SCHEMA OF RESPIRATORY TRACT
COUGHT (TUSSIS)
Tussis – common symptom of disease of pulmonary tract
According to the duration
• acute (acute infection viral, during diseases from cold), at the
beginning dry, later productive
• chronic (longer than three weeks, usually symptom of serious
disease)
It is necessary to diagnose the causation of tussis and to
determine, if better to support expectoration or suppress.
THERAPEUTICS OF RESPIRATORY TRACT
1 Antitussics
central - codeine, noscapine, glaucine
local – some antiphlogistics tpye of essential oils, plant mucilages
2 Expektorants
mucolytics (saponins)
secretolytics, secretomotorics (essential oils, saponins)
plant mucilages
3 Antiasthmatika
ephedrine
lobeline
tropane alkaloids, khellin
ANTITUSSICS – DRUGS SUPRESSING COUGHT via
central mechanism
Codeinum monohydricum –
Codeine monohydrate (ČL
2005)
Source: Opium (1,5 %)
Preparation: Isolation,
semisynthetic from
morphine, less from thebaine
Usage: 0,015-0,030 g central
antitussic, lowers bronchial
secretion
Comment: In organism is from
10-15 % demethylated to
morphine, during repeated
dosage causes addiction
N CH3
OH
H
H
HO
MeO
O
N
OH H
CH3
MeO
1
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13 14
15
16
A
B
C
D
codeine
5
6
7
8
9
14
15
16
3
ANTITUSSICS – DRUGS SUPRESSING COUGHT via
central mechanism
Noscapinum – Noscapine
(narcotine) (ČL 2005)
Source: Opium (2–10 %)
Preparation: isolation
Usage: 0,015–0,03 g central
antitussic, possesses
papaverine relaxation effect.
Does not trigger addiction.
Comment: can trigger release of
histamine → can cause
bronchocontstriction
O
NO
O
CH3
OMe
OMe
MeO
O
noscapine
ANTITUSSICS – DRUGS SUPRESSING COUGHT via
central mechanism
Glaucinum hydrochloridum
Source: Glaucium flavum –
yellow hornpoppy
(Papaveraceae); annual
to perennial robust bluegreen
plant, contains
latex
Drug: dried aerial part
CC: 3,9 % of alkaloids, from
that 50 % of glaucine
(aporphine derivative).
Usage: 0,05 g central
antitussic, no inhibition of
gut motility, does not
trigger addiction. Lowers
blood pressure.
N
CH3
MeO
MeO
MeO
OMe
glaucine
EXPEKTORANTS – SUBSTANCES FACILITATING
EXPECTORATION
Compounds affecting tussis caused by irritation of pharyngeal
mucosa
According to the mechanism of effect
• mucilaginose
• emetic
• secretolytic
• secretomotoric
• mucolytic
Used in form of galenic preparations
Single effects are mutually penetrated and the effect is supported
also by antiphlogistic, antiseptic and spasmolytic properties of
used drugs content compounds.
ALTHAEAE FOLIUM – COMMON MARSHMALLOW
LEAVES (ČL 2005)
ALTHAEAE RADIX – COMMON MARSHMALLOW ROOT
(ČL 2005)
Source: Althaea officinalis – common marshmallow
(Malvaceae); perennial, robust, velvet-like herb
with thick rhizome and numerous roots, native to
wet meadows, for pharmaceutical purposes is
cultivated.
Drug: green-yellow leaves, grey hairy, collected
permanently in vegetative period
Root strong 0,5-2 cm, harvested from two years
old plants in the autumn, after washing are peeled
and dried.
CC: Mucilage – GalUA, Rha, Glc, Gal, Ara, further
sugars, lipids, pectin, starch;
Usage: Folium – 1,5 g – maceration
Radix – 0,5 g cold macerate
Considerable protective effect on mucosal layer,
threfore during pharyngeal inflammations. Also as
gargle. Protective of GIT mucosa.
FARFARAE FOLIUM – CLOTSFOOT LEAVES
Source: Tussilago farfara – coltsfoot
(Asteraceae); perennial plant with creeping
rhizome – flowers, later leaves; found at
fields, pastures, embankments
Drug: dried leaves with short stalk
CC: 7 % of mucilage from Fru, Gal, Ara, GlcUA;
furthermore tannins, inulin, flavonoids and
triterpens.
