Revision: Phrase, clause, sentence; clause/sentence elements x word classes. Syntactic functions of clause elements.
Subject-verb concord, question tags, negation
Pro-forms (substitution) and ellipsis. Types and realisations of substitution and ellipsis.
Introduction to adverbials - formal realisation, semantic classes, types by position, grammatical function
Adverbials - grammatical functions (adjuncts, subjuncts, conjuncts and disjuncts).
Modality and modal verbs - intrinsic and extrinsic modality; deontic, epistemic and root modality. Permission x prohibition, possibility x impossibility, ability x inability. Past activity and state, habit, refusal.
Expectation, assumption and conclusion. Obligation x absence of obligation.
Duty and arrangement, with non-fulfilment. Putative should - suggestion and recommendation, consent, demand, opinions, feelings.