Key world energy statistics s and tablets iea International Energy Agency Secure Sustainable Together 2016 KEY WORLD ENERGY STATISTICS IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland s*cure Sus^ France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA. Foreword The IEA was established in November 1974 to promote energy security and provide authoritative analysis on energy for its member countries and beyond. From the beginning, energy statistics have been and remain at the heart of all the work of the IEA. They provide a comprehensive view on energy production, transformation and final use, the factors that influence energy choices such as prices and RD&D and the wider impact of energy use on C02 emissions. Over the years with the cooperation of energy statisticians around the world, the IEA has gained recognition as one of the world's most authoritative sources for energy statistics. The purpose of producing energy statistics is to use them to monitor changes in energy production and use, inform debate and provide a wider understanding of energy. In Key World Energy Statistics (KWES), we look to highlight some of the key facts and trends from across the vast number of datasets the IEA produces to enable everyone to know more about energy. So if you want to know who are the top ten producers of oil or coal or the leading exporters of gas, what has been the evolution of electricity production since 1971, how energy use contributes to C02 emissions or if you simply want to see the world picture of energy production and use - that information and more is in KWES. KWES is a summary of the comprehensive data made available by the IEA via its website: http://www.iea.org/statistics/. It is also available in app form for all major mobile devices. Because energy plays such a vital role in our lives today, I hope that these statistics will not only inform but also help policymakers and others to make wise decisions so that energy is produced and consumed in a secure, affordable, efficient and sustainable manner. As I like to say, in the world of energy, data always wins. I would therefore like to thank Duncan Millard, the IEA Chief Statistician and his excellent team for their work in ensuring we all have the data needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of energy. Dr. Fatih Birol Executive Director, International Energy Agency T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Supply Transformation Consumption Energy balances Prices Emissions Energy indicators Conversion factors Glossary Total primary energy supply by fuel World World1 total primary energy supply (TPES) from 1971 to 2014 by fuel (Mtoe) Natural gas Biofuels and waste 2010 2014 Nuclear Other3 1973 and 2014 fuel shares of TPES 6 1. World includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. 2. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 3. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc. Total primary energy supply by fuel OECD OECD total primary energy supply1 from 1971 to 2015 by fuel (Mtoe) □ Coal2 □ Oil □ Natural gas □ Nuclear UZ\ Hydro EZI Biofuels and waste IZZI Other3 1. Excludes electricity trade. 2. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 3. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc. 7 Total primary energy supply by region World World total primary energy supply from 1971 to 2014 by region (Mtoe) 1971 1975 UOECD □ China 2010 2014 □ Middle East Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Asia1 Non-OECD Americas I_I Africa Bunkers2 1973 and 2014 regional shares of TPES 1. Asia excludes China and OECD countries of Asia. 2. Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. Total primary energy supply by region OECD OECD total primary energy supply1 from 1971 to 2015 by region (Mtoe) 1973 and 2015 regional shares of TPES1 3 740 Mtoe 1. Excludes electricity trade. 5 269 Mtoe Crude oil production Crude oil1 production from 1971 to 2015 by region (Mt) 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 □ OECD □ Middle East El Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia □ China □ Asia2 D Non-OECD Americas □ Africa 1973 and 2015 regional shares of crude oil1 production Producers, net exporters and net importers of crude oil1 2015 provisional data Producers Mt %of world total Saudi Arabia 572 13.2 United States 567 13.1 Russian Federation 533 12.3 Canada 221 5.1 People's Rep. of China 215 5.0 Iraq 175 4.0 Islamic Rep. of Iran 168 3.9 United Arab Emirates 160 3.7 Kuwait 160 3.7 Venezuela 144 3.3 Rest of the world 1 416 32.7 World 4331 100.0 2014 data 1. Includes production of crude oil, NGL, feedstocks, additives and other hydrocarbons. Excludes liquids from other fuel sources (renewable, coal and natural gas). Net exporters Mt Saudi Arabia 354 Russian Federation 222 United Arab Emirates 125 Iraq 124 Nigeria 111 Canada 104 Kuwait 101 Venezuela 91 Angola 81 Kazakhstan 64 Others 515 Total 1892 Net importers Mt United States 344 People's Rep. of China 308 India 189 Japan 165 Korea 126 Germany 89 Spain 61 Italy 59 France 54 Netherlands 54 Others 509 Total 1 958 2014 data Natural gas production Natural gas production from 1971 to 2015 by region (billion cubic metres, bcm) 1971 1975 U OECD □ China 1985 □ Middle East □ Asia1 2015 Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia □ Non-OECD Americas □ Africa 1973 and 2015 regional shares of natural gas production Producers, net exporters and net importers1 of natural gas Producers bcm %of world total United States 769 21.4 Russian Federation 638 17.8 Islamic Rep. of Iran 184 5.1 Qatar 164 4.6 Canada 164 4.6 People's Rep. of China 134 3.7 Norway 122 3.4 Saudi Arabia 87 2.4 Turkmenistan 83 2.3 Algeria 82 2.3 Rest of the world 1 163 32.4 World 3 590 100.0 2015 provisional data Net exporters bcm Russian Federation 192 Qatar 115 Norway 115 Canada 59 Turkmenistan 51 Algeria 44 Indonesia 33 Australia 28 Malaysia 25 Nigeria 25 Others 143 Total 830 2015 provisional data 1. Net exports and net imports include pipeline gas and LNG. Net importers bcm Japan 117 Germany 73 Italy 61 People's Rep. of China 56 Turkey 48 Korea 43 France 39 Mexico 37 United Kingdom 31 Spain 27 Others 280 Total 812 2015 provisional data <3 Coal production Coal1 production from 1971 to 2015 by region (Mt) 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 □ OECD □ Middle East El Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia □ China □ Asia2 □ Non-OECD Americas □ Africa 1973 and 2015 regional shares of coal1 production 1. Includes steam coal, coking coal, lignite and recovered coal. 2. Asia excludes China and OECD countries of Asia. Producers, net exporters and net importers of coal1 Producers Mt %Of world total People's Rep. of China 3 527 45.8 United States 813 10.5 India 691 9.0 Australia 509 6.6 Indonesia 469 6.1 Russian Federation 349 4.5 South Africa 252 3.3 Germany 185 2.4 Poland 136 1.8 Kazakhstan 107 1.4 Rest of the world 671 8.6 World 7 709 100.0 2015 provisional data Net exporters Mt Australia 392 Indonesia 365 Russian Federation 129 Colombia 82 South Africa 76 United States 57 Kazakhstan 27 Canada 23 DPR of Korea 19 Mongolia 14 Others 9 Total 1 193 2015 provisional data Net importers Mt India 221 People's Rep. of China 199 Japan 192 Korea 135 Chinese Taipei 66 Germany 54 Turkey 34 United Kingdom 25 Malaysia 24 Thailand 23 Others 233 Total 1206 2015 provisional data 1. Includes steam coal, coking coal, lignite and recovered coal. Nuclear production Nuclear production from 1971 to 2014 by region (TWh) 1971 1975 OECD □ Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 2010 2014 Asia1 □ China □ Other2 1973 and 2014 regional shares of nuclear production Producers TWh %of world total United States 831 32.8 France 436 17.2 Russian Federation 181 7.1 Korea 156 6.2 People's Rep. of China 133 5.2 Canada 108 4.3 Germany 97 3.8 Ukraine 88 3.5 Sweden 65 2.6 United Kingdom 64 2.5 Rest of the world 376 14.8 World 2 535 100.0 2014 data 1. Excludes countries with no nuclear production. Net installed capacity GW United States 99 France 63 Japan 42 Russian Federation 25 People's Rep. of China 24 Korea 21 Germany 14 Canada 14 Ukraine 13 Sweden 9 Rest of the world 60 World 384 2014 data Sources: IEA, International Atomic Energy Agency. Country (top-ten producers) %of nuclear In total domestic electricity generation France 78.4 Ukraine 48.6 Sweden 42.3 Korea 28.7 United States 19.2 United Kingdom 19.0 Russian Federation 17.0 Canada 16.4 Germany 15.6 People's Rep. of China 2.3 Rest of the world1 9.4 World 10.7 2014 data Hydro production Hydro production1 from 1971 to 2014 by region (TWh) 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 □ OECD □ Middle East □ Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia □ China □ Asia2 □ Non-OECD Americas □ Africa 1973 and 2014 regional shares of hydro production1 1973 Non-OECD Americas Asia2 4.3% China 2.9% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 11.6% Middle East 0.3% Africa 2.3% Ls) 1 296 TWh Non-OECD Americas 2014 -Africa 3.2% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 7.8% 3 983 TWh 1. Includes electricity production from pumped storage. 2. Asia excludes China and OECD countries of Asia. Producers TWh %of world total People's Rep. of China 1 064 26.7 Canada 383 9.6 Brazil 373 9.4 United States 282 7.1 Russian Federation 177 4.4 Norway 137 3.4 India 132 3.3 Venezuela 87 2.2 Japan 87 2.2 France 69 1.7 Rest of the world 1 192 30.0 World 3 983 100.0 2014 data 1. Includes electricity production from pumped storage. 2. Excludes countries with no hydro production. Net installed capacity GW People's Rep. of China 311 United States 102 Brazil 89 Canada 76 Russian Federation 51 Japan 50 India 40 Norway 31 France 25 Turkey 24 Rest of the world 372 World 1171 2014 data Sources: IEA, United Nations. %of Country (top-ten producers) hydro in total domestic electricity generation Norway 96.0 Venezuela 68.3 Brazil 63.2 Canada 58.3 People's Rep. of China 18.7 Russian Federation 16.7 France 12.2 India 10.2 Japan 8.4 United States 6.5 Rest of the world2 15.6 World 16.7 2014 data Refining by product World refinery output from 1971 to 2014 by product (Mt) 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 CH LPG/ethane/naphtha CH Motor gasoline CH Aviation fuels □ Middle distillates Fuel oil IZI Other products 1973 and 2014 shares of refinery output by product 1973 2014 2 719 Mt 3 959 Mt Producers, net exporters and net importers of oil products Producers Mt %of world total United States 820 20.7 People's Rep. of China 485 12.3 Russian Federation 283 7.1 India 228 5.8 Japan 163 4.1 Korea 129 3.3 Brazil 113 2.9 Saudi Arabia 107 2.7 Germany 97 2.5 Canada 89 2.2 Rest of the world 1445 36.4 World 3959 100.0 2014 data 1. The discrepancy between total net exports and total net imports arises from different data sources and possible misallocation of bunkers into exports for some countries. Net exporters Mt Russian Federation 116 United States 86 India 45 Saudi Arabia 41 Kuwait 29 Algeria 21 Venezuela 21 Qatar 20 Korea 19 Belarus 14 Others 141 Total1 553 2014 data f Net importers Mt Japan 29 Singapore 26 Indonesia 23 France 22 Mexico 19 Australia 18 Brazil 18 Germany 16 Hong Kong, China 16 Turkey 16 Others 294 Total1 497 2014 data Refining by region World refinery intake1 from 1971 to 2014 by region (Mt) 1971 1975 □ OECD □ China 2010 2014 D Middle East D Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia □ Asia2 D Non-OECD Americas □ Africa 1973 and 2014 regional shares of refinery intake1 1973 Non-OECD Americas 8.8% Asia2 3.3% China 1.5% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 13.9% Middle East 3.7% Africa 1.8% 2 739 Mt Non-OECD Americas 2014 Africa 2.7% China 12.5% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 9.5% 4 045 Mt 1. Includes crude oil, NGL, refinery feedstocks, additives and other hydrocarbons. 