Comment: Some chemovars contain hepatotoxic
and carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, for
example senkirkin.
Usage: 1,5 g of drugs – maceration –
expectorant.
Farfarae flos – coltsfoot flower – harvested
without stalk; contains mucilage,
carotenoids, flavonoids and triterpenic
alcohols. Expectorant.
SALEP TUBER – SALEPOVÁ HLÍZA
Source: Orchis mascula – Early
Purple Orchid, O. militaris, O.
morio Orchidaceae
Drug: dried daughter tubers
harvested in flowering period;
blanched in hot water,
washed and dried; main
producer Greece
CC: 50 % in water soluble
mucilage composed of mainly
Man and less Glc; furthermore
starch and proteins
Usage: mucilaginose, gut
inflammations, pediatrics
PLANTAGINIS FOLIUM – NARROWLEAF PLANTAIN
LEAVES
Source: Plantago lanceolata – narrowleaf
plantain (Plantaginaceae); perennial plant
with rosette of ground leaves; inflorescence
– cylindric spike. Weed. Can be cultivated.
Drug: dried green leaves, collected several
times per year, before flowering; no dark
stains.
CC: Mucilage - Xyl, Ara, Glc, Gal, GalUA,
GlcUA; further more tannins, iridoid
glycosides, silicic acid
Usage: 1,5 g maceration or infusion,
expectorant with antiphlogistic effect
O
O
H
H
HOH2C
OH
Glc
aukubin
MALVAE SYLVESTRIS FLOS – MALLOW FLOWER (ČL 2005)
MALVAE FOLIUM – MALLOW LEAVES
Source: Malva sylvestris – mallow
(Malvaceae); biennial to perennial
plants; for pharmaceutical purposes is
cultivated. Priority to polypetalous
cultivars.
Drug: dried whole or cut flowers with
calyxes during whole flowering period.
For pharmaceutical purposes cultivated.
Dried leaves harvested during whole
vegetation period.
Content compounds: mucilage - Rha, Ara,
Gal, GlcUA , furthermore tannins,
organic acids, flowers anthocyanine
pigments
Usage: 1,5 g maceration, similarly to Folium
althaeae
LICHEN ISANDICUS – ICELAND MOSS (ČL 2005)
Source: Cetraria islandica – Iceland moss (Parmeliaceae);
perennial moss with straight thallus. Mountain areas of
noth, middle and east Europe, Czech republic –
Krkokonoše mountains
Drug: dried, shrub-like thallus of bitter taste
CC: cca 50 % of polysaccharides soluble in water
• lichenine – linear polymer from β-D-Glc connected
alternately (1–3) and (1–4) bonds; soluble in hot
water, when cooled gelated, do not react with iodine
• isolichenine – linear polymer of α-D-Glc connected
(1–4) bonds; soluble in cold water, positively reacts
with iodine
• Polysaccharides soluble under basic condition
• flavonoids, vitamins A, B1 and iodine
LICHEN ISANDICUS – ICELAND MOSS (ČL 2005)
CC: lichen acids – depsidones 2-3 %
Indication:
• expectorant with bacteriostatic
depsidones
• immunomodulation effect of
extract
• gastroenteritis and aversion to
food – bitter taste of depsidones
Dosage:
1,5-2,5 g of smoothly cut drug / 2 dcl
/10 min. (use of hot water and
immediate decantation removes
bitter tasting substances,
following maceration leads to
obtaining of mucilages).
O O
CH3
CH3
OH
CH3
OH
CH3
O
O
O
CH2
OH3
C(CH2
)12
HOOC
O
O
CH3
OH
C
H2
O R
OCH3
OH
O H COOH
R
R
R
usnic acid protolichsterinic acid
= H protocetraric acid
= C2H5 cetraric acid
= CO-CH=CH-COOH fumarprotocetraric acid
FOENUGRAECI SEMEN – FENUGREEK SEED
Source: Trigonella foenum-graecum –
fenugreek. Annual plant, up to 50 cm tall.
Fruit is a loment. Demands warm climate. In
agriculture food.
