PATHOHISTOLOGY
seminar from Physiology and Pathophysiology II
18. 4. 2023
M. Chalupová
Artery
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Heart
Myocardial Infarction (Coagulative
Necrosis)
Myocardial Infarction and Its Complications
rupture of ventricular
septum
rupture of heart
wall
mitral regurgitation
(rupture of papillary muscle)
Lungs
Emphysema
regressive change – atrophy
permanent enlargement of the alveoli and
destruction of alveolar walls
dysbalance between proteases and
antiproteases
smoking
cadmium
pneumoconioses
alpha-1-antitrypsin
deficiency
Emphysema
Emphysema
Lobar Pneumonia
Pneumonia
Liver
central vein
liver plates from hepatocytes
sinusoids
Liver – Portal Space
Fatty Liver (Steatosis)
Liver Steatosis
Cirrhosis
a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by
replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, scar tissue and regenerative
nodules leading to loss of liver function
◼ micronodular (under 3 mm)
◼ macronodular (over 3 mm)
◼ mixed
posthepatitic (chronic hepatitis C, B, B+D)
alcoholic (ethanol, acetaldehyde)
◼ steatosis
◼ hepatitis
◼ cirrhosis (micronodular)
biliary cirrhosis
toxic (toxic substances, drugs)
metabolic
◼ Wilson's disease
◼ alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency(A1AT)
long-lasting venostasis
Liver Cirrhosis (Micronodular)
Liver Cirhosis Micronodular
Biliary Atresis
Complications of Cirrhosis
icterus oesophageal varices
Complications of Cirrhosis
ascites spider naevi (naevi aranei)
Large Intestine – Mucous Membrane
Tubular Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma Coli
Kidney
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
Prostate Gland
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Melanocytic Naevi
Melanocytic Naevus
1 melanocytes 2 nests of melanocytes
Malignant Melanoma
1. Lentigo maligna melanoma
2. Superficial spreading melanoma
3. Acral lentiginous melanoma
4. Nodular melanoma
Breslow thickness
◼ 0,76 mm: 98%
◼ 0,76–1,5 mm: 63%
◼ more than 1,5 mm: 44%
Clark's level
◼ the level of anatomical invasion of the melanoma in the skin
5-year survival
Lentigo Maligna Melanoma
Superficial Spreading Melanoma
1 irregularly distributed junctional nests, high in the epidermis
2 melanocytes individually in the upper layers of the epidermis
3 lymphocyte infiltrate in the base
4 invasion into papillary dermis (Clark 3)
Superficial Spreading Melanoma
Acral Lentiginous Melanoma
Nodular Melanoma
1 extensive tumor invading adipose tissue
2 focal melanin production
Nodular Melanoma
ABCD Rule
A (Asymetry)
B (Border)
pain, erythema and swelling,
itching, bleeding, scarring
C (Colour)
D (Diameter)
Malignant Melanoma Metastases