention on aspects of the school so that priorities can be identified. If
questionnaires are used with others it is important to remember that it is
the priorities they identify rather than the whole questionnaire that
should be collated. The detailed analysis of questionnaires, and the
compiling of graphs, bar charts and tables, can be unacceptably time
consuming and can delay the start of development work. The group
should share and discuss their provisional priorities.
This activity also provides an opportunity to think about the value of
using questionnaires. All the indicators are written so that agreement
with them suggests a positive evaluation of the school. This may
encourage people to represent their school as more inclusive than it is.
The group will have to keep this possibility in mind and challenge each
other to provide evidence for their views.
Activity 6 Discussing evidence (20 mins)
The group should agree on an indicator where they think the school is
performing well and another where they think there is considerable room
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools20
for development. In each case they should provide the evidence to
support their view, considering the following:
• What is the extent of agreement on this indicator?
• What evidence is there to support the views about this indicator?
• What evidence is there that other indicators, in the same or different
dimensions, reinforce this view?
• What additional information might be useful?
Activity 7 Connecting indicators and questions: cultures, policies
and practices (35 mins)
In using the Index review materials, indicators should always be related
to the questions which define their meaning. In pairs, members of the
group should select an indicator in each dimension where there might be
room for development and another where they feel the school is
performing well. This should include the indicator from activity 6. They
then explore the questions under the indicators. Although, for stylistic
reasons, each question is written so that it has a simple yes/no answer,
they should be seen as ‘to what extent … ’ questions. They can be given
the same range of answers as were used to respond to the indicators:
‘definitely agree’, ‘agree to some extent’, ‘disagree’ and ‘need more
information’.
The selected indicators and their questions should be examined with the
following questions in mind:
• How appropriate are the questions?
• What questions need to be added?
• What new areas for development do the questions suggest?
People are encouraged to engage actively with the questions, changing
them and adding new ones to make them relevant to the particular
circumstances of the school.
Activity 8 Reviewing all the indicators and questions (1 hour)
This activity might be carried out between meetings. The members of the
co-ordinating group should work individually, reading all the indicators
and questions. The purpose is to gain familiarity with the materials, not
to conduct a full investigation of the school. They should respond to
each question, making notes of issues raised, and where appropriate
suggest fresh questions. They should then share what they have learnt.
Sometimes questions suggest an aspect of the school which can be
easily changed, other questions may spark off thinking about deep and
widespread changes that need to be made.
Activity 9 Choosing priorities and planning interventions (30 mins)
When a priority is selected from one dimension it may be clear that
developments need to take place in other dimensions to support it. For
example if developing an anti-bullying strategy is adopted as a priority
for development work from dimension B, it should be related to the
indicators on relationships in dimension A.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools21
The group should choose an indicator where development might need to
take place and then consider the following:
• What changes would have to take place in other dimensions to ensure
that development in relation to the chosen indicator is supported?
• How could the questions be used to further investigate the chosen
concern?
• How could developments on the indicator be supported?
Activity 10 Using the summary sheet (20 mins)
There is a summary sheet in part 4 (page 87) so that the group can
record their priorities for development. Developments may need to take
place in each dimension and section of the Index if any of them are to be
properly supported. The priority might be framed in terms of an indicator
or group of indicators, a question or group of questions or an issue that
is important to the school that is not covered within the indicators and
questions in the Index.
Activity 11 Summarising the work of the group (20 mins)
Members of the group might reflect on the extent to which their
examination of the indicators and questions has added to existing
knowledge about the cultures, policies and practices within the school
which they explored in activities 2, 3 and 4. They might do this in
relation to the following questions:
• What is being done in the school to overcome barriers to learning and
participation?
• What needs to be refined?
• What requires further investigation?
• What new initiatives are needed?
Activity 12 Identifying and overcoming barriers to using the Index
(20 mins)
After thoroughly reviewing the materials the group may have ideas about
how the Index can be best introduced into the school and what problems
may be encountered. They should consider the following questions:
• What barriers to introducing the Index might be encountered in the
school?
• How might these barriers be overcome?
• How might the Index be best introduced?
Preparing to work with other groups
The co-ordinating group will need to read and discuss the guidance for
phases 2, 3, 4 and 5 before working with other groups.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools22
At Tetmore High School, the Index has
become a central reference document.
It is used in a variety of ways to review and
evaluate what they are doing, to plan what
to do next and to adopt an inclusive
approach to new initiatives. On a relatively
small scale, a staff development activity
used the questions associated with indicator
A.2.1 ‘There are high expectations for all
students’ to structure discussions about
raising achievement. The Index has also
been used to review the school’s pastoral
programmes across the school. This was
undertaken by a group, which included a
head of department, a head of year, and the
deputy head, and so was seen to be led by
staff from across the school rather than from
the learning support department.
It helped in setting up discussions to
develop better working relationships
between teaching assistants and teachers.
Teaching assistants were given
opportunities to talk about the detail of
their work and this led to much greater
collaboration in planning and classroom
activities. The school has many students
with impairments and the Index has helped
staff to adopt a broad view of inclusion in
which all staff take responsibility for all
students. To assist this process the school
has developed a ‘purple folder’, given to
every member of staff, which provides
information about the learning of all
students in the school.
For many years the learning support
department has been involved in
supporting curriculum development
initiatives as well as students. The
curriculum departments submit bids to the
learning support department to develop
particular curriculum areas. As a result of
one such bid, the department used aspects
of the Index with the PE department to
develop a programme which provided more
support for students with English as an
additional language. Improvements were
also made to the inclusion of physically
disabled students in the main events of
sports day rather than having separate
‘disabled races’ at the end of the day.
As a result of work with the Index
organisers of school trips have begun to
take responsibility for including disabled
students rather than passing this
responsibility to the learning support
department. One school field trip had
visited a riverside that was inaccessible to
wheelchairs. This was changed to a farm
visit which addressed the relevant aspects
of the curriculum but which enabled
wheelchair access. For an overseas trip, the
learning support department was involved
in preliminary arrangements for disabled
students but then the head of the
department organising the trip took over
all further arrangements, including liaison
with the driver and parents, and three
disabled students were able to participate.
The Index also helped to improve
co-ordination and communication for the
professionals who visited the school in
relation to students seen as autistic or on
‘the autistic spectrum’. A multi-professional
working group was established which
included a psychologist, a speech and
language therapist, a behaviour support
worker, and a learning support assistant. This
group had a significant impact on the school.
They rewrote the sex education programme
so that it was for all students. They also
prepared a report, with the assistance of
parents, about ways of working together.
One teacher said of the role of the Index
in the school: ‘The Index can be used in all
sorts of forums in all sorts of different
ways … [but] eventually we won’t need an
Index because everybody will naturally
include it in what they’re doing’.
Tetmore High School
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools23
phase 2
Finding out about the school
(one term)
The co-ordinating group use their knowledge of the Index process to
work with others in the school and with governors, parents/carers and
other relevant community members. They consider the results of these
consultations and initiate any further investigations necessary to
complete the survey. They then agree priorities for development with
other staff.
This phase, as with all other work with the Index, will differ from school
to school. The co-ordinating group is responsible for judging the best
way that the process can be carried forward.
Exploring the knowledge of staff and governors
The group follows the same process as they used in phase 1, of drawing
out existing knowledge using the key concepts and review framework,
and then refining this using the indicators and questions to focus on the
identification of priorities for development.
The approach to gathering information about the school is
affected by its size and whether it is primary or secondary.
In a large school, it may be impractical to work with the
whole staff together, except for an initial awareness-raising
session. The engagement with the process may be
conducted in departments or year groups, with a member
of the co-ordinating team liaising with each. Different groups may need
to come together for considering different sets of issues.
All views expressed during the consultations should be used as
opportunities for debate and further investigation. A variety of
opportunities for contributing to the gathering of information may have
to be arranged so that those unable to attend meetings or who are
reluctant to speak in a large group can have a voice. For example, the coordinating
group might consider holding separate discussions for
teaching assistants or lunchtime supervisors or less experienced teachers,
The Index in use
‘It prompted discussion
that would not otherwise
have taken place.’
phase 2
Finding out about the school
phase 3
Producing an inclusive
school development plan
phase 4
Implementing priorities
phase 5
Reviewing the
Index process
phase 1
Getting started with the Index
● Exploring the knowledge of staff
and governors
● Exploring the knowledge of
students
● Exploring the knowledge of
parents/carers and members of
local communities
● Deciding priorities for
development
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools24
or they might encourage individual responses to the indicators and
questions to be handed in separately.
A staff development day
A staff development day, when staff and governors can work together, is
one way to start gathering information. If it is done well staff will feel the
benefits of an inclusive experience as well as being fired up to promote
inclusion in the school. An outline of such an event is given in figure 7,
echoing the activities in phase 1. A development day might involve
support from outside the school. It might involve more than one school
working collaboratively, perhaps where one of the schools has already
started work with the Index.
Before the day, activities will need to be selected and adapted. A decision
will have to be taken about how to explore the indicators and whether to
make copies of the indicator questionnaire. Views expressed by different
groups will need to be recorded and summary sheets collected.
The co-ordinating group will be able to judge from their own experience
of working with the materials, how much time will be needed by others
to complete the same tasks. They will need to keep people moving
through the activities and focused on them.
Some people feel overwhelmed by the materials as they familiarise
themselves with them, thinking that they are expected to change
everything in the school at once. It will need to be stressed that the
purpose of the review is to select priorities for development, rather than
to make wholesale changes.
Provisional areas for development and further investigation
Generally, once people have engaged with the indicators and questions
they feel able to identify specific areas where they think development
figure 7 A staff development day:
exploring learning and participation in the school
9.30 am – 10.00 am Introducing the Index (whole staff)
10.00 am – 11.00 am Working with key concepts and the review framework
to share existing knowledge Activity 3 (small groups)
11.00 am – 11.30 am Tea/coffee
11.30 am – 12.30 pm Working with indicators Activities 5 and 6 (small groups)
12.30 pm – 1.30 pm Lunch
1.30 pm – 2.30 pm Working with the indicators and questions Activities 7 and
starting 8 – to be continued after the day (small groups)
2.30 pm – 3.30 pm Sharing ideas about areas for development and further
investigation Activities 9 and 10 (groups then whole staff)
3.30 pm – 3.45 pm Next steps in the process (led by the co-ordinating group)
3.45 pm Tea
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools25
should take place. Some areas may be identified where further
investigation is required before a decision can be made. There may be
issues, on which general agreement is reached, that staff wish to take up
immediately. However, some priorities will only emerge as the information
from different groups is brought together and as the consultation is
extended and completed.
Planning next steps
At the end of a staff development day the chair of the co-ordinating
group should outline what will happen with the information gathered and
the views expressed. The co-ordinating group needs to finish collecting
information from staff and governors and collate it. Areas may be
identified where more information is needed from students, parents/carers
and other community members. The group will need to plan how to
gather the views of those unable to attend the day.
Exploring the knowledge of students
Schools using the Index find that consultations with
students can be particularly useful in uncovering
barriers and resources. Gathering information about the
school using the Index can be integrated into the
curriculum, for example in language work, in looking at
evidence in science, or as an aspect of citizenship in
personal, health and social education.
All students in the school should have an opportunity to contribute in
some way although there may only be time to involve some of them in
detailed discussions. Questionnaires can be useful in gathering
information from students but may contribute most when used with a
group to prompt discussion. A simplified and shortened list of indicators
is provided in part 4 (questionnaire 2 pages 90–91), to which school
specific questions can be added. These should include views that staff
attribute to students that need to be tested, such as their view of
learning languages other than English or the dangers of the playground.
Part 4 also contains questionnaires that were used with primary and
secondary schools (questionnaires 3 and 4 pages 92–95).
The Index in use
‘The discussion with
parents and children on the
dimensions and indicators
provided the most profound
work on the Index.’
In one inner-city secondary school almost
all students come from a predominantly
Bangladeshi background although within the
area a substantial minority of students are
white. There are also many more boys than
girls, since some of the mainly Muslim
parents in the area prefer their daughters to
attend single-sex schools. There is concern
about the membership by boys of local
gangs and the way this affects relationships
in the school. Members of the local
community attribute these problems, in part,
to the lack of space in their flats and houses
and the lack of amenities for young people
in the area. There is a difference of opinion
in the school about why so few students
take Bengali at GCSE. The head of modern
languages suggests that the students are
not interested, whereas some other staff
feel it is because an insufficient value is
placed on the students’ home language,
Sylheti. Parents have complained too
Adapting a questionnaire for students
᭤
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools26
Students may need help in responding to questions. With young children
it may be best to read each question and offer help to those who have
difficulty with the language or instructions or in writing their priorities at
the end of the questionnaires. Students may need to be encouraged to
give a considered and honest view rather than one said to please staff or
other students.