Drug: dried seed of irregular angular shape,
very hard
CC: 20-45 % of mucilage (Man, Gal, Xyl), 25 %
of proteins, oil, steroidal furostane saponins
(hydrolyse on diosgenin, yamogenin),
sterols, flavonoids.
Usage: 0,5 g of powdered drug – maceration (3
h in cold water) – expectorant during
catarrh of upper respiratory tract. Externally
to prepare antiphlogistic cataplasm
EMETIC EXPECTORANTS
After p.o. administration irritate stomach mucose membrane, that
triggers irritation of parasympaticus and it increases the secretion of
mucus.
• Alkaloid emetine
• Drugs containing saponins (infusion, decoction)
- lower surface tension
- secretolytic effect – lowering of mucus viscosity and easier
expectoration
EMETINI DIHYDROCHLORIDUM – EMETINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE (ČL 2005)
IPECACUANHAE RADIX – IPECACUANHA ROOT (ČL 2005)
Source: Cephaelis ipecacuanha –
ipecacuanha (Rubiaceae);
evergreen shrub 40 cm tall; wet
forests of south America (Brazil,
Nicaragua), cultivated in India and
Malaysia
Drug: dried, worm-shaped, nodular
roots of 3-4 years old plants,
harvested during flowering period
(l - III)
CC: alkaloids 2-6 % in root bark; 2/3
represents emetine, furthermore
cephaeline and others, saponins,
starch
Usage: preparation of infusion or
extract; reflexive expectorant,
higher doses emetic, antiamoebic.
EMETINI DIHYDROCHLORIDUM (ČL 2005)
MeO
MeO
N
N
H
O
MeO
R
R = CH3
R = H
emetine
cephaeline
LIQUIRITIAE RADIX – LIQUORICE ROOT (ČL 2005)
Source: Glycyrrhiza glabra – liquorices (Fabaceae). Perennial up to 1,5 m
tall plant, 4-8 member leaves, blue-purple flowers. South Europe,
Mediterranean. Cultivated (Spain, France, Italy, Turkey, China, Iran)
Drug: Dried roots and projections (stolones); harvested in the autumn
from 3-4 years old plants. Before drying sometimes peeled (removal
of bitter tasting substances, but also removal of glycyrrhizin)
CC: Triterpenic saponins (3-15 %), prevalent sweet tasting glycyrrhizic
acid (according ČL 2002 at least 4 %) – approx. 50x sweeter than
saccharose; without hemolytic activity; aglycon – glycyrrhetin is not
sweet, possesses hemolytic activity; further compounds: triterpenes,
flavonoids, coumarins, bitter substances, starch.
Usage:
Expectorant with secretolytic, secretomotoric and antiphlogistic effect
Indirect corticoid-like effect of glycyrrhizic acid
Coregents of taste
Flavonoids and isoflavonoids possess spasmolytic effect, inhibit
mitochondrial MAO, estrogenic activity
Preparations:
Liquiritiae extractum fluidum ethanolicum normatum – ethanolic extract
from liquorice liquid standardized (3-5 % of glycyrrhizic acid)
Liquiritiae succus
Further usage: Food industry, tobacco industry
LIQUIRITIAE RADIX – LIQUORICE ROOT (ČL 2005)
content compounds
O
OH
OH
OH
O
O
OH
OH
O
3
12
11 13
18
17
2019
CH3
CH3
H
CH3
CH3
O
CH3
CH3
23
CH334
COOH
COOH H
H
COOH
glycyrrhizic acid = glycyrrhizin (salt)
O
O
OH
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
liquiritigenin
isoliquiritigenin
8
O
7
4
3
O
1
OH
CH3
CH3
OMe
4'
4´-O-methylglabrin
PRIMULAE RADIX – COWSLIP ROOT (ČL 2005)
PRIMULAE FLOS – COWSLIP FLOWER
Source: Primula veris – cowslip; P.
elatior – (Primulaceae);
perennial plants of Europe.
Drug: dried rhizome with 1 mm
thick, up to 10 cm long roots;
dried (rapidly) flower with
calyx.
CC: Triterpenic saponins (5-10 %),
main is primula acid A
Usage:
Expectorant in form of infusion
during acute and chronic
inflammatory disases of upper
respiratory tract.
