Noun:  bid | Noun:  bidder
Collocates:  make a bid (for something/to do something)
they’ll only waste money on the bid | London’s bid for the
2012 Olympics was successful | a takeover bid (when
one company tries to buy another company) | Qatar also
made a bid to host the Olympics in 2020
compound  /kəmˈpaʊnd/ Verb
if something compounds a bad situation, it makes
it worse
if anything, it will compound the existing social problems
| the financial crisis has compounded the misery of many
struggling companies | don’t compound your mistake
by pretending it wasn’t you | losing his wallet simply
compounded his problems that day
devil’s advocate  /ˌdev(ə)lz ˈædvəkət/ Noun
if someone plays devil’s advocate, they pretend to
support an idea which they don’t actually believe in,
in order to make a discussion about the subject more
thorough
Collocates:  play devil’s advocate
let me play devil’s advocate here and say that nuclear
power might be the answer to our energy crisis | to
ensure that our ideas don’t go unchallenged, I’ve asked
Henry to be devil’s advocate this afternoon | I’m only
asking the question as a devil’s advocate
distort  /dɪˈstɔː(r)t/ Verb
to distort something means to change it from what it is
or what it is meant to be into something that is not as
natural or good
the human ear starts to distort sounds at very high levels
| the profit figures were distorted by the purchase of
a new factory site | some journalists distort reality by
making scientific errors | the government’s response
seriously distorts the committee’s recommendations
division  /dɪˈvɪʒ(ə)n/ Noun
if there is division between people, they do not agree
and they fight or argue with each other
it will create division and lead to tension | there was
often division within the leadership group | deep
divisions within the government meant that several
policies had to be abandoned
outweigh  /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/ Verb
if one consideration outweighs another, it is considered
to be more important or useful than the other thing
Collocates:  far outweigh something | outweigh the
benefits/advantages/disadvantages
I think the negatives far outweigh the positives | it seems
these fears are outweighed by real concern about rising
food costs | but the possible gains outweigh any risks
that might be made | the needs of the group outweigh
the needs of the individual | the benefits of quitting
smoking outweigh the disadvantage of weight gain
Pages 32–33
charisma  /kəˈrɪzmə/ Noun uncount
charisma is the quality some people have which makes
other people notice them and admire them
Collocates:  natural/personal charisma | lack charisma
he relied on his personal charisma more than his
policies during the election | she is friendly and talented,
and has a natural charisma | he’s a good actor, but
lacks charisma | Kennedy was known for his charisma
and charm
Adjective:  charismatic | Adverb:  charismatically
a natural and charismatic leader | I had never had such
a charismatic teacher | the charismatically handsome
Clint Eastwood
compassion  /kəmˈpæʃ(ə)n/ Noun uncount
compassion is a feeling of sympathy and understanding
for someone who is suffering
Collocates:  feel/have/show compassion (for someone)
he views any display of kindness or compassion
as weakness | they deserve compassion and help,
not punishment | she felt great compassion for
her grandchildren | it’s difficult for anyone to show
compassion for such ruthless killers
Adjective:  compassionate | Adverb:  compassionately
a caring and compassionate teacher | unfortunately,
they did not conduct themselves in a professional or
compassionate way | doctors said he had six months
left to live, and he was released from prison on
compassionate grounds (because it would be cruel to
continue his punishment)
ruthlessness  /ˈruːθləsnəs/ Noun uncount
ruthlessness is the quality of not caring if other people
are hurt as you make sure you achieve what you want
he was known for his ruthlessness and cruelty | both
leaders showed ruthlessness in the way they treated
their enemies | he achieved his aims thanks to a
combination of ruthlessness and skill
Adjective:  ruthless | Adverb:  ruthlessly
the newspaper described him as a ruthless killer | Stalin
was a ruthless dictator | we were ruthlessly punished for
the smallest offences | the ruthlessly ambitious daughter
of King Uther
Pages 34–35
bid  /bɪd/ Verb
a bid is an attempt to do something. If an organisation
bids for something such as a contract, they say why they
think they should be allowed to have that thing
Collocates:  bid for something | bid to do/have something
Paris bid unsuccessfully for the 2012 Olympics | they’re
going to bid to have the next world championships in
Newcastle | we spent months preparing to bid for the
new bridge building contract
© 2017 National Geographic Learning  1
Outcomes Advanced Vocabulary Builder  Unit 4
4 POLITICS
privatise  /ˈpraɪvətaɪz/ Verb