Exploring the knowledge of parents/carers and
members of local communities
Consultation with parents/carers and other community
members may help to improve communication between
schools and homes. As for students, parents/carers
questionnaires can be constructed from the shortened list
of indicators with specific questions added. An example of
a parents/carers questionnaire, used with a school, is
provided in part 4 pages 96–97 (questionnaire 5). The
questionnaire might be constructed in collaboration with
parent governors, who can also help in organising
parent/carer consultation groups. In one school a parent
liaison worker employed in the school, and a member of
the co-ordinating group, arranged for translation of
questions for those parents/carers fluent in languages other than English
and acted as interpreters in the discussion groups. Other schools have
exchanged translations of questionnaires. The co-ordinating group might
about the lack of modesty permitted by
showering arrangements.
The following specific statements were
compiled to be added to the more general
statements for schools, in questionnaire 2:
• I wish there were an equal number of
boys and girls at this school.
• I wish there were a greater mix of
students from different backgrounds.
• I would like to study Bengali at GCSE.
• My family has a good understanding of
what happens at school.
• The teachers have a good understanding
of the communities around this school.
• Students should be able to chat in
Sylheti during lessons.
• Students who are learning English get
the help they need.
• Any student can get help in lessons
when they need it.
• The shower arrangements for PE are
satisfactory.
• The toilets in the school are satisfactory.
• I feel uncomfortable in certain lessons
because of my religious beliefs.
• I worry about getting into trouble with
gangs.
• I can mix with students inside school
who do not live in my area.
• I can mix with students outside school
who do not come from my area.
• My family would disapprove of who I mix
with in school.
• Boys and girls treat each other with
respect at this school.
• It is easier to mix with students of the
opposite sex inside than outside school.
• No one gets treated badly at this school
because of the colour of their skin.
• There is a place for me to do my
homework at home.
• I can do my homework at school when I
want to.
The Index in use
‘The guidance was ideal for
where we were … it was the
time when we stopped
making assumptions about
what our parents wanted
and started asking them
what they wanted. Some of
our assumptions were
blown out of the water.’
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools27
consider meeting parents away from the school if attendance is likely to
be greater in a different setting. A variety of opportunities to contribute
may need to be arranged.
Groups might start with an exploration of the following questions:
• What would help to improve the learning of your child/children in this
school?
• What could be done to make your child/children happier in school?
• What would you most like to change about this school?
A questionnaire might be used as a follow up to
discussion, or as a way of gathering information from
those unable to attend a meeting.
As well as working with parents/carers, it may be helpful
to find out the views of others in the communities
surrounding the school. The student population may not
reflect the composition of this area, in terms of
ethnicity, impairment or class. Finding out the views of
community members may help the school in efforts to make the school
more representative.
Deciding priorities for development
What can be changed in school cultures, policies and practices in order
to increase learning and participation?
Analysing evidence
In order to draw up overall priorities for development the co-ordinating
group should examine and analyse the priorities for development
The Index in use
‘The Index brought together
members of the school
community. It led to
discussion and airing of
difficulties which were
solved very quickly.’
In this primary school, 96% of the children
have an Asian background, mainly from
families whose origins are in two villages in
Pakistan. The school has 14 teachers and
eight assistants, some of whom are bilingual
and have similar backgrounds to the
students. Amongst other recent initiatives,
there has been an emphasis on familyschool
involvement. For example, regular
workshops have been set up to help family
members to support their children’s reading
at home. The head teacher considers that
these changes have helped to form more
inclusive ways of working in the school.
Two parents/carers were members of the
school’s Index co-ordinating group, which
also included the head teacher, a deputy,
two teachers, a bilingual nursery assistant
and an educational psychologist in the role
of a ‘critical friend’.
One of their first investigative activities
was to arrange a meeting for parents/carers
about the Index. At this a questionnaire,
based on some of the indicators and
questions, was used to stimulate discussion.
Interpreters were present to assist with
communication. The meeting was well
attended and parents/carers raised many
concerns. The head teacher felt that the
event was successful in fostering debate
about inclusion in the school and in helping
staff to formulate development priorities.
Family involvement in school
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools28
selected by everyone who has been consulted. This task should be
shared as it may involve considerable work, particularly in a large school.
The critical friend might have been chosen for their ability to help with
this process. Schools have also used a variety of other people such as
colleagues doing higher degrees, educational psychologists and
academics. Since consultations take place over a period of time, it may
be possible to collate the views of each group as they are collected.
Initially, information from students, parents/carers, staff and governors
should be kept separate from each other. In this way differences of
perspective can be revealed and explored. It may be important to look at
the views of sub-groups of staff such as teaching assistants. It may also
be desirable to collate separately, information from different departments
in the school.
Collecting further information
Additional information may need to be collected by the co-ordinating
group before priorities can be finalised. During the consultations, issues
will have been identified which can be clarified by
gathering further information. For example, it might be
necessary to analyse attendance records or the
examination results of students of different genders and
ethnic groups. The gathering of additional information
may have emerged during the consultation process as one group
identified questions that needed to be addressed to other groups. For
example, new staff may need to be asked specifically about the success
of their induction.
The gathering of further information may blend into development work.
For example, assessing priorities associated with dimension C, might
involve teachers and teaching assistants in observing and reflecting on
each other’s practice in order to draw up ideas for improving teaching
and learning and this in itself may lead to greater collaboration and
improvements in teaching.
Drawing up a list of priorities
Finalising priorities is not simply a matter of including those issues which
were most commonly identified during consultation. The co-ordinating
group will need to make sure that the opinions of less powerful groups
are not lost and that the voices of students and parents/carers in
particular are reflected in the final list. The priorities on this list will vary
widely in scale, and in the time and resources required to implement
them. A mixture of shorter and longer-term priorities should be retained.
The review framework containing the dimensions and sections (figure 8)
can help to complete this phase. Members of the group
should look at the implications for priorities identified
in one dimension for work in the other two. The group
will need to think carefully about whether priorities
representing each of these areas have been identified.
Most priorities will require the mobilising of resources.
Priorities in some of the sections of the Index may have
The Index in use
‘It empowers the parents,
pupils and support staff.’
The Index in use
‘It has raised our awareness
of the ways in which we
communicate with and
include parents.’
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools29
figure 8 Summarising priorities for development
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
Building community
Establishing inclusive values
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
Developing the school for all
Organising support for diversity
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
Orchestrating learning
Mobilising resources
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools30
been identified in previous school development plans. When the
members of the co-ordinating group have developed their proposals they
should negotiate them with staff and governors.
Figure 9 provides some examples of priorities identified by schools which
have used the Index.
figure 9 School priorities identified during the Index process
● Introducing rituals for welcoming new students and staff and marking
their departure.
● Establishing staff development activities to make lessons more
responsive to diversity.
● Introducing clear management and career structures for teaching
assistants.
● Improving all aspects of access in the school for disabled students and
adults.
● Promoting positive views of ethnic diversity in teaching and displays.
● Integrating all forms of support within the school.
● Arranging joint training for teaching assistants and teachers.
● Developing collaborative learning amongst students.
● Revising the anti-bullying policy.
● Improving the induction process for new students.
● Increasing the involvement of students in decision-making about school
policies.
● Improving communication between the school and parents/carers.
● Improving the reputation of the school amongst local communities.
‘The Index was very supportive in
showing what we were doing well and
encouraging us that we were identifying the
right priorities. We had already created an
overall post of inclusion co-ordinator,
combining the English as an additional
language oversight with ‘special educational
needs’. We had changed the name of the
language unit to the ‘language and
communication resource’ to signify its
support for students within the mainstream
rather than its separateness. We had planned
training for teaching assistants and
lunchtime supervisors. But the Index raised
other issues that we had not identified: poor
governor relations, problems with homework,
a need to involve local communities and
draw on community resources, and the
physical inaccessibility of our old Victorian
building. We were able to put these issues
into the plan for the following year.’
Building on existing strengths
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools31
phase 3
Producing an inclusive school
development plan
This third phase of the Index, which may require a series of tightly
focused meetings, involves members of the school development planning
team in revising the development plan. The team decides on the extent
to which the plan is changed in the light of work with the Index. They
put the priorities agreed with the staff at the end of phase 2 into the
school development plan.
Putting the Index framework into the school
development plan
If the priorities identified by the co-ordinating group
are to be put into the school development plan and
implemented, then from this point, the co-ordinating
group has to become the school development
planning team. The team has to decide whether work
with the Index is one of a number of activities within
their development plan or whether the whole plan is
shaped around the Index framework.
Putting priorities into the school development plan
The school development planning team has a list of agreed priorities for
development drawn up in phase 2 which need to be fitted into the
framework of the school development plan. This requires each priority to
be analysed in detail, looking at time-scale, resources and staff
development implications. Overall responsibility for checking on the
progress of each priority should be taken by a member of the planning
team but responsibilities for development work will need to be widely
shared if it is to be put into practice. Criteria for evaluating the
implementation of priorities will need to be drawn up. Index questions
may be useful as the basis for these criteria. They would be drawn from
the indicators which represent areas of particular concern and might be
The Index in use
‘The Index is our lead selfevaluation
process. Our next
school development plan will
be strongly influenced by the
Index process.’
phase 2
Finding out about the school
phase 3
Producing an inclusive
school development plan
phase 4
Implementing priorities
phase 5
Reviewing the
Index process
phase 1
Getting started with the Index
● Putting the Index
framework into the
school development
plan
● Putting priorities
into the school
development plan
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools32
supplemented by questions from indicators in the same or other
dimensions that would support development in the chosen area.
Teams should examine existing priorities in the plan, consider how they
contribute to the inclusive development of the school and make any
necessary adaptations. For example, schools may need to look at how
they are implementing priorities arising from an Ofsted inspection.
Sometimes it can be difficult to change a priority so that it leads to
greater inclusion. In schools which have put extra resources into helping
students over the borderline of particular targets in key stage tests or
GCSEs, staff may wish to consider how they can equalise opportunities
for students not getting this additional help.
The co-ordinating group in one primary
school carried out a survey of the views of
students, staff and parents/carers. After the
analysis of this information it was agreed that
they would concentrate on the developments
of aspects of classroom practice, focusing in
particular on the following indicators:
• C.1.1: Teaching is planned with the
learning of all students in mind.
• C.1.2: Lessons encourage the
participation of all students.
• C.1.4: Students are actively involved in
their own learning.
• C.2.1: Student difference is used as a
resource for teaching and learning.
Teachers were encouraged to use these
indicators and their questions to prompt
the planning of lessons over the course of
a year. However, it was decided that
something more specific was needed to
stimulate developments in practice. The
school used extra resources it had received
to free teachers to work in each other’s
lessons, using the four indicators as the
basis for a mutual observation schedule.
They made a record during these
observations of what they saw as ‘golden
moments’; examples of classroom
interactions which illustrated how the
indicators could be put into practice. When
all the teachers had been involved in the
process, pairs of colleagues talked about
their experiences. A document was
produced, summarising what had been
learnt, focusing on areas like ‘the use of
questioning in lessons’ and ‘the response
to disruption’. However, the head teacher
commented on how hard it was to
represent what had happened in a written
record: ‘You would have had to be there to
appreciate the richness of the professional
learning that was going on’. Through their
shared experiences within classrooms, the
teachers had been stimulated to reflect on
each other’s teaching styles and to make
changes in their own practice.
Using the Index to reflect on each other’s practice
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools33
phase 4
Implementing priorities
(on-going)
This fourth phase of the Index involves putting priorities into practice. This
may require further investigations into the school and can become a form
of action research. Developments are supported through collaboration,
good communication and a general commitment to inclusive values.
Developments are evaluated against the criteria in the school development
plan and a half-termly record is made of progress. This phase is on-going.
Putting priorities into practice
A couple of examples illustrate how schools can support
development. In one secondary school, teachers decided
that the co-ordination of support was a priority. Concern was
expressed about support policies in relation to all the
indicators in dimension B section 2: Organising support for
diversity. There was no joint planning between behaviour
support teachers who came into the school, learning support teachers and
teachers supporting students learning English as an additional language,
who were based in the school. The teachers decided that they would
examine the current situation in the school in detail by working together.
They observed each other’s practice over a six-week period and then met
to discuss their observations and possibilities for closer collaboration.
They decided to speak to the students they observed about their
experience of support, and to try to understand support from the
students’ points of view. They fed their findings into a general
reconsideration of support policies within the school led by the senior
teacher with responsibility for curriculum development.
In the second example, a primary school received evidence from both
students and parents/carers that bullying amongst students was a
particular concern in the school. The school planning team decided to
use questions from indicator B.2.9 ‘Bullying is minimised’ to structure an
in-depth exploration of attitudes towards, and experiences of, bullying.
They focused, in particular, on the following questions:
The Index in use
‘It focused our interests
and provided a useful
insight into induction.’
phase 2
Finding out about the school
phase 3
Producing an inclusive
school development plan
phase 4
Implementing priorities
phase 5
Reviewing the
Index process
phase 1
Getting started with the Index
● Putting priorities
into practice
● Sustaining
development
● Recording progress
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools34
• Do staff, parents/carers, governors and students share a view of what
bullying is?
• Is the threat of withdrawal of friendship understood as a source of
bullying?
• Is there a clear policy statement about bullying which sets out in detail
what behaviour is acceptable and unacceptable in the school?
• Can the language of the policy statement be understood by governors,
staff, students and parents/carers?