2. Asia excludes China and OECD countries of Asia. East 8.3% Refinery capacity, net exporters and net importers of oil1 2015 data Crude %of distillation kb/cd world capacity total United States 17 996 18.5 People's Rep. of China 13160 13.5 Russian Federation 6 291 6.5 India 4 694 4.8 Japan 3 865 4.0 Korea 3 296 3.4 Saudi Arabia 2 906 3.0 Brazil 2 175 2.2 Germany 2 022 2.1 Canada 1 980 2.0 Rest of the world 38 813 40.0 World 97198 100.0 Net exporters Mt Saudi Arabia 396 Russian Federation 338 Kuwait 131 United Arab Emirates 117 Canada 114 Venezuela 112 Iraq 110 Nigeria 103 Angola 77 Norway 74 Others 506 Total 2 078 2014 data Net importers Mt People's Rep. of China 320 United States 258 Japan 195 India 145 Korea 107 Germany 105 France 76 Singapore 67 Spain 58 Italy 50 Others 707 Total 2088 1. Includes crude oil and oil products. 2014 data Electricity generation by fuel World electricity generation1 from 1971 to 2014 by fuel (TWh) 1971 1975 Fossil thermal Nuclear Hydro 2010 2014 Other2 1973 and 2014 fuel shares of electricity generation1 1973 2014 Natural gas I2.l% Nuclear 3.3% Other2 0.6% 6 131 TWh Natural gas 21.6% Nuclear 10.6% Other2 6.3% 23 816 TWh 1. Excludes electricity generation from pumped storage. 2. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc. 3. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. Electricity production from fossil fuels Coal1 TWh People's Rep. of China 4115 United States 1 713 India 967 Japan 349 Germany 285 South Africa 232 Korea 232 Russian Federation 158 Australia 152 Poland 132 Rest of the world 1 372 World 9 707 2014 data Oil TWh Saudi Arabia 152 Japan 116 Islamic Rep. of Iran 59 Iraq 50 Kuwait 43 Pakistan 42 United States 40 Brazil 35 Mexico 33 Indonesia 26 Rest of the world 427 World 1023 2014 data Natural gas TWh United States 1 161 Russian Federation 533 Japan 421 Islamic Rep. of Iran 196 Mexico 172 Saudi Arabia 160 Egypt 135 Korea 130 Turkey 121 Thailand 119 Rest of the world 2 007 World 5155 2014 data 1. In this table, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. Electricity generation by region World electricity generation1 from 1971 to 2014 by region (TWh) U OECD □ China 1985 □ Middle East □ Asia2 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia □ Non-OECD Americas □ Africa 1973 and 2014 regional shares of electricity generation1 Producers, net exporters and net importers of electricity Producers1 TWh %of world total People's Rep, of China 5 666 23.8 United States 4 319 18.1 India 1 287 5.4 Russian Federation 1 062 4.5 Japan 1 036 4.4 Canada 656 2.8 Germany 622 2.6 Brazil 591 2.5 France 557 2.3 Korea 546 2.3 Rest of the world 7 474 31.3 World 23 816 100.0 2014 data Net exporters TWh France 67 Canada 46 Paraguay 41 Germany 34 Czech Republic 16 Sweden 16 Norway 16 People's Rep. of China 11 Bulgaria 9 Ukraine 8 Others 64 Total 328 2014 data 1. Gross production minus production from pumped storage plants. Net importers TWh United States 53 Italy 44 Brazil 34 United Kingdom 21 Finland 18 Belgium 18 Netherlands 15 Hungary 13 Iraq 12 Thailand 11 Others 117 Total 356 2014 data Total final consumption by fuel World World1 total final consumption from 1971 to 2014 by fuel (Mtoe) 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 □ Coal2 □ Oil □ Natural gas □ Biofuels and waste3 ■ Electricity ■ Other4 1973 and 2014 fuel shares of total final consumption 1973 2014 Electricity 9.4% Biofuels and waste3 13.1% Natural gas 14.0% 4 661 Mtoe Biofuels and waste3 12.2% Natural gas 15.1% 9 425 Mtoe 1. World includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. 2. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 3. Data for biofuels and waste final consumption have been estimated for a number of countries. 4. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc. Total final consumption by fuel OECD OECD total final consumption from 1971 to 2014 by fuel (Mtoe) 1971 1975 Coal1 Biofuels and waste I_I Oil I I Electricity 1973 and 2014 fuel shares of total final consumption 2010 2014 Natural gas Other2 Total final consumption by region 10 000 World World total final consumption1 from 1971 to 2014 by region (Mtoe) 1971 1975 UOECD □ China 2010 2014 □ Middle East Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Asia2 D Non-OECD Americas D Africa D Bunkers3 1973 and 2014 regional shares of total final consumption1 1973 Non-OECD -, r Africa 3.7% Americas 3.6% Asia2 6.3% China 7.8% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 13.6% Middle East 0.7% Bunkers3 4.0% 4 661 Mtoe 2014 Africa 5.9%- ^ Bunkers3 3.9% Non-OECD Americas 5.0% Asia212.9% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 7.6% Middle East 5.1% 9 425 Mtoe 1. Data for biofuels and waste final consumption have been estimated for a number of countries. 2. Asia excludes China and OECD countries of Asia. 3. Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. Total final consumption by region __OECD__ OECD total final consumption from 1971 to 2014 by region (Mtoe) J_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I— 1971 1975 1980 ZU OECD Americas 1985 1990 1995 OECD Asia Oceania 2010 2014 OECD Europe 1974 and 2014 regional shares of total final consumption 1973 2014 OECD Asia Oceania 10.7% OECD Asia Oceania 15.9% OECD Europe 32.3% 2 816 Mtoe 3 629 Mtoe (3 Total final consumption by sector Coal1 Total final consumption from 1971 to 2014 by sector (Mtoe) 1971 1975 Industry Transport □ Other2 2010 2014 Non-energy use 1973 and 2014 shares of world coal1 consumption 1973 Non-energy use 1.0% Transport 5.0% 631 Mtoe 2014 Non-energy use 5.5% Transport 0.3% 1 075 Mtoe E) 1. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Includes agriculture, commercial and public services, residential, and non-specified other. Total final consumption by sector Oil Total final consumption from 1971 to 2014 by sector (Mtoe) 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 Industry IZI Transport IZI Other1 □ Non-energy use 1973 and 2014 shares of world oil consumption 1. Includes agriculture, commercial and public services, and non-specified other. residential, Total final consumption by sector Natural gas Total final consumption from 1971 to 2014 by sector (Mtoe) 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 IZI Industry IZI Transport IZI Other1 d Non-energy use 1973 and 2014 shares of world natural gas consumption 1. Includes agriculture, commercial and public services, residential, and non-specified other. Total final consumption by sector Electricity Total final consumption from 1971 to 2014 by sector (Mtoe) 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 □ Industry CH Transport CH Other1 1973 and 2014 shares of world electricity consumption 1973 Other1 44.2% Industry 53.4% 2014 Other1 56.0% Industry 42.5% Transport. 2.4% Transport 1.5% 440 Mtoe 1 706 Mtoe 1. Includes agriculture, commercial and public services, residential, and non-specified other. Simplified energy balance table World 1973 (Mtoe) SUPPLY AND Coal1 Crude Oil Natural Nuclear Hydro Biofuels Other3 Total CONSUMPTION oil products gas and waste2 Production 1474.00 2938.38 990.98 53.05 110.31 640.84 6.13 6213.69 Imports 140.06 1561.97 409.59 73.40 0.13 8.15 2193.29 Exports ■130.35 ■1613.00 ■442.94 ■72.56 -0.19 -8.31 -2267.34 Stock changes 12.48 ■19.81 ■16.37 ■15.09 0.06 -38.74 TPES 1496.19 2867.54 ■49.73 976.73 53.05 110.31 640.84 5.96 6100.90 Transfers ■46.76 48.78 2.02 Statistical diff. 0.99 12.13 ■6.18 4.78 -0.17 -0.19 11.35 Electricity plants ■555.56 ■22.91 ■318.13 ■160.00 ■52.95 -110.31 -2.21 503.74 -718.32 CHP plants ■86.40 ■28.62 ■50.84 -0.101 -1.11 100.96 -66.10 Heat plants ■7.81 ■0.90 ■0.68 -0.80 7.11 -3.08 Blastfurnaces ■81.58 ■2.72 -0.06 -84.35 Gas works 9.85 ■0.60 ■9.07 ■6.18 -6.01 Coke ovens4 ■99.54 ■0.68 ■0.19 -0.02 -100.43 Oil refineries ■2782.93 2762.10 -20.82 Petchem. plants 5.09 ■5.37 -0.28 Liquefaction plants ■0.73 0.23 -0.50 Other transf. ■0.12 ■0.03 -27.02 -27.17 Energy ind. own use ■34.93 ■2.59 ■158.81 ■105.99 -0.20 -57.68 -360.18 Losses ■9.06 ■7.07 ■0.27 ■6.03 -0.25 -43.15 -65.83 TFC 631.43 22.14 2230.28 651.57 609.10 516.76 4661.19 Industry 355.69 16.41 432.59 356.29 86.59 286.91 1534.49 Transport5 31.88 1 020.83 17.72 0.24 10.60 1081.26 Other 237.85 0.00 520.41 259.19 522.18 219.26 1758.88 Non-energy use 6.01 5.73 256.45 18.37 286.56 1. In this table, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Data for biofuels and waste final consumption have been estimated for a number of countries. 3. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat and electricity trade. 4. Also includes patent fuel, BKB and peat briquette plants. 5. Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. Simplified energy balance table World 2014 (Mtoe) SUPPLY AND Coal1 Crude Oil Natural Nuclear Hydro Biofuels Other3 Total D CONSUMPTION oil products gas and waste2 a I Production 3976.14 4308.45 2928.32 661.35 334.94 1413.06 183.17 13805.44 i Imports 842.15 2213.37 1193.32 844.32 20.22 61.73 5175.12 a Exports ■863.14 ■2159.50 ■1 242.64 ■863.25 ■18.97 ■59.35 ■5206.85 n Stock changes ■36.66 ■12.46 ■15.23 ■8.81 ■1.41 ■74.58 c TPES 3918.49 4349.86 ■64.56 2900.58 661.35 334.94 1412.91 185.55 13699.13 e Transfers ■0.47 ■204.86 231.24 25.92 Statistical diff. ■21.91 0.12 4.51 14.68 0.16 ■0.94 ■3.38 s Electricity plants ■2112.98 ■40.62 ■201.89 ■771.07 ■653.73 -334.94 ■95.03 1 726.81 ■2483.47 CHP plants ■164.61 ■0.01 ■17.07 ■307.53 ■7.62 1 ■57.43 325.45 ■228.81 Heat plants ■130.32 ■0.68 ■13.19 ■78.82 ■11.45 178.30 ■56.17 Blast furnaces ■209.84 ■0.38 ■0.16 ■0.05 ■210.43 Gas works ■10.92 ■2.73 5.08 ■0.09 ■8.67 Coke ovens4 ■76.25 ■2.80 ■0.01 ■0.12 ■79.19 Oil refineries ■4123.03 4049.60 ■73.43 Petchem. plants 33.00 ■32.62 0.38 Liquefaction plants ■9.67 14.03 ■17.42 ■13.07 Other transf. ■0.43 10.07 ■0.52 ■11.88 ■82.90 ■0.73 ■86.40 Energy ind. own use ■101.76 ■11.42 ■205.29 ■291.69 ■13.94 ■209.33 ■833.44 Losses ■3.89 ■8.90 ■0.65 ■21.77 ■0.19 ■188.89 ■224.29 TFC 1075.42 17.57 3743.64 1419.98 1151.86 2016.21 9424.69 Industry 858.49 6.80 294.67 548.54 193.52 849.15 2751.17 Transport5 2.86 2426.33 97.90 73.89 26.04 2627.02 Other 155.39 0.18 424.53 613.41 884.45 1141.03 3218.98 Non-energy use 58.68 10.60 598.11 160.13 827.52 1. In this table, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Data for biofuels and waste final consumption have been estimated for a number of countries. 3. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat and electricity trade. 4. Also includes patent fuel, BKB and peat briquette plants. 5. Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. Simplified energy balance table OECD 1973 (Mtoe) SUPPLY AND Coal1 Crude Oil Natural Nuclear Hydro Biofuels Other3 Total CONSUMPTION oil products gas and waste2 Production 819.10 710.51 706.22 49.22 78.94 87.29 6.13 2457.41 Imports 121.92 1 277.50 336.20 62.55 0.03 7.55 1805.76 Exports ■111.10 ■63.59 ■172.72 ■50.38 -0.01 -7.01 -404.81 Intl. marine bunkers ■73.65 -73.65 Intl. aviation bunkers ■24.64 -24.64 Stock changes 14.54 ■10.78 ■11.36 ■12.07 0.06 -19.62 TPES 844.46 1913.65 53.83 706.32 49.22 78.94 87.36 6.66 3740.45 Transfers ■41.28 42.49 1.22 Statistical diff. 14.80 11.29 2.56 ■5.61 -0.00 0.00 23.04 Electricity plants ■387.59 ■20.61 ■228.38 ■108.33 ■49.12 -78.94 -1.43 364.70 -509.71 CHP plants ■52.07 ■7.89 ■11.64 -0.101 -0.75 30.94 -41.51 Heat plants ■7.81 ■0.90 ■0.68 -0.80 7.11 -3.08 Blastfurnaces ■65.52 ■2.72 -68.24 Gas works 11.02 ■0.60 ■8.72 ■6.37 -4.68 Coke ovens4 ■25.70 ■0.68 ■0.19 -0.02 -26.59 Oil refineries ■1865.97 1868.42 2.45 Petrochem. plants 4.88 ■5.16 -0.28 Liquefaction plants 0.02 0.02 Other transf. ■0.12 ■0.03 -0.15 Energy ind. own use ■24.53 ■0.99 ■128.88 ■72.36 -0.07 -33.38 -260.20 Losses ■3.80 ■0.23 ■2.63 -30.54 -37.20 TFC 303.27 0.39 1583.63 498.48 84.30 345.49 2815.56 Industry 182.79 0.39 312.91 250.44 42.26 169.41 958.18 Transport 7.34 665.68 17.00 5.30 695.32 Other 110.05 393.09 225.47 42.04 170.78 941.43 Non-energy use 3.10 211.95 5.58 220.63 1. In this table, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Data for biofuels and waste final consumption have been estimated for a number of countries. 3. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat and electricity trade. 4. Also includes patent fuel, BKB and peat briquette plants. Simplified energy balance table OECD 2014 (Mtoe) SUPPLY AND Coal1 Crude Oil Natural Nuclear Hydro Blofuels Other3 Total D CONSUMPTION oil products gas and a waste2 I Production 976.17 1 092.20 1 046.09 516.27 120.47 293.81 98.92 4143.93 i Imports 405.60 1371.96 562.67 618.98 18.06 41.23 3018.50 a Exports ■361.92 ■397.21 ■578.73 ■306.56 ■11.75 ■40.83 ■1 697.00 n Intl. marine bunkers ■69.87 ■0.08 ■69.95 /-\ Intl. aviation bunkers ■91.47 ■91.47 u Stock changes ■7.39 ■5.23 ■3.21 ■14.67 ■0.25 ■30.75 e TPES 1012.46 2061.71 ■180.60 1343.84 516.27 120.47 299.79 99.32 5273.27 s Transfers ■80.77 96.86 16.10 Statistical diff. ■11.23 3.13 1.02 9.67 0.27 ■0.61 2.25 Electricity plants ■725.07 ■5.87 ■44.25 ■364.36 ■509.18 -120.47 ■47.28 752.11 ■1064.37 CHP plants ■73.20 ■11.45 ■103.39 ■7.091 ■45.41 141.18 ■99.35 Heat plants ■4.10 ■1.18 ■7.98 ■6.33 15.49 ■4.11 Blastfurnaces ■55.74 ■0.38 ■0.16 ■56.27 Gas works ■2.08 ■2.41 3.45 ■0.07 ■1.11 Coke ovens4 ■7.17 ■1.30 ■0.01 ■0.12 ■8.61 Oil refineries ■2010.35 1986.83 ■23.53 Petrochem. plants 28.65 ■29.00 ■0.35 Liquefaction plants ■1.04 0.66 ■0.39 Other transf. ■0.20 8.65 ■0.00 ■8.61 ■0.23 ■0.73 ■1.12 Energy ind. own use ■18.80 ■0.06 ■108.11 ■133.74 ■1.26 ■74.53 ■336.49 Losses ■1.03 ■0.04 ■2.19 ■0.02 ■63.76 ■67.04 TFC 112.81 5.75 1705.98 736.53 199.33 868.46 3628.86 Industry 91.21 0.05 95.31 266.53 74.01 281.38 808.49 Transport 0.01 1126.61 28.61 50.95 8.98 1215.16 Other 18.22 182.93 408.56 74.37 578.10 1 262.19 Non-energy use 3.37 5.71 301.13 32.83 343.03 1. In this table, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Data for biofuels and waste final consumption have been estimated for a number of countries. 3. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat and electricity trade. 4. Also includes patent fuel, BKB and peat briquette plants. (39 Crude oil Average key crude oil spot prices in USD/barrel -92 Jan-94 Jan-96 Jan-98 Jan-00 Jan-02 Jan-04 Jan-06 Jan-08 Jan-10 Jan-12 Jan-14 Jan-16 ■ North Sea ■ Dubai -WTI Oil products Average Rotterdam oil product spot prices in USD/barrel -92 Jan-94 Jan-96 Jan-98 Jan-00 Jan-02 Jan-04 Jan-06 Jan-08 Jan-10 Jan-12 Jan-14 Jan-16 ■ HFO ^—^— Gasoil ■ Gasoline Source for all prices: Based on Argus. Copyright © 2016 Argus Media Ltd - All rights reserved. Coal Average steam coal prices for electricity generation in USD/tonne 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 Poland United States Japan Korea Natural gas Average natural gas import prices in USD/MBtu 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 ■Japan1 ■USA2 ■Belgium2 ■ Germany2 'Spain2 1. LNG. 2. Pipeline. Energy prices1 in selected OECD countries in USD/unit Heavy fuel oil Light fuel oil Automotive Unleaded for industry2 for households diesel oil3 premium4 (tonne) (1000 litres) (litre) (litre) Australia 0.985 Austria 267.99 602.36 0.641 1.164 Belgium 197.66 449.69 0.999 1.404 Canada 186.00 670.45 0.766 Chile 812.73 0.992 Czech Republic 222.26 548.52 0.878 1.105 Denmark 414.56 1160.09 0.962 1.481 Estonia 679.46 0.886 1.097 Finland 713.66 1.007 1.464 France 300.68 628.33 0.948 1.388 Germany 180.15 473.71 0.912 1.360 Greece 287.05 790.71 0.887 1.463 Hungary 308.79 X 0.850 1.113 Ireland 557.30 563.37 0.958 1.348 Israel c 1518.80 c 1.575 Italy 286.54 1137.12 1.099 1.536 Japan 430.12 542.46 0.720 0.991 Korea 365.53 646.26 1.444 _uxembourg 422.91 0.822 1.141 Mexico 129.37 X 0.660 0.774 Netherlands 452.60 911.50 0.965 1.555 New Zealand 233.05 0.391 1.222 Norway 1 008.24 1.062 1.528 Poland 320.29 603.75 0.783 1.017 Portugal 513.72 984.24 1.064 1.459 Slovak Republic 195.93 0.900 1.283 Slovenia X 737.96 0.907 1.265 Spain 249.71 546.44 0.861 1.215 Sweden 764.59 1.179 1.464 Switzerland 636.28 1.098 1.341 Turkey 435.70 916.76 1.191 1.444 United Kingdom c 509.73 1.216 1.454 United States 216.28 544.30 0.547 0.567 1. Prices are for 1st quarter 2016 or latest available quarter for oil products, and annual 2015 for other products. 2. Low sulphur fuel oil; high sulphur fuel oil for Canada, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, Turkey and the United !. For commercial purposes. i. Unleaded premium gasoline (95 RON); unleaded regular for Japan. Energy prices1 in selected OECD countries in USD/unit Nat. gas for industry (MWh GCV5) Nat. gas for households (MWh GCV5) Steam coal for industry6 (tonne) Electricity for industry (MWh) Electricity for households (MWh) 215.79 Australia 41.95 87.35 169.79 108.61 221.51 Austria 28.29 66.83 106.93 226.90 Belgium 10.16 26.84 75.65 107.17 Canada 83.89 114.64 157.85 Chile 33.71 66.97 c 97.69 146.59 Czech Republic 87.56 85.79 337.38 Denmark 33.61 46.00 98.00 139.43 Estonia 41.30 245.73 84.47 168.91 Finlanc 40.50 74.63 110.13 181.48 France 34.12 78.35 145.09 327.07 Germany 36.92 112.67 105.32 196.23 Greece 34.24 39.86 99.72 128.14 Hungary 35.88 80.48 132.37 252.37 Irelanc c X X 91.02 146.41 Israel Italy 96.51 161.99 225.12 Japan 53.22 58.30 102.71 Korea 42.36 53.80 X 71.88 188.57 Luxembourg 27.19 X 81.69 75.33 Mexico 31.56 82.06 88.46 206.90 Netherlands 17.67 92.63 c 195.59 New Zealanc X X 35.34 94.52 Norway 31.84 59.62 70.09 89.69 163.80 Polanc 44.10 108.59 109.20 127.23 253.13 Portugal 36.28 58.02 130.79 171.20 Slovak Republic 37.96 69.56 c 88.08 176.26 Slovenia 33.23 97.44 Spain 44.42 127.85 58.80 170.59 Sweden 65.76 100.54 98.72 122.42 205.94 Switzerlanc 32.60 40.77 80.75 111.99 145.27 Turkey 33.27 75.00 137.60 143.04 236.95 United Kingdom 12.67 34.22 75.21 68.95 126.71 United States 5. Gross calorific value. 6. Brown coal for Turkey. .. not available x not applicable c confidential C02 Emissions by fuel World1 C02 emissions from fuel combustion2 from 1971 to 2014 by fuel (Mt of CO?) 1971 1975 2010 2014 Coal3 I Oil Natural gas I Other4 1973 and 2014 fuel shares of C02 emissions from fuel combustion2 1973 Natural gas 14.4% 2014 Natural gas 19.7% .Other4 0.5% Coal3 45.9% 15 458 Mt of CO, 32 381 Mt of CO, 1. World includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. 2. C02 emissions from fuel combustion are based on the IEA energy balances and on the 2006IPCC Guidelines, excluding emissions from non-energy. 3. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 4. Includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. C02 Emissions by region World1 C02 emissions from fuel combustion2 from 1971 to 2014 by region (Mt of C02) 35000 □ Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Middle East Bunkers 1973 and 2014 regional shares of C02 emissions from fuel combustion2 1973 Non-OECD Americas 2.5% Africa Asia33.0% China ^ ^5.7% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 15.9% 2014 Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 7.6% East 5.3% EastÖ.8% S 11.8% Bunkers m Non-OECD Americas 3.6% Bunkers 3.5% 15 458 Mt of CO, 32 381 Mt of CO, 1. World includes international aviation and marine bunkers, which are shown together as Bunkers. 2. C02 emissions from fuel combustion are based on the IEA energy balances and on the 2006IPCC Guidelines, excluding emissions from non-energy. 3. Asia excludes China and OECD countries of Asia. Outlook for world TPES (Source: IE A, World Energy Outlook 2015) TPES Outlook by fuel to 2040 20 000 (Mtoe) NPS 450S NPS 450S NPS 450S 2013 □ Coal1 I I Nuclear NPS: New Policies Scenario (based on policies under consideration) Oil2 Hydro Natural gas2 Other3 450S: 450 Scenario4 (based on policies needed to limit global average temperature increase to 2 °C) Total final consumption by sector in 2040 New Policies Scenario i-energy use 8.5% " 450 Scenario Non-energy use 9.6% 12 244 Mtoe 10 551 Mtoe 1. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Includes international aviation and marine bunkers. 3. Includes biofuels and waste, geothermal, solar, wind, tide, etc. 4. Based on a plausible post-2015 climate-policy framework to stabilise the long-term concentration of global greenhouse gases at 450 ppm C02-equivalent. Outlook for world TPES (Source: IE A, World Energy Outlook 2015) TPES Outlook by region to 2040 (Mtoe) □ OECD □ China DAsia1 □ Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia □ Middle East □ Africa □ Non-OECD Americas □ Bunkers2 NPS: New Policies Scenario (based on policies under consideration) 450S: 450 Scenario3 (based on policies needed to limit global average temperature increase to 2 °C) C02 emissions by region in 2040 Non-OECD Americas 4.0% New Policies Scenario Bunkers2 Non-OECD Europe 4.4% ^ and Eurasia 7.3% 450 Scenario Non-OECD Americas 4.4% Bunkers2 „, nr„nr 54o/o Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 9.4% Middle East 8.0% 36 673 Mt of C02 18 777 Mt of C02 1. Asia excludes China and OECD countries of Asia. 2. Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. 