if a government privatises a company or industry that it
controls, it sells it or gives it to a private company
I read somewhere that they’re going to start privatising
more of the health service | there are proposals to
privatise the prison service | the railways were privatised
in the 1990s
Adjective:  privatised | Noun:  privatisation
the newly privatised company has plans to develop
new markets in Asia | privatised industries, such as
gas, electricity, and phone networks | the government
planned further privatisation after the election | the
opposition called for an end to the privatisation
programme
reservation  /ˌrezə(r)ˈveɪʃ(ə)n/ Noun
if you have reservations about something, you have
doubts about it and are not sure that it is a good thing
Collocates:  reservations about something | serious
reservations | minor reservations
I am in favour, but I just have a few reservations about it
| I think most people will support the government in this,
whatever their reservations | my only reservation is that
the colour is too bright | the foreign ministry expressed
serious reservations about military action | I have a few
minor reservations about her proposal
strengthen  /ˈstreŋθ(ə)n/ Verb
to strengthen something means to make it stronger
Collocates:  strengthen someone’s resolve
we hope to strengthen relations between our two
countries | the defeat only served to strengthen my
resolve (my determination) | this exercise will strengthen
your leg muscles | security measures at the stadium
have been considerably strengthened
trigger  /ˈtrɪɡə(r)/ Verb
if something triggers an event, it causes it to start
happening
it might trigger an election earlier than they wanted | if
they get 50,000 signatures, it will trigger an automatic
referendum | the announcement triggered protests
outside the presidential palace | the change in interest
rates could trigger an increase in house-buying
Noun:  trigger
common triggers for this illness include tobacco
and coffee | these changes can be caused by an
environmental trigger
Pages 36–37
chatter  /ˈtʃætə(r)/ Verb
if people chatter, they talk quickly and in a friendly and
excited way to each other
they were sitting by the pool chattering to each other
| the girls chattered happily to each other while they
waited for the bus to arrive | we were too excited to
sleep and chattered away until it was nearly light | we
could hear the children laughing and chattering in the
next room
Noun:  chatter | Noun:  chatterbox | Noun:  chattering
classes
Collocates:  constant chatter | lively chatter
Pete’s constant chatter was beginning to annoy her |
he could hear the nervous chatter of the guests | John
was very quiet, but his brother was a real chatterbox
(someone who is always talking, especially about
unimportant things) | I left Hampstead to get away from
the chattering classes (educated, middle-class people
who talk a lot about politics and the arts but who don’t
know much about manual work or “real life”)
clutch  /klʌtʃ/ Verb
if you clutch someone or something, you hold them with
a very firm grip
he arrived at the door clutching a bunch of flowers |
he twisted his knee and clutched his leg in pain | she
clutched tightly to the handle of the suitcase | he closed
his eyes and clutched her hand
Noun:  clutch
he kept me close with a tight clutch on my wrist
creep  /kriːp/ Verb
if you creep somewhere, you move slowly and quietly
there so that people cannot hear you or see you
he crept slowly out of the kitchen | I thought I saw
someone creeping into the garden | she crept quietly
out of bed, trying not to wake her sister | staying on
the grass, he crept silently to the back of the garage |
someone crept up behind me
emergence  /ɪˈmɜː(r)dʒ(ə)ns/ Noun uncount
the emergence of something is when it first comes into
existence
Collocates:  the emergence of something
they believe that humour can prevent the emergence of
dictators | the 1960s saw the emergence of new political
organisations | the emergence of digital learning has
transformed higher education | the sudden emergence
of new technologies in the music industry
Verb:  emerge | Adjective:  emerging
more details about the bombing have emerged | new
political parties emerged after the country gained
independence | the gallery shows work by young
and emerging artists (artists who are just beginning
to be recognised) | the gap between rich nations and
emerging economies (countries that are still developing)
engagement  /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt/ Noun uncount
if you engage in something, you take part in it in a
serious way. Engagement is the act of engaging in
something
as a result, political engagement is discouraged |
teachers try to encourage student engagement in
social clubs and societies | democracy requires active
engagement and participation | her direct engagement
in party politics led to her becoming an MP in 2005
Verb:  engage | Adjective:  engaged