• Are men and women available who are approachable and can give
support to boys and girls about bullying?
• Do students know who to turn to if they are bullied?
• Are students involved in strategies to prevent and minimise bullying?
• Are clear records kept about bullying incidents?
• Is bullying being reduced?
When the planning team had found out the extent and nature of concerns
they attempted to tackle them in a number of ways. Language work
included reading, discussing and writing about friendships. A forum was
established, where students could contribute to strategies to prevent and
minimise bullying. A new anti-bullying policy was produced in languages
accessible to all students, and was publicised widely. A clear record
keeping system of bullying incidents helped to identify patterns of
behaviour in some students. They assessed any reduction in bullying
through a repeat survey and discussions using the Index questions with
additions to take account of what they had found during their
investigations.
Sustaining development
The commitment of all those involved has to be sustained
throughout the implementation phase. This may require
considerable effort as the deeply held beliefs and values of
members of the school’s communities are challenged and
resistances emerge. In putting particular priorities into practice
the wider work in changing the culture of the school should
not be ignored. Activities to create a more inclusive culture
may need to continue over a number of years. But, in turn,
such changes may sustain the involvement of staff, governors, students and
parents/carers in making detailed changes in policies and practices within
the school. In a collaborating school, staff will be able to draw on each
other’s expertise and provide mutual support.
Some staff, students or parents/carers may not agree with a particular
development. The planning team may have to encourage staff to discuss
their differences and may need to refine developments so that they
become relevant to as many people as possible.
The planning team should make sure that everyone is kept informed
about progress. This can be done through assemblies, staff meetings,
staff development days, newsletters, registration/tutorials, circle time
The Index in use
‘Seeing the difference
it’s made to the children
really has been the
most rewarding: they
feel valued.’
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35
activities, student councils, notice boards and community organisations.
As well as providing information, the group should listen to others,
particularly those who have fewer opportunities to be heard.
Recording progress
The member of the school development planning team with overall
responsibility for a priority will make sure that progress is checked and
recorded and that adjustments are made to development plans, following
consultation with the team and the staff involved. This may involve
discussions with staff, students, governors and parents/carers, and the
examination of policy documents, as well as observations of practice. A
half-termly record of progress should be kept on the implementation of
priorities, against the criteria put in the plan in phase 3. This might be
circulated in a school newsletter.
This school is ten years old and is in an
attractive, well looked after building. It has
480 students in the age range 9-13. The
district is economically poor and some 50% of
children receive free school meals. The head
teacher is strongly committed to inclusive
principles which she relates to her experience
of having polio as a child; her parents fought
for her to be educated in a mainstream
school. As she put it: ‘Children have a right to
be in mainstream schools ... Schools should
change to make that possible’.
The school has six children with visual
impairments, although it is not formally
designated as a specialist centre. It has simply
developed a reputation for welcoming children
with impairments. The school has excluded
one child in its ten years.
The Index co-ordinating group in the school
had wide representation, including parents/
carers and governors. There were two critical
friends. The group chose to integrate the
Index into the school development planning
process, which was already inclusive of all
staff. It involved a series of meetings during
which subject co-ordinators reported to their
colleagues on what was achieved during the
year. When the agenda turned to the following
year, targets and budgetary commitments
were negotiated. The head teacher sees the
Index as a means of extending participation in
this process as well as adding an emphasis on
identifying and overcoming barriers to
learning and participation. Student and
teacher questionnaires were carried out. The
school’s learning support co-ordinator took a
lead in analysing the information as part of
his higher degree studies.
The school identified a number of priorities
for developing inclusion. They wanted an
overall strategy for ‘providing curriculum
opportunities for all students to succeed’.
This became one of the main aims of the
school development plan for the following
year, involving a series of staff development
activities.
Students had said that they did not feel they
were ‘listened to’ by staff and sometimes other
students. A plan was implemented to improve
existing channels of communication, including
a students’ forum. Teachers involved students
in leading discussions which were to remain
focused and involve everyone without
favouring the leader’s friends.
Plans were devised for whole school
assemblies to explore inclusion. Issues
included: impairment and disability;
bullying and name-calling; teamwork and
co-operation; celebrating individuality; issues
of empathy and pity; the meaning of
community, nationally and internationally;
giving aid to others in need. The head
teacher referred to the assembly on
impairment and disability as the first time she
had acknowledged her impairment directly to
the students and discussed it with them.
Building on an inclusive philosophy
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools36
phase 5
Reviewing the Index process
(on-going)
The team review the overall progress of developments. They consider any
broader progress in changing cultures, policies and practices. They
discuss modifications that need to be made to the Index process. The
indicators and questions, as adapted by a particular school, are used to
review the extent of changes within the school and to formulate new
priorities for the school development plan for the following year.
Evaluating developments
In order to evaluate overall progress, the members of
the team will need to bring together and review the
evidence of progress in each area of development in the
plan. They should reflect on the changes in the light of
success criteria in the plan and how these have had to
be modified as new issues emerged. They should
consider how to continue the work in the following year.
Development will also be evaluated as a result of the re-examination of
the school using the dimensions, indicators and questions as the new
planning year begins. This may reveal any cultural shift which goes
beyond any particular planned priority.
Reviewing work with the Index
Work on the Index process also requires evaluation. The planning team
should review the way they have used the Index and decide how the
materials can best be used to support the development of the school in
future years. They should assess how far the Index has
helped the school to adopt a greater commitment to
inclusive ways of working.
The team will reflect on the composition of the Index coordinating
group and its relationship to school planning
The Index in use
‘Ofsted were pleased with
what they saw and the
way that the inclusion side
of things was working, so
it was paying off.’
The Index in use
‘The school really was in a
mess. The Index provided
the way forward for us.’
phase 2
Finding out about the school
phase 3
Producing an inclusive
school development plan
phase 4
Implementing priorities
phase 5
Reviewing the
Index process
phase 1
Getting started with the Index
● Evaluating
developments
● Reviewing work
with the Index
● Continuing the
Index process
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools37
structures. It will assess how well prepared it was for its tasks, the way it
consulted with other groups, its success in sharing responsibilities with
others for further investigations and implementing priorities and the way
these were supported. The critical friend may be valuable in this process.
However, the success of self-evaluation requires all members of the group
to be willing to challenge their own practices. Figure 10 contains
questions which might help the team to review their work.
Continuing the Index process
In this final stage of the process, which may coincide with the end of a
year of working with the Index, the school development planning team
makes revisions to the way the Index work is co-ordinated. In many
schools, the majority of staff will be familiar with the Index at this point,
but new staff should have the process explained to them as part of their
induction programme. The revisiting of the indicators and questions as
part of the progress review may lead on to a further
examination of the school. Phase 5 blends into a
return to phase 2, and the continuation of the school
planning cycle.
figure 10 Reviewing work with the Index
● How well did the co-ordinating group work, in terms of its
composition, the sharing of tasks within the group, consultations
with others, and devolving responsibility for development work?
● To what extent has there been a change in commitment towards
more inclusive ways of working in the school?
● To what extent have the key concepts of the Index been absorbed
into thinking about school policy and practice? These are inclusion,
barriers to learning and participation, resources to support learning
and participation, and support for diversity.
● To what extent was the consultation process inclusive and who
else might contribute to it in future years?
● To what extent have the dimensions and sections of the Index
been useful in structuring school development planning?
● To what extent did the indicators and questions help to identify
priorities or details of priorities that had been overlooked?
● To what extent was appropriate evidence gathered in assessing
priorities and implementing development and how could this be
improved?
● To what extent did the process of working with the Index
contribute to more inclusive ways of working?
● How have developments been sustained and how might this
process be improved?
The Index in use
‘It’s become part of the fabric.’
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools38
Before using the Index, Hindbreak Primary
School had been in ‘special measures’,
perceived as having both staffing and
discipline problems. Relationships within the
school and with governors and parents were
poor. The head teacher acknowledged that
staff ‘assumed they knew’ what parents
wanted. Staff were ‘asked to do things they
didn’t particularly believe in’. Students were
failing to meet the expectations of teachers
and their positive achievements were
ignored. Relationships with parents, between
staff and with students, were generally poor.
A co-ordinating group for the Index was
established which included governors,
parents and staff and was steered by a
critical friend, respected within the school
and local authority. Consultations were
broad, and the results were ‘very
challenging’. For example, parents recorded
their views of staff attitudes to their
children: ‘They don’t care for them’, ‘They
have favourites’.
The significance of good communication
was reinforced early on. The head had
started by focusing on passing information
to parents and governors and assumed
teachers and other staff knew what was
happening. Regular staff meetings ensured
that teachers as well as others learned
what was happening at roughly the same
time so that people did not get hurt or feel
left out. Communication with parents was
improved by writing the school brochure in
plain English, and by inviting them to
occasions when the curriculum and
homework were explained and they could
join in activities with their children.
Joining and leaving the school became
seen as significant ‘rites of passage’. For
example, the induction morning, for
children starting at the school, involved
parents, teachers, the chair of governors and
the chair of the parent-teacher association.
It started with a joint assembly and ended
with shared lunch. Parents were invited to
the following assembly where the children
were presented with a reading folder
bearing the school logo. At the end of the
year, there was a barbecue for school
leavers with parents and governors invited
and with live music.
The staff also introduced further changes
following consultation:
• A two-way intercom and CCTV at the
entrance in response to parents’ concerns
about security.
• Pictures of all staff at the entrance.
• Children accumulated a portfolio of their
best work as they progressed through the
school.
• A weekly school newsletter was produced
by the Year 6 Information and
Communications Technology Club.
• The head became more accessible and
visible at the beginning and end of the
day.
• Circle time was introduced as well as a
positive noting of good behaviour and
work.
• When necessary, two teaching assistants
eased into the day, children who were
having difficulties at home.
Staff felt that the Index helped the school
to put the child at the centre:
‘We have that picture of the child at the
centre, with everyone, the dining room
supervisors, the teaching staff, the teaching
assistants, the kitchen staff, the caretakers,
cleaners, all in a circle around that child, all
with their bit to say. It’s about the child
learning and having high expectations but
it’s about the child having a say too, not just
being done to, but doing things as well.’
A school council was planned and a
‘smile club’ with elected students being
given assertiveness and conflict
management preparation so that they could
support other students who were isolated.
The head felt that using the Index was
‘pulling us all together in one common
focus’: ‘While I can see the benefits in all
schools, I think for schools that have gone
through periods of upheaval and
disruption, like this one, it actually provides
a good way forward’.
Providing a new sense of direction
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools39
indicators
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.1 | Building community
INDICATOR A.1.1 | Everyone is made to feel welcome.
A.1.2 | Students help each other.
A.1.3 | Staff collaborate with each other.
A.1.4 | Staff and students treat one another with respect.
A.1.5 | There is a partnership between staff and parents/carers.
A.1.6 | Staff and governors work well together.
A.1.7 | All local communities are involved in the school.
A.2 | Establishing inclusive values
INDICATOR A.2.1 | There are high expectations for all students.
A.2.2 | Staff, governors, students and parents/carers share a philosophy of
inclusion.
A.2.3 | Students are equally valued.
A.2.4 | Staff and students treat one another as human beings as well as
occupants of a ‘role’.
A.2.5 | Staff seek to remove barriers to learning and participation in
all aspects of the school.
A.2.6 | The school strives to minimise all forms of discrimination.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.1 | Developing the school for all
INDICATOR B.1.1 | Staff appointments and promotions are fair.
B.1.2 | All new staff are helped to settle into the school.
B.1.3 | The school seeks to admit all students from its locality.
B.1.4 | The school makes its buildings physically accessible to
all people.
B.1.5 | All new students are helped to settle into the school.
B.1.6 | The school arranges teaching groups so that all students
are valued.
B.2 | Organising support for diversity
INDICATOR B.2.1 | All forms of support are co-ordinated.
B.2.2 | Staff development activities help staff to respond to
student diversity.
B.2.3 | ‘Special educational needs’ policies are inclusion policies.
B.2.4 | The Special Educational Needs Code of Practice* is used to
reduce the barriers to learning and participation of all students.
B.2.5 | Support for those learning English as an additional language
is co-ordinated with learning support.
B.2.6 | Pastoral and behaviour support policies are linked to
curriculum development and learning support policies.
B.2.7 | Pressures for disciplinary exclusion are decreased.
B.2.8 | Barriers to attendance are reduced.
B.2.9 | Bullying is minimised.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools40
indicators
* DfES (2001)
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.1 | Orchestrating learning
INDICATOR C.1.1 | Teaching is planned with the learning of all students in mind.
C.1.2 | Lessons encourage the participation of all students.
C.1.3 | Lessons develop an understanding of difference.
C.1.4 | Students are actively involved in their own learning.
C.1.5 | Students learn collaboratively.
C.1.6 | Assessment contributes to the achievements of all students.
C.1.7 | Classroom discipline is based on mutual respect.
C.1.8 | Teachers plan, teach and review in partnership.
C.1.9 | Teaching assistants support the learning and participation of
all students.
C.1.10 | Homework contributes to the learning of all.
C.1.11 | All students take part in activities outside the classroom.