3. Based on a plausible post-2015 climate-policy framework to stabilise the long-term concentration of global greenhouse gases at 450 ppm C02-equivalent. C02 emissions are from fossil fuel combustion only. Selected indicators for 2014 (alphabetical order) Region/ Popu- GDP GDP Energy Net TPES Elec. C02 Country/ lation (PPP) prod. imports cons.1 emissions2 Economy (million) (billion (billion (Mtoe) (Mtoe) (Mtoe) (TWh) (Mt 2010 USD) 2010 USD) of C02) World 7249 72908 101463 13805 - 13699(3) 21963 32381W OECD 1267 47107 46238 4144 1322 5273 10171 11856 Middle East 224 2190 4946 1807 -1050 721 875 1728 Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 343 2734 5534 1819 -665 1124 1557 2446 China 1372 8488 17214 2593 535 3066 5402 9135 Asia 2408 5685 15871 1496 317 1741 2280 3807 Non-OECD Americas 480 4480 6528 817 -152 639 1021 1174 Africa 1156 2223 5131 1129 -338 772 657 1105 Albania 2.89 12.82 29.12 2.01 0.67 2.34 6.67 4.12 Algeria 38.93 182.67 516.54 143.20 -89.74 51.67 53.05 122.93 Angola 24.23 97.50 133.79 94.05 -78.59 14.67 8.41 19.30 Argentina 42.98 521.27 807.82 75.33 13.57 86.62 131.20 192.41 Armenia 3.01 11.11 22.68 0.85 2.15 2.96 5.71 5.22 Australia 23.64 1438.97 1043.89 365.71 -235.04 125.24 236.43 373.78 Austria 8.54 406.94 365.39 12.09 21.66 32.16 71.41 60.78 Azerbaijan 9.54 58.38 156.16 58.78 -44.25 14.32 21.00 30.79 Bahrain 1.36 29.95 57.92 22.88 -8.36 14.16 26.18 29.69 Bangladesh 159.08 147.00 464.33 29.46 6.10 35.42 49.48 62.27 Belarus 9.47 60.88 160.97 3.67 24.31 27.75 34.87 57.43 Belgium 11.16 499.42 441.78 12.53 47.50 52.77 86.41 87.36 Benin 10.60 8.55 20.11 2.29 2.20 4.29 1.03 5.74 Bolivia 10.56 24.48 65.45 23.16 -14.78 8.33 7.95 18.30 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.82 17.76 35.48 6.05 1.71 7.82 12.00 21.62 Botswana 2.22 16.23 33.41 1.51 1.06 2.72 3.79 6.88 Brazil 206.08 2412.23 3061.43 267.25 42.78 303.24 531.23 476.02 Brunei Darussalam 0.42 12.39 27.77 16.26 -12.49 3.55 4.22 6.70 1. Gross production + imports - exports - losses. 2. C02 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the lEA's energy balances and the Revised 2006IPCC Guidelines. Selected indicators for 2014 (continued) TPES/ pop. (toe/capita) TPES/ GDP (toe/000 2010 USD) TPES/ GDP(PPP) (toe/000 2010 USD) Elec. consipop. (kWh/ capita) co2/ TPES (tC02/ toe) C02/ pop. (tC02/ capita) CCty GDP (kg C02/ 2010 USD) co2/ GDP(PPP) (kg C02/ 2010 USD) Region/ Country/ Economy 1.89 0.19 0.14 3030 2.36 4.47 0.44 0.32 World 4.16 0.11 0.11 8028 2.25 9.36 0.25 0.26 OECD 3.22 0.33 0.15 3909 2.40 7.72 0.79 0.35 Middle East 3.28 0.41 0.20 4543 2.18 7.14 0.89 0.44 Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 2.24 0.36 0.18 3938 2.98 6.66 1.08 0.53 China 0.72 0.31 0.11 947 2.19 1.58 0.67 0.24 Asia 1.33 0.14 0.10 2125 1.84 2.44 0.26 0.18 Non-OECD Americas 0.67 0.35 0.15 568 1.43 0.96 0.50 0.22 Africa 0.81 0.18 0.08 2305 1.76 1.42 0.32 0.14 Albania 1.33 0.28 0.10 1363 2.38 3.16 0.67 0.24 Algeria 0.61 0.15 0.11 347 1.32 0.80 0.20 0.14 Angola 2.02 0.17 0.11 3052 2.22 4.48 0.37 0.24 Argentina 0.98 0.27 0.13 1901 1.76 1.74 0.47 0.23 Armenia 5.30 0.09 0.12 10002 2.98 15.81 0.26 0.36 Australia 3.76 0.08 0.09 8358 1.89 7.11 0.15 0.17 Austria 1.50 0.25 0.09 2202 2.15 3.23 0.53 0.20 Azerbaijan 10.39 0.47 0.24 19224 2.10 21.80 0.99 0.51 Bahrain 0.22 0.24 0.08 311 1.76 0.39 0.42 0.13 Bangladesh 2.93 0.46 0.17 3682 2.07 6.06 0.94 0.36 Belarus 4.73 0.11 0.12 7745 1.66 7.83 0.17 0.20 Belgium 0.40 0.50 0.21 97 1.34 0.54 0.67 0.29 Benin 0.79 0.34 0.13 753 2.20 1.73 0.75 0.28 Bolivia 2.05 0.44 0.22 3144 2.76 5.66 1.22 0.61 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.22 0.17 0.08 1708 2.53 3.10 0.42 0.21 Botswana 1.47 0.13 0.10 2578 1.57 2.31 0.20 0.16 Brazil 8.52 0.29 0.13 10113 1.88 16.06 0.54 0.24 Brunei Darussalam 3. TPES for world includes international aviation and international marine bunkers as well as electricity and heat trade. 4. CO, emissions for world include emissions from international aviation and international marine bunkers. Selected indicators for 2014 (continued) Region/ Popu- GDP GDP Energy Net TPES Elec. C02 Country/ lation (PPP) prod. imports cons.1 emissions2 Economy (million) (billion (billion (Mtoe) (Mtoe) (Mtoe) (TWh) (Mt 2010 USD) 2010 USD) of C02) Bulgaria 7.22 52.30 116.83 11.36 6.45 17.90 34.02 42.13 Cambodia 15.33 14.86 46.75 4.26 2.18 6.37 4.15 6.10 Cameroon 22.77 28.77 63.27 9.76 -2.02 7.60 6.24 6.04 Canada 35.54 1773.55 1497.77 469.99 -184.87 279.88 552.42 554.80 Chile 17.84 257.20 367.13 12.92 24.29 36.10 68.90 75.81 China (People's Rep. of) 1364.27 8 230.12 16840.98 2593.11 507.94 3051.50 5 357.55 9086.96 Colombia 47.79 349.22 596.69 127.23 -88.27 34.01 61.63 72.50 Republic of Congo 4.51 14.24 26.43 15.68 -12.67 2.63 0.96 2.64 Costa Rica 4.76 42.72 66.34 2.46 2.63 4.91 9.32 7.17 Cote d'lvoire 22.16 31.23 67.48 12.89 1.04 13.87 6.22 9.35 Croatia 4.24 57.38 80.63 4.35 3.62 8.04 15.74 15.14 Cuba 11.38 72.47 230.10 5.88 6.66 11.70 16.41 29.45 Curacao 0.16 1.88 1.69 0.00 3.61 1.97 0.75 4.75 Cyprus5 0.86 22.86 25.50 0.12 2.28 1.97 4.18 5.76 Czech Republic 10.53 212.20 290.64 29.26 12.53 41.21 65.88 96.55 DPR of Korea 25.03 38.15 143.19 20.82 -8.90 11.91 15.08 37.80 Dem. Rep. of the Congo 74.88 27.81 52.20 28.16 0.80 28.72 8.01 4.66 Denmark 5.64 326.54 236.98 16.06 2.20 16.21 33.06 34.51 Dominican Republic 10.41 63.93 129.00 1.02 7.06 7.64 16.42 19.26 Ecuador 15.90 85.92 169.04 30.45 -15.35 14.18 21.96 38.73 Egypt 89.58 237.74 881.94 80.36 -4.41 74.83 152.20 173.27 El Salvador 6.11 23.16 47.68 2.06 2.15 4.07 5.90 5.88 Eritrea 5.11 2.55 7.33 0.63 0.18 0.81 0.32 0.56 Estonia 1.32 23.07 33.25 5.83 0.68 6.04 8.85 17.52 Ethiopia 96.96 44.09 135.92 45.51 3.31 48.37 6.79 9.13 Finland 5.46 246.91 204.80 18.26 16.96 33.93 83.29 45.25 FYR of Macedonia 2.08 10.21 26.14 1.27 1.38 2.62 7.27 7.43 France 66.17 2729.47 2406.79 137.13 114.24 242.64 460.20 285.68 Gabon 1.69 17.84 30.65 15.91 -10.58 5.08 2.20 3.49 Georgia 4.50 14.34 31.92 1.37 3.10 4.39 10.02 7.72 Germany 80.98 3624.17 3438.04 119.75 196.49 306.07 569.75 723.27 1. Gross production + imports - exports - losses. 2. C02 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the lEA's energy balances and S. the Revised 2006IPCC Guidelines. 50 Selected indicators for 2014 (continued) TPES/ TPES/ TPES/ Elec. C02/ C02/ CCty co2/ Region/ pop. GDP GDP(PPP) cons/pop. TPES pop. GDP GDP(PPP) Country/ (toe/capita) (toe/000 (toe/000 (kWh/ (tC02/ (tC02/ (kg C02/ (kg C02/ Economy 2010 USD) 2010 USD) capita) toe) capita) 2010 USD) 2010 USD) 2.48 0.34 0.15 4709 2.35 5.83 0.81 0.36 Bulgaria 0.42 0.43 0.14 270 0.96 0.40 0.41 0.13 Cambodia 0.33 0.26 0.12 274 0.79 0.27 0.21 0.10 Cameroon 7.88 0.16 0.19 15544 1.98 15.61 0.31 0.37 Canada 2.02 0.14 0.10 3863 2.10 4.25 0.29 0.21 Chile 2.24 0.37 0.18 3927 2.98 6.66 1.10 0.54 China (People's Rep. of) 0.71 0.10 0.06 1290 2.13 1.52 0.21 0.12 Colombia 0.58 0.18 0.10 213 1.00 0.59 0.19 0.10 Republic of Congo 1.03 0.11 0.07 1958 1.46 1.51 0.17 0.11 Costa Rica 0.63 0.44 0.21 281 0.67 0.42 0.30 0.14 Cote d'lvoire 1.90 0.14 0.10 3715 1.88 3.57 0.26 0.19 Croatia 1.03 0.16 0.05 1442 2.52 2.59 0.41 0.13 Cuba 12.64 1.05 1.17 4795 2.41 30.43 2.53 2.82 Curacao 2.30 0.09 0.08 4868 2.92 6.72 0.25 0.23 Cyprus5 3.92 0.19 0.14 6259 2.34 9.17 0.46 0.33 Czech Republic 0.48 0.31 0.08 602 3.17 1.51 0.99 0.26 DPR of Korea 0.38 1.03 0.55 107 0.16 0.06 0.17 0.09 Dem. Rep. of the Congo 2.87 0.05 0.07 5859 2.13 6.12 0.11 0.15 Denmark 0.73 0.12 0.06 1578 2.52 1.85 0.30 0.15 Dominican Republic 0.89 0.17 0.08 1381 2.73 2.44 0.45 0.23 Ecuador 0.84 0.31 0.08 1699 2.32 1.93 0.73 0.20 Egypt 0.67 0.18 0.09 966 1.44 0.96 0.25 0.12 El Salvador 0.16 0.32 0.11 63 0.69 0.11 0.22 0.08 Eritrea 4.59 0.26 0.18 6725 2.90 13.31 0.76 0.53 Estonia 0.50 1.10 0.36 70 0.19 0.09 0.21 0.07 Ethiopia 6.21 0.14 0.17 15246 1.33 8.28 0.18 0.22 Finland 1.26 0.26 0.10 3500 2.83 3.58 0.73 0.28 FYR of Macedonia 3.67 0.09 0.10 6955 1.18 4.32 0.10 0.12 France 3.01 0.28 0.17 1303 0.69 2.07 0.20 0.11 Gabon 0.97 0.31 0.14 2225 1.76 1.71 0.54 0.24 Georgia 3.78 0.08 0.09 7035 2.36 8.93 0.20 0.21 Germany 5. Please refer to geographical coverage section for more details. Selected indicators for 2014 (continued) Region/ Popu- GDP GDP Energy Net TPES Elec. C02 Country/ lation (PPP) prod. imports cons.1 emissions2 Economy (million) (billion (billion (Mtoe) (Mtoe) (Mtoe) (TWh) (Mt 2010 USD) 2010 USD) of C02) Ghana 26.79 44.75 102.20 9.77 -0.64 9.03 9.56 13.11 Gibraltar 0.03 1.14 0.98 0.00 3.02 0.20 0.19 0.54 Greece 10.93 245.70 264.53 8.80 16.93 23.13 55.14 65.88 Guatemala 16.02 47.93 111.59 8.88 4.35 13.22 9.20 16.14 Haiti 10.57 7.70 17.11 3.24 0.94 4.15 0.41 2.76 Honduras 7.96 18.15 36.53 2.52 2.69 5.35 5.55 8.75 Hong Kong, China 7.24 257.49 372.87 0.19 27.48 14.25 43.98 47.94 Hungary 9.87 137.47 228.01 10.14 14.19 22.84 39.13 40.28 Iceland 0.33 14.45 13.41 5.22 0.84 5.87 17.62 2.04 India 1295.29 2195.65 6902.09 541.81 289.72 824.74 1042.33 2019.67 Indonesia 254.46 942.54 2501.42 458.00 -231.45 225.51 207.14 436.53 Islamic Rep. of Iran 78.14 463.90 1263.83 316.25 -75.32 237.08 234.11 556.09 Iraq 34.81 177.05 489.96 162.99 -111.28 49.48 45.71 141.03 Ireland 4.62 241.27 216.23 2.01 11.66 12.77 26.42 33.86 Israel 8.21 268.11 252.10 7.48 16.53 22.70 54.23 64.69 Italy 60.80 2033.75 1969.37 36.69 115.06 146.77 304.09 319.71 Jamaica 2.72 13.50 22.58 0.50 2.68 2.81 3.02 7.17 Japan 127.12 5 642.89 4437.13 26.59 422.27 441.74 995.26 1188.63 Jordan 6.61 29.49 74.42 0.26 8.37 8.18 16.63 24.11 Kazakhstan 17.29 184.93 391.54 166.28 -89.01 76.67 96.82 223.69 Kenya 44.86 49.40 123.88 19.57 4.60 23.63 7.67 12.35 Korea 50.42 1233.97 1697.11 49.11 232.84 268.41 532.66 567.81 Kosovo 1.82 6.57 15.53 1.61 0.60 2.21 5.11 7.40 Kuwait 3.75 136.19 256.96 166.36 -131.14 33.88 57.54 86.08 Kyrgyzstan 5.83 5.83 18.12 1.91 2.15 3.80 11.33 8.36 Latvia5 1.99 27.66 42.54 2.38 1.90 4.34 6.99 6.72 Lebanon 4.55 40.78 74.21 0.16 7.61 7.49 16.21 22.37 Libya 6.26 38.10 91.25 36.27 -16.39 17.87 11.52 47.90 Lithuania 2.93 43.62 73.08 1.75 5.35 7.00 11.21 10.31 Luxembourg 0.56 57.81 47.36 0.15 4.08 3.82 7.74 9.25 Malaysia 29.90 314.34 716.60 94.64 -1.18 89.70 138.94 220.52 1. Gross production + imports - exports - losses. 