Collocates:  engage (someone) in something
we need to engage people in politics before it’s too
late | at university I began to engage in environmental
campaigning | elsewhere, it seems, humour can
engage voters | many British companies are engaged
in the arms trade | it will keep your employees actively
engaged | I never felt so engaged as I did during the
last election
© 2017 National Geographic Learning  2
Outcomes Advanced Vocabulary Builder  Unit 4
gasp  /ɡɑːsp/ Verb
if you gasp, you take air into your mouth quickly and
loudly, for example because you are surprised, excited,
or in pain. You also say that someone gasps when they
say something in a surprised or excited way
the politician gasps “But what are you doing?” | “it
sounds incredible,” gasped Tom | what she saw made
her gasp in surprise | people gasped when they heard
the announcement
Noun:  gasp
Collocates:  an audible gasp | give a gasp
there was an audible gasp from everyone in the room
(a gasp that you could hear easily) | she gave a gasp
of delight
giggle  /ˈɡɪɡ(ə)l/ Verb
if you giggle, you laugh in a quiet way because
something is funny or because you are nervous or
embarrassed
they waited outside the stage door, giggling nervously
| we giggled and whispered secrets to each other long
into the night | he giggled and pretended he hadn’t
heard | Vince tried to look serious but the rest of us
were giggling uncontrollably | Jo’s latest tweet made me
giggle
Noun:  giggle
Collocates:  a nervous giggle | get the giggles | a fit of
the giggles
I had a giggle when I read his email | there were a few
nervous giggles from the audience | when I saw his new
haircut I got the giggles (was not able to stop laughing)
glare  /ɡleə(r)/ Verb
if you glare at someone, you look at them in a very angry
and unfriendly way
Collocates:  glare at someone
the other driver glared at him and shouted something
rude | the stranger turned and glared at him | why are
you glaring at me like that? | he glared angrily into my
face | Betty shook her head and just glared
Noun:  glare
I looked away to avoid his glare | she gave him an
angry glare
grow out of  /ɡrəʊ ˈaʊt əv/ Phrasal verb
if something grows out of an earlier thing, it develops
because of that thing
the Black Power movement grew out of the civil rights
struggle in America | French opera grew out of the ballet
| the idea for the book grew out of a painting I saw in an
art gallery
identity  /aɪˈdentɪti/ Noun
someone’s identity is all the qualities and beliefs that they
have, which makes them different from everyone else
Collocates:  a sense of identity | an identity crisis
the only time I feel conflicted about my identity is when
Pakistan play England at cricket | everyone in society
contributes equally to a nation’s identity | an identity
crisis (a time when you start to have doubts about things
that you have always believed about yourself) | I grew
up with a strong sense of identity
mere  /mɪə(r)/ Adjective
you use mere to emphasise how unimportant something
or someone is
this is just politics being turned into mere entertainment
| at the time, he was a mere van driver for the company;
now he’s the managing director | these were mere
words, but what was needed was action | they were
soldiers, but looked like mere boys
Adverb:  merely
I’m merely saying that we can’t afford another holiday
this year | we’re merely friends (we aren’t having a
romantic relationship)
mumble  /ˈmʌmb(ə)l/ Verb
if you mumble, you say something in a way that is
difficult for people to hear clearly
she mumbled something without raising her head | stop
mumbling! | he doesn’t say much to other people, but he’s
often mumbling to himself | he didn’t answer directly, just
mumbled something we couldn’t understand
Noun:  mumble
there was a low mumble of voices
murmur  /ˈmɜː(r)mə(r)/ Noun
a murmur is a low, quiet sound, usually made by the
voices of people speaking quietly or a long way away
soft music and the murmur of gentle conversation | there
was a confused murmur of voices | from nearby came
the gentle murmur of a stream | there was a little murmur
of approval
Verb:  murmur
Arthur murmured something softly in her ear | Corbett
murmured his thanks and left the room
mutter  /ˈmʌtə(r)/ Verb
if you mutter, you say something very quietly in a way
that is difficult for people to hear clearly
he walked out of the room muttering to himself | she
muttered an apology | he heard several voices muttering
angrily | still muttering, he got out of the car and opened
the gate
Noun:  mutter | Noun:  muttering
we could hear the mutter of his voice in the next room
| there were angry mutterings from the boys, but they
calmed down when they saw the food arriving
opposition  /ˌɒpəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/ Noun uncount
if there is opposition to something, people do not agree
with it and want to stop it or change it. In British politics,
the opposition is the political parties that are not part