C.2 | Mobilising resources
INDICATOR C.2.1 | Student difference is used as a resource for teaching
and learning.
C.2.2 | Staff expertise is fully utilised.
C.2.3 | Staff develop resources to support learning and
participation.
C.2.4 | Community resources are known and drawn upon.
C.2.5 | School resources are distributed fairly so that they support inclusion.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools41
indicators
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.1 | Building community
INDICATOR A.1.1 | Everyone is made to feel welcome
i) Is the first contact that people have with the school
friendly and welcoming?
ii) Is the school welcoming to all students, including students
with impairments, travellers, refugees and asylum seekers?
iii) Is the school welcoming to all parents/carers and other
members of its local communities?
iv) Is information about the school made accessible to all,
irrespective of home language or impairment, for example,
translated, Brailled, taped, or in large print when
necessary?
v) Are sign language and other first language interpreters
available when necessary?
vi) Is it clear from the school brochure and information given
to job applicants that responding to the full diversity of
students and their backgrounds is part of school routine?
vii) Does the entrance hall reflect all members of the school’s
communities?
viii) Does the school celebrate local cultures and communities
in signs and displays?
ix) Are there positive rituals for welcoming new students and
new staff and marking their leaving?
x) Do students feel ownership of their classrooms or tutor
room?
xi) Do students, parents/carers, staff, governors and
community members all feel ownership of the school?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools42
indicators with questions
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools43
indicators with questions
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.1 | Building community
INDICATOR A.1.2 | Students help each other
i) Do students seek help from and offer help to each
other when it is needed?
ii) Do displays celebrate collaborative work by
students as well as individual achievements?
iii) Do students report to a member of staff when they
or someone else needs assistance?
iv) Are supportive friendships actively encouraged?
v) Do students share rather than compete for friends?
vi) Do students avoid racist, sexist, homophobic,
disablist and other forms of discriminatory name-
calling?
vii) Do students understand that different degrees of
conformity to school rules may be expected from
different students?
viii) Do students appreciate the achievements of others
whose starting points may be different from their
own?
ix) Do students feel that disputes between them are
dealt with fairly and effectively?
x) Can students act as advocates for others who they
feel have been treated unfairly?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools44
indicators with questions
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.1 | Building community
INDICATOR A.1.3 | Staff collaborate with each other
i) Do staff treat each other with respect irrespective
of their roles in the school?
ii) Do staff treat each other with respect irrespective
of their gender?
iii) Do staff treat each other with respect irrespective
of their class or ethnic background?
iv) Are all staff invited to staff meetings?
v) Do all staff attend meetings?
vi) Is there wide participation in meetings?
vii) Are all teachers and classroom assistants
involved in curriculum planning and review?
viii) Is teamwork between staff a model for the
collaboration of students?
ix) Do staff know who to turn to with a problem?
x) Do staff feel comfortable about discussing
problems in their work?
xi) Are regular supply staff encouraged to be actively
involved in the life of the school?
xii) Are all staff involved in drawing up priorities for
school development?
xiii) Do all staff feel ownership of the school
development plan?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools45
indicators with questions
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.1 | Building community
INDICATOR A.1.4 | Staff and students treat one another with respect
i) Do staff address all students respectfully, by the
name they wish to be called, with the correct
pronunciation?
ii) Do students treat all staff with respect
irrespective of their status?
iii) Are the opinions of students sought about how
the school might be improved?
iv) Do the views of students make a difference to
what happens in school?
v) Do students have particular opportunities to
discuss school matters?
vi) Do students help staff when asked?
vii) Do students offer help when they see it is
needed?
viii) Do staff and students look after the physical
environment of the school?
ix) Do students know who to see when they have a
problem?
x) Are students confident that their difficulties will
be dealt with effectively?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools46
indicators with questions
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.1 | Building community
INDICATOR A.1.5 | There is a partnership between staff and parents/carers
i) Do parents/carers and staff respect each other?
ii) Do parents/carers feel that there is good communication
with staff?
iii) Are all parents/carers well informed about school policies
and practices?
iv) Are parents/carers aware of the priorities in the school
development plan?
v) Are all parents/carers given an opportunity to be involved in
decisions made about the school?
vi) Are the fears that some parents/carers have about coming
into school and meeting teachers, recognised and steps
taken to overcome them?
vii) Are there a variety of opportunities for parents/carers to
become involved in the school?
viii) Are there a variety of occasions when parents/carers can
discuss the progress of, and concerns about, their children?
ix) Are the different contributions that parents/carers can make
to the school equally appreciated?
x) Do staff value the knowledge that parents/carers have about
their children?
xi) Do staff encourage the involvement of all parents/carers in
their children’s learning?
xii) Are parents/carers clear about what they can do to support
their children’s learning at home?
xiii) Do all parents/carers feel that their children are valued by
the school?
xiv) Do all parents/carers feel that their concerns are taken
seriously by the school?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools47
indicators with questions
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.1 | Building community
INDICATOR A.1.6 | Staff and governors work well together
i) Do staff understand the roles and responsibilities of
the governors?
ii) Do governors understand the organisational structure
of the school and the responsibilities of staff?
iii) Are governors welcome to contribute to the work of
the school at any time?
iv) Are the skills and knowledge of governors known
and valued?
v) Does the composition of the governing body reflect
the school’s local communities?
vi) Are governors fully informed about school policies?
vii) Do governors and staff agree about what governors
can contribute to the school?
viii) Do governors feel that their contribution is valued
irrespective of their status?
ix) Do governors share in-service education
opportunities with staff?
x) Do staff and governors share an approach to
students categorised as ‘having special educational
needs’?
xi) Do staff and governors share a view about the
identification of students who experience difficulties
and the way support should be provided?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools48
indicators with questions
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.1 | Building community
INDICATOR A.1.7 | All local communities are involved in the school
i) Does the school involve local communities, such
as elderly people and the variety of ethnic
groups, in activities in the school?
ii) Is the school involved in activities in the local
communities?
iii) Do members of local communities share facilities
with staff and students such as the library, hall
and canteen?
iv) Do communities participate equally in the school,
irrespective of their class, religious or ethnic
background?
v) Are all sections of local communities seen as a
resource for the school?
vi) Do staff and governors seek the views of local
community members about the school?
vii) Do the views of members of local communities
affect school policies?
viii) Is there a positive view of the school within the
local communities?
ix) Does the school encourage applications for work
in the school from the local communities?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools49
indicators with questions
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.2 | Establishing inclusive values
INDICATOR A.2.1 | There are high expectations for all students
i) Does every student feel that they attend a school in which
the highest achievements are possible?
ii) Are all students encouraged to have high aspirations about
their learning?
iii) Are all students treated as if there is no ceiling to their
achievements?
iv) Do staff avoid viewing students as having a fixed ability
based on their current achievements?
v) Are students entered for public examinations when they are
ready rather than at a particular age?
vi) Are all students encouraged to take pride in their own
achievements?
vii) Are all students encouraged to appreciate the achievements
of others?
viii) Do staff attempt to counter negative views of students who
are keen and enthusiastic or attain highly in lessons?
ix) Do staff attempt to counter negative views of students who
find lessons difficult?
x) Do staff attempt to counter the derogatory use of labels of
low achievement?
xi) Is there an attempt to address the fear of failure of some
students?
xii) Do staff avoid linking the potential achievement of one
student to those of a sibling or another student from their
area?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools50
indicators with questions
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.2 | Establishing inclusive values
INDICATOR A.2.2 | Staff, governors, students and parents/carers share a
philosophy of inclusion
i) Is building a supportive school community seen to
be as important as raising academic achievement?
ii) Is fostering collaboration seen to be as important as
encouraging independence?
iii) Is there an emphasis on the appreciation of difference
rather than conformity to a single ‘normality’?
iv) Is diversity seen as a rich resource to support
learning rather than as a problem?
v) Is there a shared resolve to minimise inequalities of
opportunity in the school?
vi) Is there a shared wish to accept students from the
local communities, irrespective of background,
attainment and impairment?
vii) Are attitudes about the limits to inclusion challenged,
such as for students with severe impairments?
viii) Is there a shared understanding that inclusion is
about increasing participation in, as well as access
to, the school?
ix) Is exclusion understood as a process that takes
place in staffrooms, classrooms and playgrounds and
may end in separation from the school?
x) Do all members of the school take responsibility for
making the school more inclusive?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools51
indicators with questions
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.2 | Establishing inclusive values
INDICATOR A.2.3 | Students are equally valued
i) Is a variety of backgrounds and home languages
seen to make a positive contribution to school life?
ii) Are regional accents and dialects seen to enrich the
school and society?
iii) Are differences in family structure acknowledged
and appreciated?
iv) Are parents/carers regarded as equally valuable to
the school, irrespective of the status of their work
or whether they are employed or unemployed?
v) Are students and staff with impairments as
welcomed into the school as those without
impairments?
vi) Are higher and lower attaining students valued
equally?
vii) Is the work of all students displayed within the
school and classrooms?
viii) Does the reporting of achievements within and
beyond the school include all students?
ix) Do all students leave secondary school with a
nationally recognised accreditation?
x) Are the achievements of boys and girls given equal
support and prominence?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools52
indicators with questions
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.2 | Establishing inclusive values
INDICATOR A.2.4 | Staff and students treat one another as human
beings as well as occupants of a ‘role’
i) Is every student known well by some members of
staff?
ii) Do students feel that teachers like them?
iii) Are all members of the school regarded as both
learners and teachers?
iv) Do staff feel valued and supported?
v) Are significant events, such as births, deaths and
illnesses, given the appropriate acknowledgement?
vi) Is it recognised that everyone, not just members of
‘ethnic minorities’, has a culture or cultures?
vii) Can students (and staff) be supported to
acknowledge that they are hurt, depressed or angry
on a particular day?
viii) Is it accepted that staff can express negative
personal feelings about students in private as a way
of overcoming them?
ix) Do staff avoid demonising particular students?
x) Are basic facilities such as toilets, showers and
lockers, kept in good order?
xi) Are the wishes for modesty of students respected in
arrangements for showers or swimming?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools53
indicators with questions
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.2 | Establishing inclusive values
INDICATOR A.2.5 | Staff seek to remove barriers to learning and
participation in all aspects of the school
i) Do staff understand that they can make a difference to the
barriers to learning and participation experienced by
students?
ii) Are barriers to learning and participation seen to arise in a
relationship between students and their teaching and
learning environment?
iii) Is the teaching and learning environment understood to
include student and staff relationships, buildings, cultures,
policies, curricula and teaching approaches?
iv) Do staff avoid seeing barriers to learning and participation
as produced by deficiencies or impairments in students?
v) Do staff and students understand that policies and
practices must reflect the diversity of students within the
school?
vi) Are the barriers that arise through differences between
school and home cultures recognised and countered?
vii) Is it understood that anyone can experience barriers to
learning and participation?
viii) Do staff avoid labelling children according to notions of
ability?
ix) Is there an understanding of the way categorisation of
students as ‘having special educational needs’ can lead to
their devaluation and separation?
x) Do staff avoid contrasting mainstream and ‘special needs’
students?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools54
indicators with questions
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.2 | Establishing inclusive values
INDICATOR A.2.6 | The school strives to minimise all forms of discrimination
i) Is there recognition of the existence of institutional discrimination
and the need to minimise all forms of it?
ii) Do staff and students understand the origins of discrimination in
intolerance to difference?
iii) Is attention paid to the exclusionary pressures on ethnic minority
students and the way intolerance to difference may be interpreted
as racism?
iv) Is it recognised that all cultures and religions encompass a range
of views and degrees of observance?
v) Do staff avoid stereotyped roles for students in school productions
(for example according to type of hair or skin colour)?
vi) Is there respect for teachers and students irrespective of their age?
vii) Are the cultures of the school equally supportive of boys and girls?
viii) Do staff and students avoid gender stereotyping in expectations
about achievement, student futures or in help with tasks, such as
refreshments or technical support?
ix) Do staff avoid valuing middle class above working class
backgrounds and interests?
x) Are gay and lesbian people valued by the school as part of human
diversity?
xi) Do staff see disability as created when people with impairments
encounter negative attitudes and institutional barriers?
xii) Are stereotyped views of bodily perfection challenged?
xiii) Is there recognition that knowledge about their impairments
makes a limited contribution to planning education for students?
xiv) Do staff attempt to counter stereotyped attitudes towards people
with impairments when they are seen, for example, as objects of
pity or heroic battlers against adversity?
xv) Is the exclusion of students with severe impairments understood
to reflect limitations of attitude and policy more than practical
difficulties?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
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This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools55
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.1 | Developing the school for all
INDICATOR B.1.1 | Staff appointments and promotions are fair
i) Are opportunities for promotion seen to be open to
all who are eligible, inside and outside the school?
ii) Do the promoted posts reflect the balance of
genders and backgrounds of staff in the school?
iii) Does the composition of teaching and non-teaching
staff reflect the communities in the school locality?
iv) Is there a clear strategy for removing barriers to the
appointment of staff with impairments?
v) Do posts of higher status disproportionately favour
particular sections of the community?
vi) Has the school established staffing equality targets?