2. C02 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the lEA's energy balances and the Revised 2006IPCC Guidelines. V Selected indicators for 2014 (continued) TPES/ TPES/ TPES/ Elec. C02/ C02/ C(ty co2/ Region/ pop. GDP GDP(PPP) cons/pop. TPES pop. GDP GDP(PPP) Country/ (toe/capita) (toe/000 (toe/000 (kWh/ (tC02/ (tC02/ (kg C02/ (kg C02/ Economy 2010 USD) 2010 USD) capita) toe) capita) 2010 USD) 2010 USD) 0.34 0.20 0.09 357 1.45 0.49 0.29 0.13 Ghana 5.94 0.17 0.20 5818 2.74 16.25 0.47 0.55 Gibraltar 2.12 0.09 0.09 5047 2.85 6.03 0.27 0.25 Greece 0.83 0.28 0.12 575 1.22 1.01 0.34 0.14 Guatemala 0.39 0.54 0.24 39 0.67 0.26 0.36 0.16 Haiti 0.67 0.30 0.15 697 1.63 1.10 0.48 0.24 Honduras 1.97 0.06 0.04 6073 3.37 6.62 0.19 0.13 Hong Kong, China 2.31 0.17 0.10 3966 1.76 4.08 0.29 0.18 Hungary 17.94 0.41 0.44 53896 0.35 6.25 0.14 0.15 Iceland 0.64 0.38 0.12 805 2.45 1.56 0.92 0.29 India 0.89 0.24 0.09 814 1.94 1.72 0.46 0.17 Indonesia 3.03 0.51 0.19 2996 2.35 7.12 1.20 0.44 Islamic Rep. of Iran 1.42 0.28 0.10 1313 2.85 4.05 0.80 0.29 Iraq 2.77 0.05 0.06 5725 2.65 7.34 0.14 0.16 Ireland 2.76 0.08 0.09 6604 2.85 7.88 0.24 0.26 Israel 2.41 0.07 0.07 5002 2.18 5.26 0.16 0.16 Italy 1.03 0.21 0.12 1110 2.55 2.64 0.53 0.32 Jamaica 3.48 0.08 0.10 7829 2.69 9.35 0.21 0.27 Japan 1.24 0.28 0.11 2517 2.95 3.65 0.82 0.32 Jordan 4.43 0.41 0.20 5600 2.92 12.94 1.21 0.57 Kazakhstan 0.53 0.48 0.19 171 0.52 0.28 0.25 0.10 Kenya 5.32 0.22 0.16 10564 2.12 11.26 0.46 0.33 Korea 1.21 0.34 0.14 2803 3.35 4.06 1.13 0.48 Kosovo 9.03 0.25 0.13 15333 2.54 22.94 0.63 0.33 Kuwait 0.65 0.65 0.21 1942 2.20 1.43 1.43 0.46 Kyrgyzstan 2.18 0.16 0.10 3514 1.55 3.38 0.24 0.16 Latvia5 1.65 0.18 0.10 3565 2.99 4.92 0.55 0.30 Lebanon 2.85 0.47 0.20 1841 2.68 7.65 1.26 0.52 Libya 2.39 0.16 0.10 3826 1.47 3.52 0.24 0.14 Lithuania 6.84 0.07 0.08 13873 2.42 16.57 0.16 0.20 Luxembourg 3.00 0.29 0.13 4646 2.46 7.37 0.70 0.31 Malaysia 5. Please refer to geographical coverage section for more details. Selected indicators for 2014 (continued) Region/ Popu- GDP GDP Energy Net TPES Elec. C02 Country/ lation (PPP) prod. imports cons.1 emissions2 Economy (million) (billion (billion (Mtoe) (Mtoe) (Mtoe) (TWh) (Mt 2010 USD) 2010 USD) of C02) Malta 0.43 8.80 11.93 0.01 2.05 0.77 2.14 2.34 Mauritius 1.26 11.14 21.91 0.22 1.69 1.40 2.75 3.96 Mexico 119.71 1176.66 1939.05 208.27 -15.09 187.98 259.65 430.92 Moldova 3.56 7.03 16.56 0.33 2.98 3.30 4.93 7.25 Mongolia 2.91 11.40 32.49 14.41 -9.32 5.37 5.90 18.16 Montenegro 0.62 4.38 8.81 0.69 0.29 0.96 2.87 2.22 Morocco 33.92 108.39 241.44 1.76 19.53 18.98 30.93 53.11 Mozambique 27.22 13.40 28.73 17.99 -5.35 11.64 12.59 3.87 Myanmar 53.44 66.24 230.57 25.68 -7.26 19.31 11.26 19.56 Namibia 2.40 14.00 22.36 0.46 1.39 1.81 3.76 3.59 Nepal 28.18 19.03 62.53 9.74 2.07 11.69 3.94 5.93 Netherlands 16.86 845.61 752.14 58.53 30.51 72.95 113.21 148.34 New Zealand 4.46 162.07 150.43 17.05 4.56 20.56 40.71 31.24 Nicaragua 6.01 10.68 27.65 2.17 1.49 3.66 3.49 4.54 Niger 19.11 7.31 16.75 3.05 -0.11 2.89 0.99 1.96 Nigeria 177.48 452.29 980.62 260.02 -125.23 134.71 25.50 60.16 Norway 5.14 458.96 307.97 196.31 -167.40 28.75 118.16 35.31 Oman 4.24 67.48 152.96 74.49 -48.54 24.33 25.96 59.90 Pakistan 185.04 206.25 832.20 68.20 22.05 89.89 87.40 137.43 Panama 3.87 40.48 75.54 0.80 6.71 4.21 8.05 10.59 Paraguay 6.55 24.65 54.58 7.08 -1.85 5.17 10.25 5.19 Peru 30.97 181.34 347.10 27.32 -1.73 23.78 40.50 47.79 Philippines 99.14 250.79 645.80 25.85 22.29 47.67 69.99 95.71 Poland 38.48 534.56 886.15 67.33 27.90 94.02 150.98 279.04 Portugal 10.40 224.00 267.77 6.00 16.38 21.16 48.50 42.81 Qatar 2.17 161.79 285.56 219.93 -173.81 44.08 36.35 77.61 Romania 19.91 181.81 363.28 26.37 5.36 31.69 51.45 68.16 Russian Federation 143.82 1 676.80 3219.77 1305.68 -570.84 710.88 949.59 1467.55 Saudi Arabia 30.89 649.57 1501.55 622.42 -405.45 213.51 290.66 506.59 Senegal 14.67 14.90 32.00 1.87 2.42 3.96 3.25 6.28 Serbia 7.13 37.70 82.30 9.44 3.72 13.26 30.46 38.11 1. Gross production + imports - exports - losses. 2. C02 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the lEA's energy balances and the Revised 2006IPCC Guidelines. Selected indicators for 2014 (continued) TPES/ TPES/ TPES/ Elec. C02/ C02/ C(ty co2/ Region/ pop. GDP GDP(PPP) cons/pop. TPES pop. GDP GDP(PPP) Country/ (toe/capita) (toe/000 (toe/000 (kWh/ (tC02/ (tC02/ (kg C02/ (kg C02/ Economy 2010 USD) 2010 USD) capita) toe) capita) 2010 USD) 2010 USD) 1.81 0.09 0.06 5012 3.03 5.49 0.27 0.20 Malta 1.11 0.13 0.06 2182 2.82 3.14 0.36 0.18 Mauritius 1.57 0.16 0.10 2169 2.29 3.60 0.37 0.22 Mexico 0.93 0.47 0.20 1386 2.19 2.04 1.03 0.44 Moldova 1.85 0.47 0.17 2027 3.38 6.24 1.59 0.56 Mongolia 1.54 0.22 0.11 4611 2.32 3.57 0.51 0.25 Montenegro 0.56 0.18 0.08 912 2.80 1.57 0.49 0.22 Morocco 0.43 0.87 0.41 463 0.33 0.14 0.29 0.13 Mozambique 0.36 0.29 0.08 211 1.01 0.37 0.30 0.08 Myanmar 0.75 0.13 0.08 1563 1.99 1.50 0.26 0.16 Namibia 0.41 0.61 0.19 140 0.51 0.21 0.31 0.09 Nepal 4.33 0.09 0.10 6713 2.03 8.80 0.18 0.20 Netherlands 4.61 0.13 0.14 9131 1.52 7.01 0.19 0.21 New Zealand 0.61 0.34 0.13 580 1.24 0.76 0.43 0.16 Nicaragua 0.15 0.39 0.17 52 0.68 0.10 0.27 0.12 Niger 0.76 0.30 0.14 144 0.45 0.34 0.13 0.06 Nigeria 5.60 0.06 0.09 23001 1.23 6.87 0.08 0.11 Norway 5.74 0.36 0.16 6128 2.46 14.14 0.89 0.39 Oman 0.49 0.44 0.11 472 1.53 0.74 0.67 0.17 Pakistan 1.09 0.10 0.06 2082 2.51 2.74 0.26 0.14 Panama 0.79 0.21 0.09 1563 1.00 0.79 0.21 0.10 Paraguay 0.77 0.13 0.07 1308 2.01 1.54 0.26 0.14 Peru 0.48 0.19 0.07 706 2.01 0.97 0.38 0.15 Philippines 2.44 0.18 0.11 3923 2.97 7.25 0.52 0.31 Poland 2.03 0.09 0.08 4663 2.02 4.12 0.19 0.16 Portugal 20.29 0.27 0.15 16736 1.76 35.73 0.48 0.27 Qatar 1.59 0.17 0.09 2584 2.15 3.42 0.37 0.19 Romania 4.94 0.42 0.22 6603 2.06 10.20 0.88 0.46 Russian Federation 6.91 0.33 0.14 9410 2.37 16.40 0.78 0.34 Saudi Arabia 0.27 0.27 0.12 222 1.59 0.43 0.42 0.20 Senegal 1.86 0.35 0.16 4273 2.87 5.35 1.01 0.46 Serbia Selected indicators for 2014 (continued) Region/ Popu- GDP GDP Energy Net TPES Elec. C02 Country/ lation (PPP) prod. imports cons.1 emissions2 Economy (million) (billion (billion (Mtoe) (Mtoe) (Mtoe) (TWh) (Mt 2010 USD) 2010 USD) of C02) Singapore 5.47 279.12 423.14 0.65 75.75 28.01 48.38 45.32 Slovak Republic 5.42 96.90 143.50 6.57 9.77 15.95 27.84 29.33 Slovenia 2.06 47.93 56.46 3.70 3.01 6.67 13.87 12.76 South Africa 54.00 411.04 658.69 168.32 -18.03 147.02 228.98 437.37 South Sudan 11.91 6.08 22.48 8.11 -7.37 0.70 0.46 1.52 Spain 46.46 1375.52 1448.78 35.10 91.94 114.56 248.95 231.99 Sri Lanka 20.64 72.49 215.71 5.33 5.93 10.71 11.04 16.74 Sudan 39.35 67.01 149.68 16.34 -1.07 14.99 9.75 13.34 Suriname5 0.54 4.96 8.37 0.99 -0.25 0.69 1.99 1.99 Sweden 9.70 517.63 415.05 34.54 16.30 48.16 130.71 37.42 Switzerland 8.19 620.44 428.99 13.27 13.36 25.06 61.58 37.74 Syrian Arab Republic 22.16 54.60 120.54 5.64 5.43 10.80 18.24 27.57 Chinese Taipei 23.38 478.34 932.76 13.64 101.70 110.23 251.07 249.66 Tajikistan 8.30 7.47 20.87 1.79 1.08 2.80 12.38 4.66 Tanzania 51.82 40.88 119.36 22.17 2.87 24.83 5.18 10.37 Thailand 67.73 382.59 996.11 78.74 59.58 134.76 173.75 243.52 Togo 7.12 3.92 9.50 2.64 0.71 3.30 1.10 1.72 Trinidad and Tobago 1.35 21.88 40.47 39.66 -19.55 19.57 9.66 23.21 Tunisia 11.00 47.52 117.54 6.71 4.15 10.52 16.09 25.01 Turkey 76.62 870.92 1392.43 31.35 93.72 121.54 219.89 307.11 Turkmenistan 5.31 34.31 76.76 77.98 -50.74 26.75 14.64 67.00 Ukraine 45.36 134.02 346.35 76.93 27.47 105.68 154.77 236.54 United Arab Emirates 9.09 350.93 574.76 200.04 -109.55 70.47 102.17 175.43 United Kingdom 64.60 2605.73 2441.45 108.24 87.40 179.42 331.44 407.84 United States 319.17 16156.62 16156.62 2011.98 258.11 2216.19 4137.10 5176.21 Uruguay 3.42 47.61 66.75 2.62 2.33 4.71 10.49 6.27 Uzbekistan 30.76 53.81 160.23 55.84 -12.17 43.68 50.61 97.90 Venezuela 30.69 421.58 503.75 185.71 -117.48 67.50 81.69 154.99 Viet Nam 90.73 144.84 477.38 71.20 -2.69 66.62 130.57 143.31 Yemen 26.18 28.54 93.39 16.05 -8.44 7.42 5.68 21.34 Zambia 15.72 26.02 57.37 9.13 0.83 10.06 11.05 3.19 Zimbabwe 15.25 12.65 25.53 11.52 1.15 11.05 8.28 11.49 1. Gross production + imports - exports - losses. 2. C02 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the lEA's energy balances and the Revised 2006IPCC Guidelines. Selected indicators for 2014 (continued) TPES/ TPES/ TPES/ Elec. C02/ pop. GDP GDP(PPP) consJpop. TPES (toe/capita) (toe/000 (toe/000 (kWh/ (tC02/ 2010 USD) 2010 USD) capita) toe) C02/ COJ C02/ Region/ pop. GDP GDP(PPP) Country/ (tC02/ (kg C02/ (kg C02/ Economy capita) 2010 USD) 2010 USD) 5.12 0.10 0.07 8844 1.62 8.29 0.16 0.11 Singapore 2.94 0.16 0.11 5137 1.84 5.41 0.30 0.20 Slovak Republic 3.24 0.14 0.12 6728 1.91 6.19 0.27 0.23 Slovenia 2.72 0.36 0.22 4240 2.97 8.10 1.06 0.66 South Africa 0.06 0.12 0.03 39 2.17 0.13 0.25 0.07 South Sudan 2.47 0.08 0.08 5358 2.03 4.99 0.17 0.16 Spain 0.52 0.15 0.05 535 1.56 0.81 0.23 0.08 Sri Lanka 0.38 0.22 0.10 248 0.89 0.34 0.20 0.09 Sudan 1.28 0.14 0.08 3699 2.89 3.70 0.40 0.24 Suriname5 4.97 0.09 0.12 13480 0.78 3.86 0.07 0.09 Sweden 3.06 0.04 0.06 7520 1.51 4.61 0.06 0.09 Switzerland 0.49 0.20 0.09 823 2.55 1.24 0.50 0.23 Syrian Arab Republic 4.71 0.23 0.12 10738 2.26 10.68 0.52 0.27 Chinese Taipei 0.34 0.38 0.13 1492 1.66 0.56 0.62 0.22 Tajikistan 0.48 0.61 0.21 100 0.42 0.20 0.25 0.09 Tanzania 1.99 0.35 0.14 2566 1.81 3.60 0.64 0.24 Thailand 0.46 0.84 0.35 155 0.52 0.24 0.44 0.18 Togo 14.45 0.89 0.48 7137 1.19 17.15 1.06 0.57 Trinidad and Tobago 0.96 0.22 0.09 1463 2.38 2.27 0.53 0.21 Tunisia 1.59 0.14 0.09 2870 2.53 4.01 0.35 0.22 Turkey 5.04 0.78 0.35 2759 2.50 12.62 1.95 0.87 Turkmenistan 2.33 0.79 0.31 3412 2.24 5.21 1.76 0.68 Ukraine 7.76 0.20 0.12 11245 2.49 19.31 0.50 0.31 United Arab Emirates 2.78 0.07 0.07 5131 2.27 6.31 0.16 0.17 United Kingdom 6.94 0.14 0.14 12962 2.34 16.22 0.32 0.32 United States 1.38 0.10 0.07 3068 1.33 1.83 0.13 0.09 Uruguay 1.42 0.81 0.27 1645 2.24 3.18 1.82 0.61 Uzbekistan 2.20 0.16 0.13 2661 2.30 5.05 0.37 0.31 Venezuela 0.73 0.46 0.14 1439 2.15 1.58 0.99 0.30 Viet Nam 0.28 0.26 0.08 217 2.87 0.81 0.75 0.23 Yemen 0.64 0.39 0.18 703 0.32 0.20 0.12 0.06 Zambia 0.72 0.87 0.43 543 1.04 0.75 0.91 0.45 Zimbabwe 5. Please refer to geographical coverage section for more details. Sources: Energy data: IEA. Population: OECD/World Bank. GDP and GDP(PPP) (in 2010 USD): OECD/World Bank/CEPII (Paris). <5 General conversion factors for energy To: TJ Gcal Mtoe MBtu GWh From: multiply by: TJ 1 2.388 x 102 2.388 x10"5 9.478 x 102 2.778 x 10"1 Gcal 4.187x10-3 1 1.000 x 10"7 3.968 1.163 x 10-3 Mtoe 4.187 x104 1.000 x 107 1 3.968 x 107 1.163 x 104 MBtu 1.055 x 10"3 2.520 x 10"1 2.520 x 10"8 1 2.931 x 1(H GWh 3.600 8.598 x 102 8.598 x 10-5 3.412 x 103 1 Conversion factors for mass To: kg t It st lb From: multiply by: kilogramme (kg) 1 1.000 x 103 9.842 x 10"4 1.102 x 10"3 2.205 tonne (t) 1.000 x 103 1 9.842 x 10"1 1.102 2.205 x 103 long ton (It) 1.016 x 103 1.016 1 1.120 2.240 x 103 short ton (st) 9.072 x 102 9.072 x 10"1 8.929 x 10"1 1 2.000 x 103 pound (lb) 4.536 x 10"1 4.536 x 10"4 4.464 x 10"4 5.000 x 10"4 1 Conversion factors for volume To: From: gal U.S. gal U.K. bbl ft3 1 m3 multiply by: U.S. gallon (gal) 1 8.327 x10"1 2.381 x 10"2 1.337 x10"1 3.785 3.785x10"3 U.K. gallon (gal) 1.201 1 2.859 x10"2 1.605x10"1 4.546 4.546 x10"3 barrel (bbl) 4.200 x101 3.497 x101 1 5.615 1.590x102 1.590x10"1 cubic foot (ft3) 7.481 6.229 1.781 x10"1 1 2.832 x101 2.832 x10"2 litre (I) 2.642 x10"1 2.200 x10"1 6.290x10-3 3.531 x10"2 1 1.000x10-3 cubic metre (m3) 2.642 x102 2.200 x102 6.290 3.531 x101 1.000x103 1 Selected country-specific net calorific values Steam coal Crude oil1 Top-ten producers in 2015 toe/tonne People's Rep. of China 0.479 United States 0.527 India 0.395 Indonesia 0.570 South Africa 0.598 Australia 0.564 Russian Federation 0.601 Kazakhstan 0.650 Colombia 0.444 Poland 0.546 Top-ten producers in 2015 toe/tonne Saudi Arabia 1.016 Russian Federation 1.005 United States 1.033 People's Rep. of China 1.000 Iraq 1.023 Canada 1.022 Kuwait 1.016 Islamic Republic of Iran 1.019 United Arab Emirates 1.018 Venezuela 1.069 1 Excludes NGL, feedstocks, additives and other hydrocarbons. Default