of the government. The leader of the opposition is the
leader of the largest of these parties
the leader of the main opposition party, Mr Corbyn | the
leader of the opposition hopes to become prime minister
after the election | when the economy is in trouble, the
opposition gain more supporters | after 18 years in
opposition, Labour finally formed a government in 1997
representation  /ˌreprɪzenˈteɪʃ(ə)n/ Noun uncount
if a group has representation on a committee, in a
parliament, or in other positions of responsibility, there
are people there who represent them or who are the
same as them
© 2017 National Geographic Learning  3
Outcomes Advanced Vocabulary Builder  Unit 4
there’s still insufficient representation of women in
parliament (there are not enough women in parliament)
| political parties must work together to promote
women’s involvement and representation in all
levels of government | there needs to be increased
representation of parents on the school governing board
Verb:  represent | Noun:  representative
a total of 38 countries were represented at the
conference | your member of parliament is elected
to represent your interests | there are two student
representatives on the campus catering committee
| each town can send three representatives to the
national meeting
satirical  /səˈtɪrɪk(ə)l/ Adjective
satirical writing, films, opinions, etc. use humour to make
fun of people in authority, especially politicians
until the 1960s there were no satirical shows on British
TV | the satirical magazine Private Eye has had only
two editors in its 54 years of existence | Catch-22 is
a satirical novel about US soldiers during the war in
Korea | the film was a satirical version of Shakespeare’s
Macbeth
Adverb:  satirically | Noun:  satire | Noun:  satirist
I’m still not sure if the article was intended satirically | the
play satirically explores the influence of social media in
modern politics | political satire can be very dangerous
in some countries | she uses wit and gentle satire in her
poems | Peter Cook, the satirist and comedian, died in
1995 | a political satirist
settle  /ˈset(ə)l/ Verb
if you settle or settle down somewhere, you make
yourself as comfortable as you can because you are
likely to be there for a few hours
he settled into bed and fell asleep | she settled down in
front of the television and waited for the programme to
begin | settle yourselves down by the fire and I’ll bring
you a nice cup of tea
skip  /skɪp/ Verb
if you skip, you move forward in little jumps, first on one
foot then on the other. If you say that someone skips
somewhere, you mean that they go there quickly and
cheerfully
he waved goodbye and skipped happily into the lift | she
skipped downstairs to say hello to her aunt | school had
finished, and the children were running and skipping in
the street
Noun:  skip
it does not walk like other animals but takes funny
little skips
spot  /spɒt/ Verb
if you spot someone or something, you notice them
he peered into the distance and spotted some people
on the horizon | I spotted an empty table at the far end
of the restaurant | we spotted the England football
manager when we were at the airport | Madonna was
spotted going into a theatre in Hammersmith
stagger  /ˈstæɡə(r)/ Verb
if you stagger, you walk in a slightly uncontrolled way,
almost falling over, because you are hurt or unwell
he staggered home and rang the police | she got up and
staggered into the bathroom | the boxer staggered back
after the punch, but soon came back on the attack | he
stumbled, staggered forward a few feet, then fell over
stroll  /strəʊl/ Verb
if you stroll somewhere, you walk there slowly and in a
relaxed way for pleasure
he strolled happily along the beach | you could stroll
round the lake before dinner | we strolled around the
old town | I strolled down to the station to meet them
off the train | after an early breakfast, we strolled up the
hill to watch the sun rise | there was my father, strolling
casually towards us
Noun:  stroll
Collocates:  take a stroll | a leisurely stroll | a(n) morning/
afternoon/evening stroll
I took a leisurely stroll around the park | the beach is
only a short stroll from the hotel | an afternoon stroll
struggle  /ˈstrʌɡ(ə)l/ Noun
a struggle is a long period of time when people are
trying hard to achieve something which is very difficult to
achieve
Collocates:  an armed struggle | an uphill struggle
the Black Power movement grew out of the civil rights
struggle in America | the story of their struggle for
freedom | the victory of the liberation struggle | his
uncles were involved in the armed struggle against
apartheid | after he lost his job, daily life became a bitter
struggle | she faced an uphill struggle (an especially
difficult struggle) to get staff to agree to a pay freeze
trudge  /trʌdʒ/ Verb
if you trudge somewhere, you walk there slowly and
sadly because you are tired or unhappy
Collocates:  trudge along/off/back, etc.
