GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
AND ITS FUNCTIONS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF
LIVER AND PANCREAS
M. Chalupová
21. 2. 2023
Lecture from Physiology and Pathophysiology II
Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)
 Oral cavity and associated
structures
 Pharynx
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small intestine
 Large intestine
 Liver
 Gallbladder
 Pancreas
GIT Functions
GIT Symptoms Nausea and Vomiting
GIT Symptoms Diarrhea
GIT Symptoms Obstipation
Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers
Acute Pancreatitis
Chronic Pancreatitis
Liver Histology
Jaundice (Icterus)
 yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by
hyperbilirubinemia
 becomes visible when the bilirubin level is about 34 to 51 μmol/L
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
 increased production (hemolysis)
 decreased hepatic uptake (heart failure, drugs)
 decreased conjugation (Gilbert sydrome)
Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
 hepatocellular dysfunction (drugs, toxins, viral hepatitis)
 intrahepatic cholestasis (alcoholic liver disease, drugs, toxins,
hepatitis)
 extrahepatic cholestasis – obstruction of extrahepatic bile flow
(common bile duct stone, pancreatic cancer)
Jaundice (Icterus)
Liver Steatosis (fatty liver)
 excessive accumulation of lipid in hepatocytes, the
most common liver response to injury
 nonalcoholic
 alcoholic
Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis
Portal Hypertension
Portal Hypertension
esophageal
varices
hemorrhoids
caput Medusae
(head of Medusa)
Liver Failure
 loss of liver function