net calorific values Oil products OECD Europe2 OECD Americas OECD Asia Oceania Non-OECD toe/tonne Refinery gas 1.182 1.149 1.149 1.149 Ethane 1.182 1.180 1.180 1.180 Liquefied petroleum gases 1.099 1.130 1.139 1.130 Motor gasoline excl. biofuels 1.051 1.070 1.065 1.070 Aviation gasoline 1.051 1.070 1.065 1.070 Gasoline type jet fuel 1.027 1.070 1.065 1.070 Kerosene type jet fuel 1.027 1.065 1.063 1.065 Kerosene 1.027 1.046 1.025 1.046 Gas/diesel oil excl. biofuels 1.017 1.017 1.017 1.034 Fuel oil 0.955 0.960 1.017 0.960 Naphtha 1.051 1.075 1.032 1.075 White spirit 1.041 1.027 1.027 1.027 Lubricants 1.003 1.003 1.025 1.003 Bitumen 0.931 0.955 0.927 0.931 Paraffin waxes 0.955 0.955 0.955 0.955 Petroleum coke 0.764 0.764 0.807 0.764 Non-specified oil products 0.955 0.955 0.955 0.955 2 Defaults for OECD Europe were also applied to non-OECD Europe and Eurasia countries. (59 Selected country-specificgrosscalorificvalues Natural gas Top-ten producers in 2015 kJ/m3 United States 38 267 Russian Federation 38 230 Islamic Republic of Iran 39 356 Qatar 41 400 Canada 39 000 People's Rep. of China 38 931 Norway 39 237 Saudi Arabia 38 000 Turkmenistan 37 889 Algeria 39 565 Note: To calculate the net calorific value, the gross calorific value is multiplied by 0.9. Conventions for electricity Figures for electricity production, trade, and final consumption are calculated using the energy content of the electricity (i.e. at a rate of 1 TWh = 0.086 Mtoe). Hydro-electricity production (excluding pumped storage) and electricity produced by other non-thermal means (wind, tide/wave/ocean, photovoltaic, etc.) are accounted for similarly using 1 TWh = 0.086 Mtoe. However, the primary energy equivalent of nuclear electricity is calculated from the gross generation by assuming a 33% conversion efficiency, i.e. 1 TWh = (0.086 0.33) Mtoe. For geothermal and solar thermal, if no country-specific information is reported, the primary energy equivalent is calculated as follows: ■ 10% for geothermal electricity; ■ 50% for geothermal heat; ■ 33% for solar thermal electricity; ■ 100% for solar thermal heat. Glossary Coal Steam coal Crude oil Oil products Natural gas Nuclear Hydro Biofuels and waste Other Coal includes all coal, both primary (including coking coal, steam coal and lignite) and derived fuels (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, BKB, gas works gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and other recovered gases). For presentational purposes, peat (including peat products) and oil shale are also included in this category where applicable. Steam coal comprises anthracite, other bituminous coal and sub-bituminous coal. Crude oil comprises crude oil, natural gas liquids, refinery feedstocks and additives as well as other hydrocarbons. Oil products comprises refinery gas, ethane, LPG, aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, gas/diesel oil, fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes, petroleum coke and other oil products. Natural gas includes both "associated" and "non-associated" gas. Nuclear shows the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced by a nuclear power plant with an average thermal efficiency of 33%. Hydro shows the energy content of the electricity produced in hydro power plants. Hydro output excludes output from pumped storage plants. Biofuels and waste comprises solid biofuels, liquid biofuels, biogases, industrial waste and municipal waste. Biofuels are defined as any plant matter used directly as fuel or converted into fuels (e.g. charcoal) or electricity and/or heat. Included here are wood, vegetal waste (including wood waste and crops used for energy production), ethanol, animal materials/wastes and sulphite lyes. Municipal waste comprises wastes produced by residential, commercial and public services, that are collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location for the production of heat and/or power. Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, tide/wave/ocean energy, electricity and heat. Unless the actual efficiency of geothermal and solar thermal is known, the quantity of geothermal and solar energy entering electricity generation is inferred from the electricity/heat production at geothermal and solar plants assuming an average thermal efficiency of: ■ 10% for geothermal electricity; ■ 50% for geothermal heat; ■ 33% for solar thermal electricity; ■ 100% for solar thermal heat. For solar PV, wind and tide/wave/ocean energy, the quantities entering electricity generation are equal to the electrical energy generated. Direct use of geothermal and solar heat is also included here. Electricity is accounted for at the same heat value as electricity in final consumption (i.e. 1 GWh = 0.000086 Mtoe). Heat includes heat that is produced for sale and is accounted for in the transformation sector. G Production Production is the production of primary energy, i.e. coking coal, steam coal, lignite, peat, oil shale, crude oil, NGLs, natural gas, biofuels and waste, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar and the heat from heat pumps that is extracted from the ambient environment. Production is calculated after removal of impurities (e.g. sulphur from natural gas). Imports and Imports and exports comprise amounts having crossed the national territorial exports boundaries of the country, whether or not customs clearance has taken place. a) Oil and natural gas Quantities of crude oil and oil products imported or exported under processing agreements (i.e. refining on account) are included. Quantities of oil in transit are excluded. Crude oil, NGL and natural gas are reported as coming from the country of origin; refinery feedstocks and oil products are reported as coming from the country of last consignment. Re-exports of oil imported for processing within bonded areas are shown as exports of product from the processing country to the final destination. b) Coal Imports and exports comprise the amount of fuels obtained from or supplied to other countries, whether or not there is an economic or customs union between the relevant countries. Coal in transit is not included. c) Electricity Amounts are considered as imported or exported when they have crossed the national territorial boundaries of the country. International International marine bunkers covers those quantities delivered to ships of all marine flags that are engaged in international navigation. The international navigation bunkers may take place at sea, on inland lakes and waterways, and in coastal waters. Consumption by ships engaged in domestic navigation is excluded. The domestic/international split is determined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival, and not by the flag or nationality of the ship. Consumption by fishing vessels and by military forces is also excluded. International International aviation bunkers covers deliveries of aviation fuels to aircraft aviation bunkers for international aviation. Fuels used by airlines for their road vehicles are excluded. The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not by the nationality of the airline. For many countries this incorrectly excludes fuel used by domestically owned carriers for their international departures. Stock Stock changes reflects the difference between opening stock levels on the changes first day of the year and closing levels on the last day of the year of stocks on national territory held by producers, importers, energy transformation industries and large consumers. A stock build is shown as a negative number, and a stock draw as a positive number. Transfers Transfers includes both interproduct transfers, products transferred and recycled products. Total primary energy supply (TPES) Statistical differences Electricity plants Oil refineries Other transformation Energy industry own use Losses Total final consumption (TFC) Industry Total primary energy supply (TPES) is made up of production + imports - exports - international marine bunkers - international aviation bunkers ± stock changes. For the world total, international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers are not subtracted from TPES. Statistical differences includes the sum of the unexplained statistical differences for individual fuels, as they appear in the basic energy statistics. It also includes the statistical differences that arise because of the variety of conversion factors in the coal and oil columns. Electricity plants refers to plants which are designed to produce electricity only. If one or more units of the plant is a CHP unit (and the inputs and outputs can not be distinguished on a unit basis) then the whole plant is designated as a CHP plant. Both main activity producers and autoproducer plants are included here. Oil refineries shows the use of primary energy for the manufacture of finished oil products and the corresponding output. Thus, the total reflects transformation losses. In certain cases the data in the total column are positive numbers. This can be due to either problems in the primary refinery balance or to the fact that the IEA uses regional net calorific values for oil products. Other transformation covers non-specified transformation not shown elsewhere, such as the transformation of primary solid biofuels into charcoal. Energy industry own use contains the primary and secondary energy consumed by transformation industries for heating, pumping, traction and lighting purposes [ISIC 05, 06, 19 and 35, Group 091 and Classes 0892 and 0721]. Losses includes losses in energy distribution, transmission and transport. Total final consumption (TFC) is the sum of consumption by the different end-use sectors. Backflows from the petrochemical industry are not included in final consumption. Industry consumption is specified in the following subsectors (energy used for transport by industry is not included here but reported under transport): ■ Iron and steel industry [ISIC Group 241 and Class 2431 ]; ■ Chemical and petrochemical industry [ISIC Divisions 20 and 21] excluding petrochemical feedstocks; ■ Non-ferrous metals basic industries [ISIC Group 242 and Class 2432]; ■ Non-metallic minerals such as glass, ceramic, cement, etc. [ISIC Division 23]; ■ Transport equipment [ISIC Divisions 29 and 30]; ■ Machinery comprises fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment other than transport equipment [ISIC Divisions 25 to 28]; Industry (ctd.) ■ Mining (excluding fuels) and quarrying [ISIC Divisions 07 and 08 and Group 099]; ■ Food and tobacco [ISIC Divisions 10 to 12]; ■ Paper, pulp and printing [ISIC Divisions 17 and 18]; ■ Wood and wood products (other than pulp and paper) [ISIC Division 16]; ■ Construction [ISIC Divisions 41 to 43]; ■ Textile and leather [ISIC Divisions 13 to 15]; ■ Non-specified (any manufacturing industry not included above) [ISIC Divisions 22, 31 and 32]. Transport Transport includes all fuels used for transport [ISIC Divisions 49 to 51]. It includes transport in industry