he saw his friends trudging along in front of him | he
left the house and trudged off towards the bus stop |
we trudged back to the house through the rain | Peter
trudged miserably through the city streets looking for a
hotel
Noun:  trudge
it was a long trudge back to the campsite round the lake
yell  /jel/ Verb
if you yell, you shout in a very loud and angry or excited
voice
Collocates:  yell (something) at someone
they trudged along while the devil yelled, “Work harder!”
| the crowd started yelling at the referee | what are they
yelling about? | they yelled insults at us as they drove
away
Noun:  yell
I heard yells of warning from outside
© 2017 National Geographic Learning  4
Outcomes Advanced Vocabulary Builder  Unit 4
Pages 38–39
abolish  /əˈbɒlɪʃ/ Verb
to abolish a law, system, or tradition means to officially
end it
thanks to the student council we were able to abolish
school uniform | many people want to abolish the House
of Lords | slavery was abolished in Britain in 1833 | the
death penalty was abolished in the 1960s
Noun:  abolition
the abolition of slavery | the EU opposes capital
punishment and has proposed its worldwide abolition |
campaigning for the abolition of the monarchy
allege  /əˈledʒ/ Verb
if you allege something bad, or allege that someone has
done something wrong, you say that you think it is true
but you do not have proof yet
he is alleged to have faked the experiments | the paper
alleged that he had deliberately avoided paying tax on
the income | the prosecutors alleged that witnesses had
been bribed | he alleged that his son died as a result of
police actions
Noun:  allegation | Adjective:  alleged | Adverb:  allegedly
he defended himself against allegations of dishonesty
| he was arrested on false allegations | none of these
allegations were ever proven | the alleged incident took
place in the early hours of the morning | he allegedly
came up with the idea after he nearly crashed into
a wall | the video allegedly shows the mayor taking
banned drugs
allocate  /ˈæləkeɪt/ Verb
to allocate things means to decide which person or
organisation should receive them and what they should
use them for
each area is allocated a number of seats according
to its population | the government has allocated
another £3m to flood prevention in the region | we
need to allocate more resources to primary education |
supermarkets allocate large budgets to advertising | in
total, the agency allocated £16m to the project
Noun:  allocation
Collocates:  an allocation of something
fair allocation of resources is a difficult thing to achieve
| each club will receive an allocation of 4,000 tickets for
the cup final
ballot  /ˈbælət/ Noun
a ballot is a vote in which people choose a
representative, or vote for or against a particular
proposal
Collocates:  cast a ballot | a secret ballot
the union held a strike ballot at the factory | votes
were cast by secret ballot and counted in public view
| counting of ballot papers (the pieces of paper where
voters marked their choice) went on all night | the
election was conducted by postal ballot (where people
send their votes in through the post) | the leadership
ballot was held on 29th November
Verb:  ballot
they now have to ballot their members before calling an
official strike
bribery  /ˈbraɪb(ə)ri/ Noun uncount
bribery is illegally paying money to someone in authority
so that they will do something useful for you
Sanders was found not guilty of bribery charges | the
bribery scandal made headlines in the newspapers the
next day | bribery is illegal in most countries | steps were
taken to prevent bribery | political corruption and police
bribery were common
Noun:  bribe | Verb:  bribe
Collocates:  accept/take a bribe | offer a bribe
a minister was sent to jail for taking bribes | he refused
to change his mind, even when he was offered a
substantial bribe | city officials and police officers
were bribed | he bribed the prison guard who helped
him escape
broad  /brɔːd/ Adjective
if there is broad agreement about something, most
people agree about it
a broad consensus | the proposal won broad support
from all political parties
Adverb:  broadly
his arrival as manager was broadly welcomed by
the fans
call  /kɔːl/ Verb
to call an election, a meeting, etc. means to officially
announce that it must happen and say when it will be
Collocates:  call a meeting | call an election
the government called an election for the 10th of May |
the chairman called an emergency meeting to discuss
the crisis | President Wilson called a special session of
Congress in 1919
cast  /kɑːst/ Verb
if you cast a vote, you officially vote
you can cast your votes by phone or online | the majority
of votes are cast by post | they received over 60% of all
the votes cast | only 30% of voters actually cast a ballot
consensus  /kənˈsensəs/ Noun
if there is consensus, everybody agrees about