vii) Is the valuing of diversity in students an essential
criterion for the appointment of staff?
viii) Are temporary replacements found for absent
support staff as well as classroom and subject
teachers?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
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© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools56
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.1 | Developing the school for all
INDICATOR B.1.2 | All new staff are helped to settle into the school
i) Does the school recognise the difficulties that
new staff may have in settling into a new job in
what may be a new locality?
ii) Do longer serving staff avoid making new staff
feel outsiders, for example by the use of a ‘we’
or an ‘us’ which excludes them?
iii) Does every new member of staff have a mentor
who is genuinely interested in helping him or her
to settle into the school?
iv) Does the school make new staff feel that the
experience and knowledge they bring to the
school is valued?
v) Are there opportunities for all staff, including
new staff, to share their knowledge and
expertise?
vi) Are new staff provided with the basic information
they need about the school?
vii) Are new staff asked what additional information
they need, and is it provided?
viii) Are the observations about the school of new
staff sought and valued for the fresh insights
that they may contain?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools57
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.1 | Developing the school for all
INDICATOR B.1.3 | The school seeks to admit all students from
its locality
i) Are all students from the locality encouraged to
attend the school irrespective of attainment or
impairment?
ii) Is the inclusion of all students from the locality
publicised as school policy?
iii) Does the school seek to overcome barriers to
participation for the variety of ethnic groups in
the locality?
iv) Are traveller children and young people who visit
the area actively welcomed to the school?
v) Are students from the locality, currently in special
schools, actively encouraged to attend the
school?
vi) Is membership of the school equally
unconditional for all students?
vii) Is there an increase in the proportion of students
from the locality included within the school?
viii) Is there an increase in the diversity of students
from the locality included in the school?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools58
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.1 | Developing the school for all
INDICATOR B.1.4 | The school makes its buildings physically accessible
to all people
i) Are the needs of deaf, blind and partially sighted
people, as well as people with physical
impairments considered in making the buildings
accessible?
ii) Is the school concerned with the accessibility of
all aspects of the school building and grounds,
including classrooms, corridors, toilets, gardens,
playgrounds, canteen and displays?
iii) Are organisations of disabled people consulted
about the accessibility of the school?
iv) Is disabled access part of the building
improvement plan?
v) Does the school pay attention to the requirement
of the Special Educational Needs and Disability
Act 2001 to make progress each year on the
accessibility of the school?
vi) Is accessibility seen as about disabled staff,
governors, parents/carers and other members of
the community, as well as students?
vii) Are projects concerned with improving the
accessibility of the school buildings part of the
school curriculum?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools59
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.1 | Developing the school for all
INDICATOR B.1.5 | All new students are helped to settle into the school
i) Does the school have an induction programme for
students?
ii) Does the induction programme work well for students
and their families whether they join at the start of the
school year or some other time?
iii) Is information available for parents/carers on the
national and local education system as well as about
the school?
iv) Does the induction programme take into account
student differences in attainment and home language?
v) Are new students paired with more experienced
students when they first enter the school?
vi) Are steps taken to find out the extent to which new
students feel at home in the school after a few weeks?
vii) Is there support for students who have difficulty
memorising the building layout, particularly when they
first join the school?
viii) Are new students clear about who to see if they
experience difficulties?
ix) When students are due to transfer from one school to
another, do staff in each school collaborate to ease
the change?
x) Are steps taken to familiarise students with the school
before they transfer from pre-school or primary
school?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
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© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools60
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.1 | Developing the school for all
INDICATOR B.1.6 | The school arranges teaching groups so that
all students are valued
i) Are teaching groups treated fairly in the use of facilities, location
of teaching rooms, allocation of teaching staff and staff cover?
ii) Do staff consider the opportunities created for students to teach
and learn from each other in diverse groups?
iii) In planning teaching groups, is attention paid to friendships and
the presence of others who speak the same languages?
iv) Is there an attempt to minimise the organisation of teaching
groups according to levels of attainment or impairment?
v) Where setting occurs, are there plans to prevent negative effects,
such as disaffection in lower sets?
vi) Where setting occurs, do the arrangements give students an
equal opportunity to move between sets?
vii) Are seating arrangements within classes changed as necessary
to promote social cohesion between boys and girls and the
variety of ethnic groups in the school?
viii) Are seating arrangements within classes changed as necessary
to improve learning opportunities for students?
ix) Are schools mindful of the legal obligation to educate together
students who do and do not experience difficulties in learning?
x) Where there is a large imbalance of girls and boys in a particular
year’s intake, do schools consider establishing some single-sex
classes?
xi) Do schools avoid identifying and grouping a disproportionate
number of boys as low attainers or as requiring an alternative
curriculum?
xii) Do schools avoid restricting the curriculum (such as omitting a
foreign language) for students who are given additional literacy
support?
xiii) Where there are option choices, are all students allowed to make
real choices?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools61
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.2 | Organising support for diversity
INDICATOR B.2.1 | All forms of support are co-ordinated
i) Are all support policies co-ordinated in a strategy for
increasing the capacity of the school to respond to
diversity?
ii) Is the co-ordination of support given high status in the
school and led by a senior member of staff?
iii) Are support policies directed at preventing barriers to
learning and participation for students?
iv) Is there an overall inclusive support policy which is clear
to all within the school?
v) Is the support policy made clear to those from outside
the school who support learning within it?
vi) Is there a clear plan for the way external support services
can contribute to the inclusive development of cultures,
policies and practices?
vii) Are staff aware of all the services that can support the
development of learning and participation in the school?
viii) Is there co-ordination of all initiatives, such as healthy
schools or those aimed at high attaining students, so
that they support the inclusive development of the
school?
ix) Are those offering support asked to co-ordinate their
efforts with other overlapping initiatives?
x) Are support policies guided by what is best for students
rather than the maintenance of professional territories?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
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© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools62
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.2 | Organising support for diversity
INDICATOR B.2.2 | Staff development activities help staff to respond
to student diversity
i) Do all curriculum development activities address the
participation of students differing in background,
experience, attainment or impairment?
ii) Do all curriculum development activities address the
reduction of barriers to learning and participation?
iii) Do staff development activities support staff in working
effectively together in classrooms?
iv) Is partnership teaching, followed by shared review, used to
support teachers to respond to student diversity?
v) Do staff observe each other’s lessons in order to reflect on
the perspectives of students?
vi) Do staff receive training in devising and managing
collaborative learning activities?
vii) Are there shared opportunities for teachers and classroom
assistants to develop more effective collaboration?
viii) Are there opportunities for staff and students to learn
about peer tutoring?
ix) Do teaching and support staff learn about using technology
to support learning (such as cameras, television, video,
overhead projector, tape-recorders, computers/Internet)?
x) Do staff explore ways of reducing disaffection by increasing
the engagement of students in curricula?
xi) Is disability equality education provided for all staff?
xii) Do all staff learn how to counter bullying, including racism,
sexism and homophobia?
xiii) Do staff and governors take responsibility for assessing
their own learning needs?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools63
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.2 | Organising support for diversity
INDICATOR B.2.3 | ‘Special educational needs’ policies are inclusion policies
i) Is there an attempt to minimise the categorisation of
students as ‘having special educational needs’?
ii) Does the school avoid the disproportionate categorisation
of boys as ‘having special educational needs’?
iii) Does the school avoid the disproportionate categorisation
of particular ethnic groups as ‘having special educational
needs’?
iv) Does the school call its co-ordinator of support a learning
support, learning development or inclusion co-ordinator,
rather than a ‘special educational needs co-ordinator’?
v) Are students who are categorised as ‘having special
educational needs’ seen as individuals with differing
interests, knowledge and skills rather than as part of a
homogeneous group?
vi) Are the attempts to remove barriers to learning and
participation of one student seen as opportunities for
improving the classroom experiences of all students?
vii) Is support seen as an entitlement for those students who
need it rather than as a special addition to their education?
viii) Are the details of an entitlement to support made public to
students and parents/carers and included within the school
brochure?
ix) Where possible, is support provided without recourse to
formal assessment procedures?
x) Are ‘special needs’ policies aimed at increasing learning
and participation and minimising exclusion?
xi) Is there an attempt to minimise the withdrawal of students
for support outside their mainstream lessons?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
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●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools64
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.2 | Organising support for diversity
INDICATOR B.2.4 | The Special Educational Needs Code of Practice1 is used to
reduce the barriers to learning and participation of all students
i) Is the use of the Special Educational Needs Code of Practice
co-ordinated with the Code of Practice (Schools) from the
Disability Rights Commission2?
ii) Is the use of both Codes of Practice integrated into an
overall inclusion policy within the school?
iii) Is the Special Educational Needs Code of Practice seen as
about support rather than assessment and categorisation?
iv) Is support for teaching diverse groups seen as an alternative
to categorisation and the provision of individual support?
v) Do external support services contribute to the planning of
teaching and learning to reduce barriers to learning and
participation?
vi) Are Individual Education Plans about providing access to,
and supporting participation within, a common curriculum?
vii) Do Individual Education Plans for some students improve
the teaching and learning arrangements for all students?
viii) Do statements of ‘special educational needs’ build on the
strengths of students and possibilities for their development,
rather than concentrate on identifying deficiencies?
ix) Do statements of ‘special educational needs’ describe the
changes in teaching and learning arrangements required to
increase learning?
x) Do statements of ‘special educational needs’ describe the
changes in teaching and learning arrangements required to
increase engagement with other students?
xi) Do statements of ‘special educational needs’ specify the
support required to maximise participation in mainstream
curricula and communities?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
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1 DfES (2001)
2 Disability Rights
Commission (2002)
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools65
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.2 | Organising support for diversity
INDICATOR B.2.5 | Support for those learning English as an additional
language is co-ordinated with learning support
i) Is support for these students seen to be the
responsibility of all staff within the school?
ii) Does support for these students help to reduce
barriers to learning and participation for all
students?
iii) Does support focus on overcoming barriers to
learning and participation rather than making a
distinction between ‘having a difficulty in an
additional language’ and ‘having a learning
difficulty’?
iv) Are high expectations for achievement maintained
for all students who learn or have learned English
as an additional language?
v) Are interpreters of Sign Language and other first
languages, available to support all who need
them?
vi) Is the effect of moving country and culture
recognised as a possible barrier to learning and
participation?
vii) Is teaching and support available from someone
who shares a cultural background with students?
viii) Does support for these students address barriers
to learning in all aspects of teaching, curricula and
school organisation?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
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© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools66
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.2 | Organising support for diversity
INDICATOR B.2.6 | Pastoral and behaviour support policies are linked to
curriculum development and learning support policies
i) Is the aim of increasing the learning and participation of
students seen as the primary aim of all pastoral and
behaviour support staff?
ii) Are difficulties with behaviour related to strategies for
improving classroom and playground experiences?
iii) Does behaviour support involve reflection on ways to
improve teaching and learning for all students?
iv) Does behaviour support address barriers to learning and
participation in school policies and cultures as well as
practices?
v) Are all teachers and teaching assistants offered
opportunities to learn how to reduce the disaffection and
disruption of students?
vi) Does the school attempt to raise the feelings of self-worth
of those with low self-esteem?
vii) Is the knowledge of parents/carers used in reducing
disaffection and disruption?
viii) Do students contribute to reducing disaffection and
disruption of themselves and others in school?
ix) Does support for children in public care encourage
educational achievement?
x) Does support for children in public care encourage
continuity in their learning?
xi) Does support for children in public care encourage strong
links between the school and carers?
xii) Do pastoral and behaviour support policies address the
well-being of students who are quietly troubled?
xiii) Does the school address the origins of disaffection in boys in
the way masculinity is regarded inside and outside school?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools67
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.2 | Organising support for diversity
INDICATOR B.2.7 | Pressures for disciplinary exclusion are decreased
i) Is disciplinary exclusion seen as a process that may be
interrupted by support and intervention in teaching and learning
arrangements?
ii) Are there meetings, involving staff, students, parents/carers and
others, that attempt to deal with problems flexibly before they
escalate?
iii) Are the connections recognised between devaluation of students,
and disaffection, disruption and disciplinary exclusion?
iv) Does the school avoid creating pools of disaffection in devalued
teaching groups?
v) Does the school address feelings of devaluation when they arise
in ethnic minority or social class groups?
vi) Does the school attempt to reduce conflict between ethnic or
social class groups?
vii) Are responses to concerns about the behaviour of students
always to do with education and rehabilitation rather than
retribution?
viii) Are students, or others who are seen to have offended against
the school community, treated with forgiveness?
ix) Are there clear, positive plans for re-introducing students who
have been excluded for disciplinary reasons?
x) Is there a policy to minimise all forms of disciplinary exclusions
whether temporary or permanent, formal or informal?
xi) Is the aim of reducing temporary, permanent, formal and
informal exclusions shared between staff?
xii) Are clear records kept about informal as well as formal
disciplinary exclusions?
xiii) Are regular reports on disciplinary exclusion provided for the
governing body?