and covers domestic aviation, road, rail, pipeline transport, domestic navigation and non-specified transport. Fuel used for ocean, coastal and inland fishing (included under fishing) and military consumption (included in other non-specified) are excluded from transport. Please note that international marine and international aviation bunkers are also included here for world total. Other Other covers residential, commercial and public services [ISIC Divisions 33, 36-39, 45-47, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58-66, 68-75, 77-82, 84 (excluding Class 8422), 85-88, 90-99], agriculture/forestry [ISIC Divisions 01 and 02], fishing [ISIC Division 03] and non-specified consumption. Non-energy use Non-energy use covers those fuels that are used as raw materials in the different sectors and are not consumed as a fuel or transformed into another fuel. Non-energy use also includes petrochemical feedstocks. Non-energy use is shown separately in final consumption under the heading non-energy use. G Unit abbreviations bcm billion cubic metres MBtu million British thermal units Gcal gigacalorie Mt million tonnes GCV gross calorific value Mtoe million tonnes of oil equivalent GW gigawatt MWh megawatt hour GWh gigawatt hour PPP purchasing power parity kb/cd thousand barrels per calendar day t metric ton = tonne = 1 000 kg kcal kilocalorie TJ terajoule kg kilogramme toe tonne of oil equivalent = 107 kcal kJ kilojoule TWh terawatt hour kWh kilowatt hour USD United States dollar 65 G Geographical coverage OECD1 Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States. Middle East Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Non-OECD Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Europe and Croatia, Cyprus2, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Georgia, Gibraltar, Eurasia Kazakhstan, Kosovo3, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia4, Lithuania, Malta, Republic of Moldova, Montenegro3, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia3, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. China People's Republic of China and Hong Kong (China). Asia Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, Viet Nam and Other Asia. Non-OECD Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao5, Dominican Americas Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela and Other Non-OECD Americas. Africa Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'lvoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Other Africa. 1. OECD includes Estonia and Slovenia starting in 1990. Prior to 1990, data for these two countries are included in Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia. 2. Note by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to "Cyprus" relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the "Cyprus issue". Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. 3. Serbia includes Kosovo from 1990 to 1999 and Montenegro from 1990 to 2004. 4. Latvia was not an OECD Member at the time of the preparation of this publication. Accordingly, Latsiia does not appear in the list of OECD Members and is still included in the non-OECD aggregate. 5. The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010, resulting in two new constituent countries, Curaqao and Sint Maarten, with the other islands joining the Netherlands. However, due to a lack of detailed data, the IEA secretariat's data and estimates under the Netherlands Antilles still refer to the whole territory of the Netherlands Antilles as it was known prior to 10 October 2010 up to the end of 2011. Data refer only to the island of Curaqao from 2012. The other islands of the former Netherlands Antilles are added to Other Non-OECD Americas from 2012. Note: The countries listed above are those for which the IEA secretariat has direct statistics contacts. This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication "country" refers to country or territory, as the case may be. Statistics publications Eight annual publications World Energy Statistics 2016 A new publication from the IEA presenting comprehensive world energy statistics, previously presented in Energy Statistics of OECD Countries and Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, World Energy Statistics contains detailed data on all energy sources - coal, gas, oil, electricity, renewables and waste. It covers energy supply and consumption for 150 countries and regions, including all OECD countries, over 100 other key energy producing and consuming countries, as well as world and regional totals. The book includes detailed tables by country in original units for the year 2014, and summary time series on production, trade, and final consumption by sector. It also presents provisional 2015 supply data for OECD countries, and initial 2015 estimates for non-OECD countries' production and trade of natural gas, primary coal and oil. Published August 2016 - Price: Print €120; PDF €96 World Energy Balances 2016 A new release from the IEA presenting comprehensive energy balances for all the world's largest energy producing and consuming countries, World Energy Balances is formed by merging Energy Balances of OECD Countries and Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, previously published separately. The volume contains detailed data on the supply and consumption of energy for all OECD countries, over 100 other key energy producing and consuming countries, as well as world and regional totals. The book includes graphs and detailed data by country for all energy sources - coal, gas, oil, electricity, renewables and waste - expressed in balance format, for the year 2014. Alongside this, there are summary time series on production, trade, final consumption by sector, as well as key energy and economic indicators. The volume also presents provisional 2015 supply data for OECD countries, and initial 2015 estimates for non-OECD countries' production and trade of natural gas, primary coal and oil. Published August 2016 - Price: Print €120; PDF €96 Electricity Information 2016 Electricity Information provides a comprehensive review of historical and current market trends in the OECD electricity sector, including 2015 provisional data. It provides an overview of the world electricity developments in 2014 covering world electricity and heat production, input fuel mix, supply and consumption, and electricity imports and exports. More detail is provided for the 34 OECD countries with information covering production, installed capacity, input energy mix to electricity and heat production, consumption, electricity trades, input fuel prices and end-user electricity prices. It provides comprehensive statistical details on overall energy consumption, economic indicators, electricity and heat production by energy form and plant type, electricity imports and exports, sectoral energy and electricity consumption, as well as prices for electricity and electricity input fuels for each country and regional aggregate. Published August 2016 - Price: Print €150; PDF €120 Coal Information 2016 Coal Information provides a comprehensive review of historical and current market trends in the world coal sector, including 2015 provisional data. It provides a review of the world coal market in 2015, alongside a statistical overview of developments, which covers world coal production and coal reserves, coal demand by type, coal trade and coal prices. A detailed and comprehensive statistical picture of historical and current coal developments in the 34 OECD member countries, by region and individually is presented in tables and charts. Complete coal balances and coal trade data for selected years are presented on 22 major non-OECD coal-producing and -consuming countries, with summary statistics on coal supply and end-use statistics for about 40 countries and regions worldwide. Published August 2016- Price: Print €165; PDF €132 Natural Gas Information 2016 Natural Gas Information is a detailed reference work on gas supply and demand covering not only the OECD countries but also the rest of the world, this publication contains essential information on LNG and pipeline trade, gas reserves, storage capacity and prices. The main part of the book concentrates on OECD countries, showing a detailed supply and demand balance for each country and for the three OECD regions: Americas, Asia-Oceania and Europe, as well as a breakdown of gas consumption by end user. Import and export data are reported by source and destination. Published August 2016- Price: Print €165; PDF €132 Oil Information 2016 0/7 Information is a comprehensive reference book on current developments in oil supply and demand. This publication contains key data on world production, trade, prices and consumption of major oil product groups, with time series back to the early 1970s. Its core consists of a detailed and comprehensive picture of oil supply, demand, trade, production and consumption by end-user for each OECD country individually and for the OECD regions. Trade data are reported extensively by origin and destination. Published August 2016- Price: Print €165; PDF €132 Renewables Information 2016 Renewables Information provides a comprehensive review of historical and current market trends in OECD countries, including 2015 provisional data. It provides an overview of the development of renewables and waste in the world over the 1990 to 2014 period. A greater focus is given to the OECD countries with a review of electricity generation and capacity from renewable and waste energy sources, including detailed tables. However, an overview of developments in the world and OECD renewable and waste market is also presented. The publication encompasses energy indicators, generating capacity, electricity and heat production from renewable and waste sources, as well as production and consumption of renewables and waste. Published August 2016 - Price: Print €110; PDF €88 C02 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2016 In recognition of the fundamental importance of understanding energy related environmental issues, the IEA C02 Emissions from Fuel Combustion provides a full analysis of emissions stemming from energy use. This annual publication has become an essential tool for analysts and policy makers in many international fora such as the Conference of the Parties, which will be meeting in Marrakesh, Morocco, from 7 to 18 November 2016. The data in this book are designed to assist in understanding the evolution of the emissions of C02 from 1971 to 2014 for 150 countries and regions by sector and by fuel. Emissions were calculated using IEA energy databases and the default methods and emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Published November 2016- Price: Print €165; PDF €132 Two quarterlies Oil, Gas, Coal and Electricity This publication provides up-to-date, detailed quarterly statistics on oil, coal, natural gas and electricity for OECD countries. Oil statistics cover production, trade, refinery