something
Collocates:  achieve/reach consensus | build a
consensus | a consensus emerges | general/broad
consensus
a tradition of consensus has been established in
Switzerland | no consensus has emerged among
scientists on the topic | there needs to be a willingness
to achieve political consensus | there is no broad
consensus on what a typical student could be expected
to know | building public consensus will be essential
cover up  /ˌkʌvə(r) ˈʌp/ Phrasal verb
to cover something up means to stop people from
knowing about it, especially when it is something that is
illegal or embarrassing
attempts were made to cover up the scandal | some
believe the police covered up the facts, but we’ll never
know | he was lying to cover up his mistakes | he was
covering up for his son’s activities | news of the crash
leaked out to the press and it was too late to cover it up
Noun:  cover-up
© 2017 National Geographic Learning  5
Outcomes Advanced Vocabulary Builder  Unit 4
the papers were convinced there had been a police
cover-up | the Watergate cover-up finally led to the
resignation of Nixon
federal  /ˈfed(ə)rəl/ Adjective
a federal system of government involves states which
have a lot of control over their own affairs, but which all
belong to the same country with a central government
that makes decisions for everyone on important matters
such as foreign policy
the Swiss have a federal parliament with two bodies –
the National Council and the Senate | total US federal
debt now exceeds $16 trillion | there are state taxes
collected locally, and there are federal taxes | such a
move requires approval from the federal government
| the school system became dependent on federal
funding
Noun:  federation
the Russian Federation came into being in 1991
hollow  /ˈhɒləʊ/ Adjective
a statement, event, or person that is hollow does not
have any real value, effectiveness, or sincerity
a hollow victory | he finally discovered the solution, but
it was a hollow success as his rival had got there before
him | she answered in a hollow voice
inclusivity  /ˌɪnkluːˈsɪvəti/ Noun uncount
inclusivity is a policy of accepting the widest possible
range of people within a culture or organisation
we are committed to increasing inclusivity | her job
was to promote inclusivity within the organisation |
inclusivity should be the goal of any group working
towards equality | the colours of the Olympic rings carry
a message of inclusivity
Adjective:  inclusive
the main aim is to make our society more inclusive | an
inclusive approach to politics
landslide  /ˈlæn(d)ˌslaɪd/ Noun
a landslide or a landslide victory is when someone wins
an election with a very big majority
Collocates:  a landslide victory | by a landslide
they won the election by a landslide | Labour won a
landslide victory in the 1997 election | in 1945, there
was a Labour landslide | voters re-elected him in an
electoral landslide in 1972
leak  /liːk/ Verb
if secret or private information leaks, or if someone leaks
it, it is made public
the story leaked out before they could stop it | the
letter was leaked to the press by someone inside the
department | several of the documents were leaked
to the BBC | he leaked secrets to at least two other
newspapers
Noun:  leak | Adjective:  leaked
the leaked documents were published by several
national newspapers | the team spent six months
investigating the leak of sensitive information to the
press | the leak obviously came from inside the ministry
line  /laɪn/ Noun
a party line, government line, etc., is a set of beliefs and
attitudes that a political party or a government holds, and
that its members are expected to follow
Collocates:  the official/party/government line | toe the line
MPs are expected to follow the party line | he went on
radio to explain the government line | the official line
was that no serious error had been made | most schools
take a hard line against drugs (are very strict) | if you
don’t toe the party line (agree with the party’s views) you
risk being thrown out
lobby  /ˈlɒbi/ Verb
to lobby politicians or governments means to talk to
them in an organised way to try and get them to change
a law or introduce a new law
Collocates:  lobby hard | lobby the government/MPs/
Congress/parliament | lobby for/against something
hundreds of rail workers lobbied MPs at Westminster
about the changes to their pensions | they’re lobbying
the government to build more houses | publishers have
been lobbying hard to prevent open access to research
papers | environmentalists unsuccessfully lobbied
parliament for a ban on the practice
Noun:  lobby | Noun:  lobbying | Noun:  lobbyist
after pressure from an industry lobby group, the
government scrapped the idea | the powerful agricultural
lobby in France | a professional lobbying organisation
| heavy lobbying finally succeeded in getting the law
changed | tobacco lobbyists fought the ban on advertising |