xiv) Are formal and informal disciplinary exclusions being reduced?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
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© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools68
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.2 | Organising support for diversity
INDICATOR B.2.8 | Barriers to attendance are reduced
i) Are all barriers to attendance explored within the cultures,
policies and practices of the school as well as in children and
young people’s attitudes and homes?
ii) Does the school avoid using unauthorised absence as a reason
for disciplinary exclusion?
iii) Is the unauthorised absence of students treated equitably
irrespective of gender or background?
iv) Are the relationships between unauthorised absence, bullying
and the lack of supportive friendships recognised?
v) Does the school respond to student pregnancy in a way that is
supportive and non-discriminatory towards girls?
vi) Does the school actively support the return to school and
participation of students who have had a bereavement, a chronic
illness or a long-term absence?
vii) Is there clear advice on extended leave to visit a ‘home’ country
that has been negotiated with the school’s communities?
viii) Are there guidelines for integrating into lessons the experiences
gained by those who have been away for extended periods?
ix) Is there a plan to improve co-operation between staff and
parents/carers over unauthorised absence?
x) Is there a co-ordinated strategy between the school and other
agencies?
xi) Is there an efficient system for reporting absence and discovering
reasons for it?
xii) Is a record kept of absences from individual lessons?
xiii) Are absences from particular lessons seen as a reason for
exploring relationships with teachers and what is taught?
xiv) Are the figures collected by the school an accurate reflection of
‘real’ unauthorised absence?
xv) Is the unauthorised absence of students reducing?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
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© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools69
indicators with questions
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.2 | Organising support for diversity
INDICATOR B.2.9 | Bullying is minimised
i) Do staff, parents/carers, governors and students share a
view of what bullying is?
ii) Is bullying seen as a potential part of all power
relationships?
iii) Is bullying seen to be concerned with verbal and
emotional hurt as well as physical assault?
iv) Is the threat of the withdrawal of friendship understood as
a source of bullying?
v) Is bullying seen as occurring potentially between staff,
staff and students, and staff and parents/carers as well as
between students?
vi) Are racist, sexist, disablist and homophobic comments
and behaviour seen as aspects of bullying?
vii) Is there a clear policy statement about bullying, which
sets out in detail what behaviour is acceptable and
unacceptable in the school?
viii) Can the language of the policy statement be understood
by staff, governors, students and parents/carers?
ix) Are men and women available who are approachable and
can give support about bullying to boys and girls?
x) Do students know who to turn to if they are bullied?
xi) Are there people inside and outside the school who staff
can turn to if they are bullied?
xii) Are students involved in strategies to prevent and
minimise bullying?
xiii) Are clear records kept about bullying incidents?
xiv) Is bullying being reduced?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools70
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.1 | Orchestrating learning
INDICATOR C.1.1 | Teaching is planned with the learning of all students in mind
i) Is teaching planned to support learning rather than to deliver the
curriculum?
ii) Do curriculum materials reflect the backgrounds, experience and
interests of all learners?
iii) Do lessons start from a shared experience that can be developed in
a variety of ways?
iv) Do lessons reflect a range of interests for both boys and girls?
v) Do lessons extend the learning of all students?
vi) Do lessons encourage a view of learning as continuous rather than
completed with particular tasks?
vii) Can different subjects be learnt in different ways, for example,
intensive literacy or foreign language courses?
viii) Are interpreters available for deaf students or others for whom
English is an additional language?
ix) Does planning reflect on and attempt to minimise barriers to
learning and participation for particular students?
x) Do teachers examine ways to reduce the need for the individual
support of students?
xi) Do lessons provide opportunities for paired and group activities as
well as individual and whole classwork?
xii) Is there a variety of activities involving, for example, oral
presentation and discussion, listening, reading, writing, drawing,
problem solving, use of library, audio/visual materials, practical
tasks and computers?
xiii) Can students participate in, for example, science and physical
education in clothes appropriate to their religious beliefs?
xiv) Is the curriculum adapted for students concerned about participating
in, for example, art or music, because of their religious beliefs?
xv) Are lessons adapted, if necessary, so students with physical or sensory
impairments can develop skills and knowledge through physical
education or practical science or the physics of light and sound?
xvi) Do staff recognise the additional time required by some students
with impairments to use equipment in practical work?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools71
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.1 | Orchestrating learning
INDICATOR C.1.2 | Lessons encourage the participation of all students
i) Do class and subject teachers take responsibility for the learning of
all students in their lessons?
ii) Is there an attempt to view teaching and support from the point of
view of students?
iii) Do lessons build on differences in student knowledge and
experience?
iv) Do lessons pay attention to the emotional as well as the intellectual
aspects of learning?
v) Do lessons convey a sense of excitement in learning?
vi) Is the spoken and written language made accessible to all students?
vii) Is essential technical vocabulary explained and practised during
lessons?
viii) Can students record their work in a variety of ways, using drawings,
photographs and tapes as well as written work?
ix) Do lessons build on the language and literacy experiences of
students outside school?
x) Do lessons encourage dialogue between staff and students as well as
between students themselves?
xi) Do lessons encourage the development of a language for thinking
and talking about learning?
xii) Are there opportunities for students learning English as an additional
language to speak and write in their first language?
xiii) Are students who are learning English as an additional language
encouraged to develop and use skills of translation from a home
language into English?
xiv) Is the presence of additional adults used to reflect on how curricula
and teaching approaches can be used to improve the learning and
participation of all students?
xv) Do staff recognise the physical effort expended on tasks by some
students with impairments or chronic illness, and the tiredness that
can result?
xvi) Do staff recognise the mental effort involved in lip-reading and using
aids to vision?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools72
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.1 | Orchestrating learning
INDICATOR C.1.3 | Lessons develop an understanding of difference
i) Are students encouraged to explore views which are
different from their own?
ii) Are students helped to engage in dialogue with
others with a variety of backgrounds and views?
iii) Are there opportunities for students to work with
others who differ from themselves in background,
ethnicity, impairment and gender?
iv) Do staff demonstrate that they respect and value
alternative views during class discussions?
v) Are all ‘modern’ languages treated as equally
valuable?
vi) Do learning activities develop an understanding of
differences of background, culture, ethnicity, gender,
impairment, sexual orientation and religion?
vii) Are students taught about the variety of cultural
influences on language and the curriculum?
viii) Do all students have opportunities to communicate
with children and young people in both economically
richer and poorer parts of the world?
ix) Does the curriculum give a historical understanding of
the oppression of certain groups?
x) Are students taught to question stereotyping in
curriculum materials and classroom discussion?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools73
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.1 | Orchestrating learning
INDICATOR C.1.4 | Students are actively involved in their own learning
i) Are students encouraged to take responsibility for their own
learning?
ii) Do teachers explain the purpose of a lesson or group of
lessons?
iii) Do the classroom environment, displays and other resources
help independent learning?
iv) Does the support given to students help them to move on in
their learning while drawing on the knowledge and skills they
already possess?
v) Are curriculum plans shared with students so that they can
choose to study at a faster pace or in greater depth?
vi) Are students taught how to research and write up a topic?
vii) Are students able to use the library and information technology
resources independently?
viii) Are students taught how to take notes from lectures and
books and organise their work?
ix) Are mechanical copying activities avoided?
x) Are students taught how to present their work in spoken,
written and other forms, individually and in groups?
xi) Are students encouraged to summarise what they have learnt
verbally and in writing?
xii) Are students taught how to revise for tests and examinations?
xiii) Are students consulted about the support they need?
xiv) Are students consulted about the quality of lessons?
xv) Are students involved in finding ways to overcome their own
and each other’s difficulties in learning?
xvi) Are students given a choice over activities?
xvii) Are the interests, knowledge and skills acquired independently
by students valued and drawn upon in lessons?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools74
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.1 | Orchestrating learning
INDICATOR C.1.5 | Students learn collaboratively
i) Do students see the offering and receiving of help
as an ordinary part of classroom activity?
ii) Are there established rules for students to take
turns in speaking, listening and requesting
clarification from each other as well as from staff?
iii) Do students willingly share their knowledge and
skills?
iv) Do students refuse help politely when they do not
need it?
v) Do group activities allow students to divide up
tasks and pool what they have learnt?
vi) Do students learn how to compile a joint report
from the different contributions of a group?
vii) When others in the class are troubled, do students
help to calm them down rather than wind them up?
viii) Do students recognise that every student should
have their share of the limelight?
ix) Do students share responsibility for helping to
overcome the difficulties experienced by some
students in lessons?
x) Are students involved in assessing each other’s
learning?
xi) Are students involved in helping each other to set
educational goals?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools75
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.1 | Orchestrating learning
INDICATOR C.1.6 | Assessment contributes to the achievements of all students
i) Are all staff involved in assessing learning?
ii) Do teachers take responsibility for the progress of all students in
their lessons?
iii) Are students involved in assessing and commenting on their own
learning?
iv) Are parents/carers involved in the assessment process?
v) Do records of achievement reflect all the skills, knowledge and
experience of students, such as additional languages, other
communication systems, hobbies, interests and work experience?
vi) Are judgements on students respectful?
vii) Are assessments based on detailed observation?
viii) Is assessment directed at what is important to learn?
ix) Are assessments (including national assessments) always used
formatively to develop the learning of students?
x) Do assessments lead to modifications in teaching plans and
practice?
xi) Are there a variety of ways of demonstrating and assessing
learning that engage with differences in students’ characters,
interests and the range of their skills?
xii) Are there opportunities for assessment of work done in
collaboration with others?
xiii) Do students understand why they are being assessed?
xiv) Are students honestly informed about the consequences of
assessment, for example, when entered for different levels in
examinations?
xv) Does the feedback to students indicate what they have learnt and
what they might do next?
xvi) Is there monitoring of the achievements of different groups of
students (boys/girls/ethnic minority students/students with
impairments), so that any difficulties can be detected and
addressed?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools76
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.1 | Orchestrating learning
INDICATOR C.1.7 | Classroom discipline is based on mutual respect
i) Does the approach to discipline encourage self-
discipline?
ii) Do staff support each other to be assertive without
being angry?
iii) Do staff share their concerns and pool their knowledge
and skills in overcoming disaffection and disruption?
iv) Are classroom routines consistent and explicit?
v) Are students involved in helping to resolve classroom
difficulties?
vi) Are students involved in formulating classroom rules?
vii) Are students consulted on how to improve the
classroom atmosphere?
viii) Are students consulted on how to improve attention to
learning?
ix) Do students feel that they are treated fairly irrespective
of gender or ethnicity?
x) If there is more than one adult in the room do they
share responsibility for the smooth running of
lessons?
xi) Are there clear procedures, understood by students
and teachers, for responding to extremes of
challenging behaviour?
xii) Is it recognised by all staff and students that it is
unfair for boys to take up more of a teacher’s attention
than girls?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools77
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.1 | Orchestrating learning
INDICATOR C.1.8 | Teachers plan, teach and review in partnership
i) Do teachers share in planning schemes of work for
lessons and homework?
ii) Are teaching activities planned so as to make full
use of all adults present in the classroom?
iii) Do teachers engage in partnership teaching?
iv) Is partnership teaching used as an opportunity for
shared reflection on the learning of students?
v) Do teachers welcome comments from colleagues on,
for example, the accessibility of the language of
instruction and the participation of students in
activities?
vi) Do teachers modify their teaching in response to
the feedback from colleagues?
vii) Do classroom and support teachers share in
working with individuals, groups and the whole
class?
viii) Do teachers and other staff who work together
provide a model of collaboration for students?
ix) Do teachers engage with others in joint problem
solving when the progress of a student or group is
a cause for concern?
x) Do staff working in partnership share responsibility
for ensuring that all students participate?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools78
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.1 | Orchestrating learning
INDICATOR C.1.9 | Teaching assistants support the learning and
participation of all students
i) Are teaching assistants involved in curriculum planning and review?
ii) Are teaching assistants attached to a curriculum area rather than
particular students?
iii) Are teaching assistants concerned to increase the participation of
all students?
iv) Do teaching assistants aim to make students independent from
their direct support?
v) Do teaching assistants encourage peer support of students who
experience difficulties in learning?
vi) Are teaching assistants careful to avoid getting in the way of young
people’s relationships with their peers?
vii) Are teaching assistants given a job description which reflects the
range of duties they undertake?
viii) Are all teachers familiar with the range of activities in the job
descriptions of teaching assistants?
ix) Is the space in classrooms organised so that teaching assistants
can work with groups as well as a range of individuals?
x) Are teaching assistants paid for all the tasks they undertake, such
as attendance at meetings, preparation of teaching materials and
for training?
xi) Are the views of teaching assistants sought about the nature of
their job descriptions?
xii) Is it recognised that some students with impairments may need a
personal assistant, rather than a teaching assistant?
xiii) Are students with impairments consulted about the support they
might need and the characteristics of the person who might
provide it?
xiv) Is it recognised that personal assistants and teaching assistants
may need to take on an advocacy role for some students?
xv) Are attempts made to recruit male as well as female assistants?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools79
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.1 | Orchestrating learning
INDICATOR C.1.10 | Homework contributes to the learning of all
i) Does homework always have a clear learning aim?
ii) Is homework related to the skills and knowledge of all
students?