intake and output, stock changes and consumption for crude oil, NGL and nine selected oil product groups. Statistics for electricity, natural gas and coal show supply and trade. Import and export data are reported by origin and destination. The gas trade data from 1st quarter 2011 onwards corresponds to physical flows (entries/exits). Moreover, oil as well as hard coal and brown coal production are reported on a worldwide basis. Published Quarterly - Price: single edition Print €120; annual subscription Print € 380; single edition PDF €96; annual subscription PDF € 304 Energy Prices and Taxes This publication responds to the needs of the energy industry and OECD governments for up-to-date information on prices and taxes in national and international energy markets. It contains crude oil import prices by crude stream, industry prices and consumer prices. The end-user prices for OECD member countries cover main petroleum products, gas, coal and electricity. Every issue includes full notes on sources and methods and a description of price mechanisms in each country. Time series availability varies with each data series. Published Quarterly - Price: single edition Print €120; annual subscription Print € 380; single edition PDF €96; annual subscription PDF € 304 Electronic editions CD-ROMs and Online Data Services To complement its publications, the Energy Data Centre produces CD-ROMs containing the complete databases which are used for preparing the statistics publications. State-of-the-art software allows you to access and manipulate all these data in a very user-friendly manner and includes graphic facilities. These databases are also available on the internet from our online data service. ■ Annual CD-ROMS / Online Databases • World Energy Statistics 2016 Price: €800 • World Energy Balances 2016 Price: €800 World Energy Statistics and Balances 2016 Price: €1 400 (Combined subscription of the above two series) • Electricity Information 2016 Price: €550 • Coal Information 2016 Price: €550 • Natural Gas Information 2016 Price: €550 • Oil Information 2016 Price: €550 • Renewables Information 2016 Price: €400 • C02 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2016 Price: €550 ■ Quarterly CD-ROMs / Online Databases • Energy Prices and Taxes Price: (four quarters) €900 A description of these services is available on our website: http://data.iea.org All the annual and quarterly online databases are also accessible over the internet on a pay-per-view basis. The databases can be accessed either for a single data point or for time series. Other online services The Monthly Oil Data Service The IEA Monthly Oil Data Service provides the detailed databases of historical and projected information which is used in preparing the IEA monthly 0/7 Market Report {OMR). The IEA Monthly Oil Data Service comprises three packages available separately or combined as a subscriber service on the Internet. The data are available at the same time as the official release of the Oil Market Report. The packages include: • Supply, Demand, Balances and Stocks Price: €6 150 • Trade Price: €2 050 • Field-by-Field Supply Price: €3 150 • Complete Service Price: €9 200 A description of this service is available on our website: www.iea.org/statistics/mods The Monthly Gas Data Service The Monthly Gas Data Service provides monthly natural gas data for OECD countries: • Supply balances in terajoules and cubic metres; • Production, trade, stock changes and levels where available, gross inland deliveries, own use and losses; • Highly detailed trade data with about 50 import origins and export destinations; LNG trade detail available from January 2002; • From 2011 onwards, transit volumes are included and trade data corresponds to entries/exits. The databases cover the time period January 1984 to current month with a time lag of two months for the most recent data. • Monthly Gas Data Service: Natural Gas Balances & Trade Historical plus 12 monthly updates Price: €800 A description of this service is available on our website: www.iea.org/statistics/mgds The IEA statistics website contains a wealth of free statistics covering oil, natural gas, coal, electricity, renewables, energy-related C02 emissions and more for over 140 countries and historic data for the last 20 years. It also contains Sankey flows to enable users to explore visually how a country's energy balance shifts over up to 40 years, starting with production and continuing through transformation to see important changes in supply mix or share of consumption. The website also includes a range of monthly data. The IEA statistics site can be accessed at: www. i ea.org/statisti cs/ Note: The prices quoted for Electronic Editions are for single-user licences. Please contact us for information on multi-user licence prices. For more information, please feel free to contact the Energy Data Centre of the IEA at stats@iea.org INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue de la Federation, 75739 Paris Cedex 15 - France Key world energy statistics ^ wealth of ^ Download on the % App Store gm Windows ttj Phone International Energy Agency Secure Sustainable Together 201 e Oil Market Report Each month, the primary source of data on supply, demand, stocks, prices and refining Since its appearance in 1983, the International Energy Agency's Oil Market Report (OMR) has become the definitive source of information on world oil market fundamentals, covering supply, demand, OECD stocks, prices and refining as well as OECD and selected non-OECD trade. The OMR provides the most extensive, up-to-date statistical data available on current world oil market trends. It is the first and exclusive source to present official government statistics from all OECD countries, as well as selected data from non-OECD countries. The main market movements of the month are highlighted in a convenient summary, while detailed analysis explains recent market developments and provides an insight into the months ahead. It is the only regular short-term analysis of the oil industry available based on information obtained from the extensive IEA network of contacts with government and industry. The OMR provides both historical data and supply/demand forecasts for the year ahead. Featuring tables, graphs and statistics, it provides all the data and analysis necessary to track the oil market and to identify trends in production, consumption, refining, inventories in OECD countries and prices for both crude and products. Additionally, subscribers to the OMR receive a copy of the annual Medium-Term Oil Market Report (MTOMR) which examines key industry themes. These include the impact of the global economic slowdown on oil demand, upstream and downstream investment levels, the likely pace of development of biofuels and non-conventional oil supplies, likely oil products availability and oil price formation. The MTOMR provides detailed supply and demand forecasts for crude oil and oil products looking five years forward, and since its inception in 2006 the report has become a standard industry reference. To subscribe electronically, please see our website at www. oilmarketreport. org Annual subscription rate for single electronic copy: €2 200 The successful outcome of COP21 has raised hopes and expectations of concerted global efforts to tackle climate change, but how will this affect the efficiency and carbon footprint of the energy sector? When and how will market dynamics change for oil, natural gas and coal - or might lower prices for some fuels be here to stay? How can governments address the impact of local pollution, often energy-related, on air quality? The World Energy Outlook 2016 (WEO-2016) series - including a special report in June and the full Outlook in November - will seek to shed light on these questions and more, all with the customary mix of rigorous quantitative modelling and insightful analysis. The WEO-2016 series will include a particular focus on the following topical issues: ■ The impact of COP21: WEO-2016 will track progress with the implementation of the different country climate pledges made in Paris and judge what they mean for long-term energy trends. Based on this assessment, it will examine and present policy options to bridge the gap and reach climate objectives in full. ■ Majorfocus on renewables: renewable energy is vital to steer the energy system to the lowcarbon future envisioned in the Paris agreement. This analysis will assess the rapid improvement in the competitiveness and economics of renewables, relative to fossil-fuels and other low carbon options, as well as the opportunities and questions that a rising share of renewable energy open up for the energy system as a whole. ■ The road ahead for fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas remain the bedrock of global energy use but all face an uncertain period of adjustment, both to today's market conditions and - over the longer term - to the prospect of a new policy landscape post-COP21. With lower prices bringing down the axe on many new projects, WEO-2016 will assess the impact on tomorrow's market balances and the different pathways and risks that lie further ahead. ■ Mexico's energy outlook: the comprehensive energy reform package passed in Mexico will have profound effects on the country's energy sector development. This analysis will evaluate the potential impact of the reforms for Mexico's upstream as well as its power sector and wider economy. ■ Energy and water: are interdependent. This analysis will assess current and future freshwater requirements for energy production and the amount of energy required for the water sector, highlighting potential vulnerabilities and key stress points. ■ Special Report on Energy and Air Pollution (Released in June 2016): Energy-related air pollution leads to millions of premature deaths and costs the global economy trillions of dollars each year; with growing demand for energy services in the future, the already high costs of air pollution risk increasing dramatically. This special report, the first of its kind, will provide new analysis to help decision-makers tackle an issue of pressing social and political concern. For more information please visit our website: www. worldenergyoutlook. org Order now at www.iea.org/books or by emailing books@iea.org Price: €150 ©OECD/IEA, 2016 International Energy Agency (IEA) Head of Communication and Information Office 9, rue de la Federation, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France. Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/t&c Typesetted in France by Desk, September 2016 Cover design: IEA, Photo credits: © GraphicObsession Inside photos: Pages 11, 13, 17, 21 and 25 - © Photodisc Pages 15 and 27-© Brand X Pages 19 and 23 - © Digital Stock IEA/OECD possible corrigenda on: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm International Energy Agency f Secure Sustainable Together 9, rue de la Federation 75739 Paris Cedex 15 www.iea.org