a former MP who became an industry lobbyist
loose end  /luːs ˈend/ Phrase
if you are at a loose end, you do not have anything you
need to do and can’t decide what to do
Collocates:  be at a loose end
I was at a bit of a loose end when the researcher called
| for the first time in weeks I was at a loose end | take a
book in case you find yourself at a loose end
outspoken  /ˌaʊtˈspəʊkən/ Adjective
someone who is outspoken is not afraid to say what they
think, even when they know people will not agree with
them
an outspoken MP | an outspoken critic of the president
| my father was always outspoken about his political
views | an outspoken opponent of gun control | he
became even more outspoken about the political
situation
Phrasal verb:  speak out
they spoke out against the war | several staff members
who spoke out lost their jobs
persist  /pə(r)ˈsɪst/ Verb
if you persist in doing something, you continue to do it,
even if it is difficult or unpopular
Collocates:  persist in doing something | persist with
something
the management is persisting with a ridiculous offer
that will see wages fall | he persisted in calling me Mrs
Savage | she persisted in her belief that her husband
was innocent
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Outcomes Advanced Vocabulary Builder  Unit 4
Adjective:  persistent | Adverb:  persistently |
Noun:  persistence
she was very persistent in her attempts to get into
university | he refused to answer my persistent
questions | the practice continued despite persistent
complaints from customers | he called persistently for
a change in the law | the man persistently refused to
give any information about himself | her hard work and
persistence paid off when she won a scholarship to
Cambridge
petition  /pəˈtɪʃ(ə)n/ Noun
a petition is a document signed by a lot of people
demanding that a government or other authority take
action about something
Collocates:  sign a petition | hand in/submit a petition
individuals can challenge the decision by collecting
50,000 signatures on a petition | will you sign our
petition to stop them closing the hospital? | campaigners
submitted a petition to the president when he visited the
university | the petition was signed by 20,000 people |
an e-petition (one that is done online, not on paper) | to
sign the petition, click here
Verb:  petition
campaigners petitioned the local authority to keep the
hospital open
prominent  /ˈprɒmɪnənt/ Adjective
someone who is prominent is one of the most important
people in their field of work, and is well-known and
successful
a prominent figure in the anti-war movement | the group
was composed of prominent local business people | a
group of nationally prominent researchers | she became
a prominent member of the Liberal Party
Noun:  prominence
Collocates:  rise to prominence
Blair rose to prominence in the early 1990s | she came to
international prominence after she won the Nobel Prize
ratings  /ˈreɪtɪŋz/ Noun plural
the TV or radio ratings is a list which shows how many
people watch or listen to each individual programme
Collocates:  a ratings war
the programme’s ratings were falling | the BBC’s evening
news programme was winning the ratings war with ITV
(the competition to get the largest number of viewers)
| it helped their ratings to have a kind of hate figure |
the series was taken off air after three weeks because
of poor ratings | ratings for the show have never been
higher
referendum  /ˌrefəˈrendəm/ Noun
a referendum is an occasion when every adult is asked
to vote about one particular issue, and the government
has to accept what the majority of voters say
Collocates:  hold/conduct a referendum
the UK will hold another referendum on membership
of the EU | in the 1975 referendum, they voted to stay
in | the Scottish referendum had a very close result |
Georgia conducted a NATO membership referendum in
2008 | in the referendum, voters rejected the proposal
to expand the airport
rep  /rep/ Noun
a rep is a representative - someone who represents a
company or a group of people
pupil reps can decide on policy | I was elected student
rep on the university council last year | ask your union
rep for details about membership | he was a sales rep
for a furniture company
rig  /rɪɡ/ Verb
to rig an election or competition means to cheat in order
to get a result that would not be the case if everything
was run fairly
FIFA were accused of rigging the election | the
opposition claimed the vote was rigged | ballot-rigging
was common in the 19th century
Adjective:  rigged
the country has a history of rigged elections
stand  /stænd/ Verb
to stand in an election means to be a candidate in the
election
Collocates:  stand for something
she stood for parliament three times before she was
finally elected | she decided to stand for President |
a total of seven candidates are standing in this local