iii) Are there opportunities for recording homework in a
variety of ways?
iv) Does homework extend the skills and knowledge of all
students?
v) Do teachers support each other on how to set useful
homework?
vi) Are students given sufficient opportunity to clarify the
requirements of homework before the end of lessons?
vii) Are homework tasks modified if discussion reveals that
they are not meaningful or appropriate for some students?
viii) Are there opportunities to do homework on the school
premises, during lunchtime or out of school hours?
ix) Is homework integrated into curriculum planning for the
term/year?
x) Does homework encourage students to take responsibility
for their own learning?
xi) Do those who set homework ensure that it can be
completed without assistance from parents/carers?
xii) Are there opportunities for students to collaborate over
homework?
xiii) Do students have choice over homework so that they can
relate it to the development of their knowledge and
interests?
xiv) Can students use homework to sustain an area of interest
over a period of time?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools80
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.1 | Orchestrating learning
INDICATOR C.1.11 | All students take part in activities outside the classroom
i) Can all students find activities which appeal to them?
ii) Is there transport to enable students who have to travel far or
have restricted mobility, to take part in after-school events?
iii) Are all students encouraged to take part in music and drama
and physical activities?
iv) Can boys and girls take part in single-sex groups if there are
activities in which one gender predominates, such as computer
club, chess club or choir?
v) Are there opportunities for single-sex groups where mixed
activities are prohibited on cultural, religious or other grounds?
vi) Are children and young people discouraged from monopolising
the space in the playground, for example for football?
vii) Are students taught a repertoire of playground games that can
include children with a range of skills?
viii) Do students who are chosen to represent their classes reflect
the diversity of students in the school?
ix) Do students chosen to represent the school reflect the diversity
of students in the school?
x) Are school trips, including overseas visits, made accessible to
all students in the school irrespective of attainment or
impairment?
xi) Are all students given opportunities to take part in activities
outside the school?
xii) Are all students given opportunities to take part in activities
which support and benefit local communities?
xiii) Do games and PE lessons encourage sport and fitness for all?
xiv) Do sports days include activities in which everyone can take
part, irrespective of skill level or impairment?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools81
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.2 | Mobilising resources
INDICATOR C.2.1 | Student difference is used as a resource
for teaching and learning
i) Are students encouraged to pool their knowledge and
experience, for example, of different countries,
regions and areas of towns or about family histories?
ii) Is the capacity of students to give emotional
support recognised and used sensitively?
iii) Do students with more knowledge or skill in an area
sometimes tutor those with less?
iv) Are there opportunities for students of different ages
to support each other?
v) Are a wide variety of students chosen to tutor
others?
vi) Is everyone, irrespective of attainment or impairment,
seen to make an important contribution to teaching
and learning?
vii) Are the variety of languages spoken by students
used as an integral part of the curriculum and as a
linguistic resource for language work?
viii) Do students who have overcome a particular
problem pass on the benefits of their experience?
ix) Are the barriers to learning and participation of
some students, for example in gaining physical
access to a part of a building or to an aspect of the
curriculum, used as problem solving tasks or
projects?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools82
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.2 | Mobilising resources
INDICATOR C.2.2 | Staff expertise is fully utilised
i) Are all the skills and knowledge of staff known, not
just those given in their job description?
ii) Are staff encouraged to draw on and share all their
skills and knowledge to support learning?
iii) Are staff encouraged to develop their knowledge and
skills?
iv) Is the variety of languages spoken by staff used as a
resource for students?
v) Do members of staff with particular skills and
knowledge offer their help to others?
vi) Are the differences in culture and background of staff
drawn upon in curriculum development and teaching?
vii) Are there formal as well as informal opportunities for
staff to resolve concerns over students by drawing
on each other’s expertise?
viii) Do staff offer alternative perspectives on concerns
about students?
ix) Do staff learn from instructive practice and
experience in other schools?
x) Are local special school staff invited to share their
expertise with mainstream staff?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools83
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.2 | Mobilising resources
INDICATOR C.2.3 | Staff develop resources to support learning and participation
i) Do teachers develop shared, reusable resources to support
learning?
ii) Do all staff know of the resources available to support their
lessons?
iii) Does the library support independent learning?
iv) Is the library organised so that it supports the learning of all?
v) Is there a range of good quality fiction and non-fiction for all
learners in the variety of languages used by students?
vi) Are appropriately adapted curriculum materials, for example, in
large print, audiotape or Braille, available for students with
impairments?
vii) Is there a well organised video library?
viii) Are computers integrated into teaching across the curriculum?
ix) Is there a system for making effective use of educational
television programmes within the curriculum?
x) Is e-mail and the Internet used efficiently by staff to assist
teaching and learning?
xi) Are all students given opportunities to communicate with
others at a distance on paper, by telephone and by e-mail?
xii) Is the Internet used efficiently by students to help with school
work and homework?
xiii) Are cassette recorders used to support oral work across the
curriculum?
xiv) Are new technological opportunities exploited when they
become available, for example, voice recognition programmes,
as a support for students who have extreme difficulty in writing?
xv) Are worksheets used only when they are clearly understood by
students and extend their learning?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools84
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.2 | Mobilising resources
INDICATOR C.2.4 | Community resources are known and drawn upon
i) Is there a regularly updated record of resources in the
locality that can support teaching and learning?
This might include:
– museums
– art galleries,
– local religious centres
– representatives of community groups and associations,
– parish, town, city and council councils,
– local businesses
– hospitals,
– homes for the elderly,
– police service,
– fire service,
– voluntary bodies,
– sports centres and facilities,
– parks,
– water, river and canal authorities,
– politicians,
– ethnic minority leaders,
– unions,
ii) Do members of the local communities contribute to the
curriculum in school?
iii) Are parents/carers and other community members used
as a source of support in classrooms?
iv) Are disabled adults involved in supporting students in
the school?
v) Do people working in the area act as mentors to support
students experiencing difficulties?
vi) Are the resources available to some homes, such as
reference material, drawn on to support all students?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
– museums
– art galleries
– local religious centres
– representatives of
community groups and
associations
– parish, town, city and
county councils
– local businesses
– hospitals
– homes for the elderly
– police service
– fire service
– voluntary bodies
– sports centres and facilities
– parks
– water, river and canal
authorities
– politicians
– ethnic minority leaders
– unions
– citizens advice bureaux
– libraries
– city and rural farms
– countryside authorities
– heritage and ancient
building authorities
– train stations, airports,
transport authorities
– study centres
– further education colleges,
universities.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools85
indicators with questions
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.2 | Mobilising resources
INDICATOR C.2.5 | School resources are distributed fairly
so that they support inclusion
i) Is there an open and equitable distribution of
resources in the school?
ii) Is it clear how the resources are assigned to
support students of different ages and
attainments?
iii) Are resources directed at encouraging independent
learning?
iv) Are staff aware of the resources delegated to the
school to support students categorised as ‘having
special educational needs’?
v) Are resources, delegated to meet ‘special
educational needs’, used to increase the capacity
of the school to respond to diversity?
vi) Are support resources directed at preventing
barriers to learning and participation and
minimising student categorisation?
vii) Do staff review the use of delegated resources
regularly so that they can be used flexibly to
respond to the changing needs of all students?
FURTHER QUESTIONS ●
●
●
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools87
summary sheet
priorities for development
Please put a tick by any of the groups below which indicate your relationship
to the school:
Teacher Teaching assistant Other member of staff
Student Parent/carer Governor Other (specify)
Write one or two of your priorities for development of the school under the
section headings below. These might be written as an indicator or group of
indicators, a question or group of questions or an issue not covered by the
Index materials. You should consider the implications of a suggestion in one
dimension for changes in others.
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
Building community Indicators/questions/other issues:
Establishing inclusive values Indicators/questions/other issues:
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
Developing the school for all Indicators/questions/other issues:
Organising support for diversity Indicators/questions/other issues:
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
Orchestrating learning Indicators/questions/other issues:
Mobilising resources Indicators/questions/other issues:
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
Please tick the group(s) below indicating your involvement with the school:
Teacher Teaching assistant Other member of staff
Student Parent/carer Governor Other (specify)
Please put a tick in the box that indicates your opinion
DIMENSION A Creating inclusive cultures
A.1.1 Everyone is made to feel welcome.
A.1.2 Students help each other.
A.1.3 Staff collaborate with each other.
A.1.4 Staff and students treat one another with respect.
A.1.5 There is a partnership between staff and parents/carers.
A.1.6 Staff and governors work well together.
A.1.7 All local communities are involved in the school.
A.2.1 There are high expectations for all students.
A.2.2 Staff, governors, students and parents/carers share a philosophy
of inclusion.
A.2.3 Students are equally valued.
A.2.4 Staff and students treat one another as human beings as well
as occupants of a ‘role’.
A.2.5 Staff seek to remove barriers to learning and participation
in all aspects of the school.
A.2.6 The school strives to minimise all forms of discrimination.
DIMENSION B Producing inclusive policies
B.1.1 Staff appointments and promotions are fair.
B.1.2 All new staff are helped to settle into the school.
B.1.3 The school seeks to admit all students from its locality.
B.1.4 The school makes its buildings physically accessible to all people.
B.1.5 All new students are helped to settle into the school.
B.1.6 The school arranges teaching groups so that all students
are valued.
B.2.1 All forms of support are co-ordinated.
B.2.2 Staff development activities help staff to respond to student
diversity.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools88
questionnaire 1
indicators
continues
definitely agree
agree to some extent
disagree
need more
information
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools89
questionnaire 1
B.2.3 ‘Special educational needs’ policies are inclusion policies.
B.2.4 The Special Educational Needs Code of Practice is used to
reduce the barriers to learning and participation of all students.
B.2.5 Support for those learning English as an additional language
is co-ordinated with learning support.
B.2.6 Pastoral and behaviour support policies are linked to
curriculum development and learning support policies.
B.2.7 Pressures for disciplinary exclusion are decreased.
B.2.8 Barriers to attendance are reduced.
B.2.9 Bullying is minimised.
DIMENSION C Evolving inclusive practices
C.1.1 Teaching is planned with the learning of all students in mind.
C.1.2 Lessons encourage the participation of all students.
C.1.3 Lessons develop an understanding of difference.
C.1.4 Students are actively involved in their own learning.
C.1.5 Students learn collaboratively.
C.1.6 Assessment contributes to the achievements of all students.
C.1.7 Classroom discipline is based on mutual respect.
C.1.8 Teachers plan, teach and review in partnership.
C.1.9 Teaching assistants support the learning and
participation of all students.
C.1.10 Homework contributes to the learning of all.
C.1.11 All students take part in activities outside the classroom.
C.2.1 Student difference is used as a resource for teaching and learning.
C.2.2 Staff expertise is fully utilised.
C.2.3 Staff develop resources to support learning and participation.
C.2.4 Community resources are known and drawn upon.
C.2.5 School resources are distributed fairly so that they support inclusion.
Priorities for development
1 ____________________________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________________________
3 ____________________________________________________________________________________
4 ____________________________________________________________________________________
5 ____________________________________________________________________________________
definitely agree
agree to some extent
disagree
need more
information
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools90
questionnaire 2
adapted indicators
(students and parents/carers)
Please put a tick in the box that indicates your opinion
Cultures
1 Everyone is made to feel welcome at this school.
2 Students help each other.
3 Staff work well with each other.
4 Staff and students treat one another with respect.
5 Parents feel involved in the school.
6 Staff and governors work well together.
7 Teachers do not favour one group of children and young
people over another.
8 Teachers try to help all students to do their best.
9 Teachers think all students are equally important.
Policies
10 The school makes it easy for children and young people with
impairments to come to this school.
11 When you first join this school you are helped to feel settled.
12 Teachers like teaching all their classes.
13 The teachers try to sort out difficulties over behaviour without
wanting children to leave the school.
14 The teachers work hard to make the school a good place
to come to.
15 Everything possible is done to stop bullying.
Practices
16 Teachers try to make the lessons easy to understand for
everyone.
17 Students are taught to appreciate people who have
different backgrounds to their own.
continues
definitely agree
agree to some extent
disagree
Please indicate:
Student Parent/carer
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools91
questionnaire 2
18 Students generally know what will be taught next in lessons.
19 In lessons teachers expect students to help each other.
20 In most lessons students and teachers behave well
towards each other.
21 Teachers help everyone who has difficulties with lessons.
22 Teaching assistants work with anyone who needs help.
23 Homework helps with learning and is properly explained.
24 Activities are arranged outside of lessons which interest
everyone.
What three changes would you like to see at the school?
1 _______________________________________________________________________________
2 _______________________________________________________________________________
3 _______________________________________________________________________________
definitely agree
agree to some extent
disagree
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools92
questionnaire 3
my primary school
1 Sometimes I do class work in pairs with a friend.
2 Sometimes my class is divided into groups for
work.
3 I help my friends with their work when they get
stuck.
4 My friends help me with my work when I get
stuck.
5 My work is put on the walls for other people
to see.
6 My teacher likes to listen to my ideas.
7 My teacher likes to help me with my work.
8 I like to help my teacher when she or he has
jobs that need doing.