election
take aback  /ˌteɪk əˈbæk/ Phrasal verb
if something takes you aback, it surprises you
when the results were published, I was a bit taken aback
| it just took me aback when I first saw you | she was
clearly taken aback by my question | it was his rudeness
that took her aback
turnout  /ˈtɜː(r)naʊt/ Noun
at an election, the turnout is the number of people who
actually go and vote
this may explain why voter turnout was down this time
| turnout at elections has been steadily falling | a 64%
turnout for a general election was very disappointing
| in the 1950 election, the turnout was 84% | an
unexpectedly high turnout at the council elections
Phrasal verb:  turn out
fewer than 400 voters turned out for the council
referendum | supporters turned out in force in Thursday’s
election
unanimous  /juːˈnænɪməs/ Adjective
a unanimous decision is one that is agreed to by
everyone who is involved in making it
Collocates:  a unanimous decision
a unanimous vote | the committee reached a unanimous
decision | the proposal won unanimous approval | this
was not a unanimous view among party members
Adverb:  unanimously | Noun:  unanimity
the request was approved unanimously | union members
voted unanimously to go on strike | after hours of
discussion we were no nearer unanimity | there was
almost complete unanimity when it came to the vote
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Outcomes Advanced Vocabulary Builder  Unit 4
Pages 40–41
civilise  /ˈsɪvəlaɪz/
to civilise people means to teach them how to live well
and sensibly and have a good life. Be careful if you
use this word. It was often used by people in the West
to suggest that people in Africa or Asia are not as well
developed culturally or politically
European attempts to ‘civilise’ the Aborigines had tragic
consequences | the British mistakenly thought they were
civilising the people in their Empire
Adjective:  civilised | Adjective:  civilising
a highly civilised country | let’s talk about this in a
civilised way | without these rules, civilised life would
be impossible | she had a civilising influence on her
brothers
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Outcomes Advanced Vocabulary Builder  Unit 4
E	 Complete the missing adjectives.
1	 a h _ _ _ _ w victory
2	 a s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ l magazine
3	 an o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ n critic
4	 a p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t figure
5	 a r _ _ _ _ d election
6	 a u _ _ _ _ _ _ _ s decision
F	 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the verbs in the box. Look up the nouns if you
need help.
hold	play	call	 lack	show	sign
1	 She’s a good politician, but she
charisma.
2	 They will always great compassion
for people in need.
3	 When he said he thought Tom was right, he was only
devil’s advocate.
4	 The government has an election for
next month.
5	 The petition had been by 20,000
people.
6	 The country will a referendum on
membership of the EU.
‘Ways of’ verb groups
G	 Complete the definitions with the correct
descriptive verb from the box.
trudge	 gasp	 giggle	stroll	 glare	clutch
1	 If you at someone, you look at them
in a very angry and unfriendly way.
2	 If you  , you laugh in a quiet way
because something is funny.
3	 If you  , you say something in a
surprised or excited way.
4	 If you someone or something, you
hold them with a very firm grip.
5	 If you somewhere, you walk there
slowly and in a relaxed way for pleasure.
6	 If you somewhere, you walk there
slowly and sadly because you are tired or unhappy.
EXERCISES
Prepositions
A	 Complete the sentences with the correct
preposition. Look up the word in bold if
you need help.
1	Paris bid unsuccessfully the 2012 Olympics.
2	 I have a few minor reservations her suggestion.
3	 The 1960s saw the emergence new political
organisations.
4	She glared me before getting up and leaving
the room.
5	They yelled insults us as they drove away.
6	 All my friends had gone on holiday, so I was a bit
of a loose end.
7	He persisted trying to mend the gate, but I could
see it was impossible.
Word families
B	 Complete the expressions on the right with the
correct form of the word in bold.
1	a unanimous agreement	they agreed
2	 rig an election	a
election
3	a prominent figure	 rise to
4	a charismatic leader	a leader with great
5	 feel no compassion	a nurse
6	a satirical article 	a clever use of
C	 Tick the words in the unit that are both a verb
and a noun.
1	bid
2	trigger
3	clutch
4	abolish
5	allocate
6	bribery
7	leak
8	engagement
Collocations
D	 Match the adjectives (1–6) with the nouns (a–f).
Look up the nouns if you need help.
1	 a nervous	 a)	consensus
2	 a high	 b)	giggle
3	 a secret	 c)	 struggle
4	 an armed	 d)	ballot
5	 a broad	 e)	gasp
6	 an audible	 f)	 turnout
© 2017 National Geographic Learning  9
Outcomes Advanced Vocabulary Builder  Unit 4