9 I think our classroom rules are fair.
10 Some of the children in my class call others
by unkind names.
11 Sometimes I am bullied in the playground.
12 When I feel unhappy at school there is always
an adult to look after me.
13 When children in my class quarrel, the teacher
sorts it out fairly.
I am a girl I am a boy
I am in class _____________
continues
I agree
I agree to some extent
I disagree
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools93
questionnaire 3
14 I think setting targets for the term helps my
work to improve.
15 Sometimes my teacher lets me choose what
work to do.
16 I feel pleased with myself when I’ve done
a good piece of work.
17 When I have homework I usually understand
what I’m supposed to do.
18 My teacher likes me to tell her or him about
what I do at home.
19 My family thinks this is a good school.
20 If I am away from school my class teacher
asks me where I have been.
The three things I like best about my school are
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 __________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
The three things I don’t really like about my school are
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 __________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
Thank you for your help!
I agree
I agree to some extent
I disagree
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools94
questionnaire 4
my secondary school
1 In lessons I often work with other students in pairs and
small groups.
2 I enjoy most of my lessons.
3 When I have a problem with my work I ask the teachers
for help.
4 I am learning a lot in this school.
5 My friends help me in class when I am stuck with my work.
6 Having a teaching assistant in some of my lessons
helps me with my learning.
7 In lessons teachers are interested in listening to my ideas.
8 Teachers don’t mind if I make mistakes in my work as long
as I try my best.
9 My work is displayed on the walls in the school.
10 The staff at this school are friendly to me.
11 I think the teachers are fair when they punish a student.
12 I think the teachers are fair when they praise a student.
13 I think some teachers like certain students more than others.
14 When I am given homework I usually understand what I have
to do.
15 I usually do the homework I am given.
16 Most of the time I like being at school.
17 This school was the one I wanted to come to when I left
my primary school.
18 I think this is the best school in the area.
I am female I am male
I am in year _____________
continues
I agree
I agree to some extent
I disagree
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools95
questionnaire 4
19 My family thinks this is a good school.
20 It’s good to have students from different backgrounds in
this school.
21 Disabled students are treated with respect at this school.
22 Any student who lives near to this school is welcome to
come here.
23 If you really misbehave at this school you will be sent home.
24 The school is right to send a student home if they have
behaved badly.
25 I have some good friends in this school.
26 I worry about being called names at school.
27 I worry about being bullied at school.
28 If anyone bullied me I would tell a teacher.
29 At lunchtimes I sometimes join in clubs or do sports practice.
30 After school I sometimes join in clubs or do sports practice.
31 There are places in the school I can go to be
comfortable at lunchtimes.
32 I like my form tutor.
33 My form tutor likes me.
34 If I have been away from school for a day my form tutor
wants to know where I have been.
These are the three things I would most like to change about this school
1 __________________________________________________________________________________
2 __________________________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________________________
Thank you for your help!
I agree
I agree to some extent
I disagree
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
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index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools96
questionnaire 5
secondary parents/carers
1 This school was my first choice for my child(ren).
2 My child(ren) wanted to come to this school.
3 The information I was given when my child(ren) first came
to the school was excellent.
4 The half-termly newsletters keep me up-to-date with
changes at the school.
5 I think the school keeps me well informed about my
child(ren)’s progress.
6 I think the staff are friendly towards me and other parents/carers.
7 When I am concerned about my son’s/daughter’s progress
at school I know who to contact.
8 If I tell staff of concerns I have about my child(ren)’s progress
I am confident that my views will be taken seriously.
9 The school provides clear information about how I can help
my child(ren) with their school work at home.
10 My child(ren) enjoy being at this school.
11 I think the staff work harder to help some students than others.
12 All children who live locally are welcome at the school.
13 All families are equally valued whatever their backgrounds.
14 Bullying is a problem at the school.
15 If a student misbehaves it is right to send them home.
16 If a student continually misbehaves they should be excluded
permanently from the school.
Please tick any year group in which you have a child at this school
year 7 year 8 year 9 year 10
year 11 sixth form
Then tick one box in response to
each statement in the table below.
continues
definitely agree
agree to some extent
disagree
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools97
questionnaire 5
17 My child(ren) regularly join in with clubs and other activities
taking place in the lunchtimes and after school.
18 Before changes are made in the school parents are asked for
their views.
19 Parents who get involved in helping the school are valued
more highly by staff than those who do not.
20 Staff at this school encourage all students to do their best,
not just the most able.
Thank you for completing the questionnaire.
Please add below any other comments about the school
which might help to make it a better place for your child(ren).
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
definitely agree
agree to some extent
disagree
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
Ainscow, M. (1991) Effective schools for all, London, Fulton.
Ainscow, M., Hopkins, D., Southworth, G. and West, M. (1996) Creating the
conditions for school improvement, London, Fulton.
Ainscow, M. (1999) Understanding the development of inclusive schools,
London, Falmer.
Alliance for Inclusive Education (2001) The Inclusion Assistant – Helping young
people with high level support needs in mainstream education, London, AIE.
Armstrong, F., Armstrong, D. and Barton, L. (1999) (eds) Inclusive education:
policy, contexts and comparative perspectives, London, Fulton.
Balshaw, M. (1999) Help in the classroom (2nd edition), London, Fulton.
Barrow, G. (1998) Disaffection and inclusion: Merton’s mainstream approach to
difficult behaviour, Bristol, CSIE.
Bearne, E. (1996) Differentiation and diversity in the primary curriculum,
London, Routledge.
Blair, M. and Bourne, J. with Coffin, C., Creese, A. and Kenner, C. (1999) Making
the difference: teaching and learning strategies in successful multi-ethnic
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Booth, T., Swann, W. and Masterton, M. (eds) (1992) Curricula for diversity in
education, London, Routledge.
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education, London, Routledge.
Booth, T. and Ainscow, M. (1998) From them to us: an international study of
inclusion in education, London, Routledge.
Clark, C., Dyson, A. and Millward, A. (eds) (1995) Towards inclusive schools?
London, Fulton.
Commission for Racial Equality (2000) Auditing for equality, London, CRE.
Denman, S., Moon, A., Parsons, C. and Stears, D. (2002) The health promoting
school, London, Falmer.
Department for Education and Employment (1999) ‘Inclusion: providing
effective learning opportunities for all pupils’, in The national curriculum
handbook for primary teachers in England, London, DfEE.
Department for Education and Employment (2000) Working with teaching
assistants: a good practice guide, London, DfEE.
Department for Education and Employment (2000) Guidance on the education
of children and young people in care, London, DfEE.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools99
further reading
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools100
Department for Education and Employment (2001) Inclusive school design:
accommodating pupils with special educational needs and disabilities in
mainstream schools, London, DfEE.
Department for Education and Skills (2001) Statutory guidance. Inclusive
schooling, children with special educational needs, London, DfES.
Dixon, A., Drummond, M. J., Hart, S. and McIntyre, D. (2002) Learning without
limits, Milton Keynes, Open University Press.
Drummond, M. J. (1993) Assessing children’s learning, London, David Fulton.
Eichinger, J., Meyer, L. H. and D’Aquanni, M. (1996) ‘Evolving best practices for
learners with severe disabilities’, Special education leadership review, pp.1-13.
The Employers Organisation for Local Government (2001) The equality
standard, London, EOLG.
Epstein, D. (ed) (1998) Failing boys? Issues in gender and achievement,
Buckingham, Open University Press.
Farrell, P., Balshaw, M. and Polat, F. (1999) The management role and training
of learning support assistants, London, DfEE.
Gillborn, D. and Gipps, C. (1996) Recent research on the achievement of ethnic
minority pupils, London, HMSO.
Hart, S. (1996) Beyond special needs: enhancing children’s learning through
innovative thinking, London, Paul Chapman.
Hart, S. (ed) (1996) Differentiation and the secondary curriculum, London,
Routledge.
Hart, S. (2000) Thinking through teaching, London, David Fulton.
Hudak, G. M. and Kahn, P. (eds) Labelling: pedagogy and politics, London,
Routledge.
Jordan, L. and Goodey, C. (2002) Human rights and school change: the
Newham story, Bristol, CSIE.
Language and Curriculum Access Service (LCAS) (1999) Enabling progress in
multilingual classrooms, London, London Borough of Enfield.
Leicester, M. (1991) Equal opportunities in school: sexuality, race, gender and
special needs, Harlow, Longman.
Lipsky, D. and Gartner, A. (1997) Inclusion and school reform: transforming
America’s classrooms, Baltimore, P. Brookes Publishing.
Louis, K. S. and Miles, M. (1990) Improving the urban high school: what works
and why, London, Teachers College.
MacBeith, J., Boyd, B., Rand, J. and Bell, S. (1996) Schools speak for
themselves, London, National Union of Teachers.
Macpherson, W. (1999) The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (Macpherson Report),
Command Paper 4261 vol 1, London, Stationery Office.
Marlowe, B. A. and Page, M. L. (1998) Creating and sustaining the
constructivist classroom, London, Corwin Press/Sage.
Murphy, P. F. and Gipps, C. (1999) Equity in the classroom: towards effective
pedagogy for girls and boys, London, Falmer and UNESCO.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools101
Office for Standards in Education (1999) Raising the attainment of ethnic
minority pupils: school and local education authority responses, London, Ofsted.
Potts, P., Armstrong, F. and Masterton, M. (1995) Equality and diversity in
education: learning, teaching and managing schools, London, Routledge.
Potts, P. (ed) (2002) Inclusion in the city, London, Routledge.
Riddell, S. (1992) Gender and the politics of the curriculum, London, Routledge.
Rieser, R. and Mason, M. (eds) (1990) Disability equality in the classroom: a
human rights issue, London, ILEA.
Rogers, R. (1996) Developing an inclusive policy for your school, Bristol, CSIE.
Rustemier, S. (2002) Social and educational justice: the human rights
framework for inclusion, Bristol, CSIE.
Sapon-Shevin, M. (1999) Because we can change the world; a practical guide to
building co-operative, inclusive classroom communities, Boston, Allyn and Bacon.
Sebba, J. and Ainscow, M. (1996) ‘International developments in inclusive
education: mapping the issues’, Cambridge Journal of Education 26 (1), pp.5-18.
Sebba, J. with Sachdev, D. (1997) What works in inclusive education? Ilford,
Barnardo’s.
Shaw, L. (1998) Inclusion in action, audio tape pack and guidebook, Bristol,
CSIE.
Shaw, L. (2001) Learning supporters and inclusion – roles, rewards, concerns
and challenges, Bristol, CSIE.
Stobbs, P. and Rieser, R. (2002) Making it work. Removing disability
discrimination: are you ready? London, National Children’s Bureau.
Thomas, G., Walker, D. and Webb, J. (1998) The making of the inclusive school,
London, Routledge.
United Nations (1989) UN Convention on the rights of the child, London, UNICEF.
UNESCO (1994) The Salamanca statement and framework for action on special
needs education, Paris, UNESCO.
Vaughan, M. (1995) Inclusive education in Australia: policy development and
research. In Potts, P., Armstrong, F. and Masterson, M. (eds) Equality and
diversity in education: national and international contexts, London, Routledge.
Warwick, I. and Douglas, N. (2001) Safe for all: a best practice guide to prevent
homophobic bullying in secondary schools, London, Citizenship 21.
Weekes, D. and Wright, C. (1998) Improving practice: a whole school approach
to raising the achievement of African Caribbean Youth, Nottingham, The
Runnymede Trust.
Wertheimer, Alison (1997) Inclusive education: a framework for change, Bristol,
CSIE.
Wilson, C. and Jade, R. (1999) Talking and listening to disabled young people
at school, London, Alliance for Inclusive Education.
Winter, R. (1989) Learning from experience: principles and practice in actionresearch,
London, Falmer.
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.
index for inclusion developing learning and participation in schools102
Disability Equality in Education (DEE)
Training for Inclusion
Disability Equality in Education complements the work of the Index.
Disabled people are oppressed by a deeply rooted ‘disablist’ ideology.
This is associated with a ‘medical’ model in which problems are seen
as arising from an individual’s impairment rather than from the
barriers to participation created by society. In a ‘social model’,
barriers in the school environment, organisation and attitudes are
seen as the major obstacles to inclusion. DEE offers schools training
for whole or half days led by two disabled Disability Equality Trainers
for Inclusion, who develop thinking about this social model. A
national network of Trainers for Inclusion has been established by
DEE with the support of the Department for Education and Skills with
further development funded by the Community Fund. This work has
been developed over the last ten years by Richard Rieser and
Michelene Mason following the publication of Disability equality in
the classroom: a human rights issue by the Inner London Education
Authority in 1990.
For more information contact:
Disability Equality in Education
Unit GL
Leroy House
436 Essex Road
London N1 3QP
telephone 020 7359 2855
fax 020 7354 3372
e-mail r.rieser@btinternet.com
web www.diseed.org.uk
© 2002 CSIE. Booth, T and Ainscow, M (2002) Index for Inclusion: developing learning and participation in schools.
This version has been prepared for display on the CSIE and EENET websites and can only be used for non commercial education purposes,
on the condition that the source is acknowledged.