Mild diuretic effect
Primula saponin - standard
PRIMULAE RADIX – COWSLIP ROOT (ČL 2005)
PRIMULAE FLOS – COWSLIP FLOWER
content compounds
O
OH
O-D-GlcUA 1
2
3
1
131
-L-Rha
-D-Gal-D-Glc
primula acid
OH
OH
R1
R2
priverogenin A, R1 = CHO, R2 = OH
priverogenin B, R1 = CH2OH, R2 = OH
primulagenin A, R1 = CH2OH, R2 = H
echinocystic acid, R1 = COOH, R2 = H
SENEGAE RADIX – SENEGOVÝ KOŘEN
Source: Polygala senega – Vítod
senega (Polygalaceae);
perennial plant nativein north
America, where is cultivated
for pharmaceutical purposes
Drug: root with spherical, nodulary
rough head, on the internal
side of bending string-shaped
keel; smells like methyl ester
of salicylic acid
CC: Senega-saponins I to VIII,
main is senegin
Usage: Expectorant in form of
infusion or extract
SENEGAE RADIX – SENEGOVÝ KOŘEN
content compounds
COO
CH2OH
O
OH
COOH
O
CO C
H
C
H
OMe
OMe
1 2
4
1 1
1
14 4D-Fuc L-Rha D-Xyl -D-Gal
-D-Glc
senegin
SAPONARIAE RUBRAE RADIX – COMMON SOAPWORT
ROOT
Source: Saponaria officinalis –
common soapwort
(Caryophylaceae);
perennial plant, in Europe
in wet areas
Drug: dried spindle-like root
with narrow white cortex
and yellow wood
CC: up to 5 % of saponins –
„saporubin“; main are
triterpenic, acidic
bidesmosides, their
aglycon is gypsogenin.
Does not contain starch,
lots of calcium oxalate
aggregates
Usage: expectorant, diuretic.
Prevalently for technical
purposes.
SAPONARIAE RUBRAE RADIX – COMMON SOAPWORT ROOT content
compounds
OH
CHO
COOH
gypsogenin
SAPONARIAE ALBAE RADIX – BABY´S BREATH ROOT
Source: Gypsophila paniculata – baby´s breath (Caryophyllaceae);
perennial plant native in Europe, ornamental
Drug: dried root with white cortex and yellow wood.
CC: up to 20 % of saponins – main is gypsosid A
Usage: for isolation of saponins, which are asigned as „saponinum
album“. Expectorant, used for technical purposes
C
O
O
O
CHO
1
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
4
4
L-Rha
-B-GlcUA
-D-Gal -D-Glc
-L-Rha
D-Xyl
D-Fuc D-Xyl
D-Xyl
gypsosid A
VERBASCI FLOS – MULLEIN FLOWER (ČL 2005)
Source: Verbascum phlomoides – mullein, V.
densiflorum (Scrophulariaceae); biennial
plants, in the 2nd year a haulm bearing
bunch-like organized yellow flowers; for
pharmaceutical purposes is cultivated
Drug: dried flower corolla with stamens grown
back; harvested in dry weather and
immediately is dried; must be well protected
aginst excessive humidity
CC: Triterpenic saponins; cca 2,5 % of
flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol,
rutin, hesperidin) iridoids (aucubin, catalpol),
fenolic glycosides (verbascoside),
carotenoids, pigment crocin, mucilage
Usage: Expectorant in form of infusion or
decoction - effect is caused by saponins and
mucilage; mild diuretic, diaphoretic,
spasmolytic.
VERBASCI FLOS – DIVIZNOVÝ KVĚT
obsahové látky
CH2
OH
O
OH
FucGlcRha
Glc
CH2
OH
verbaskový saponin
OH
Rha-Glu-O
OH
O
H
OMe
verbaskosid
HOOC COOH
krocetin
krocin
krocetin
gentiobiosa
HEDERAE FOLIUM – COMMON IVY LEAVES
Source: Hedera helix – common ivy
(Araliaceae); evegreen climbing
shrub, leaves with hear-shaped
or 3-5 lobular blade
Drug: dried lobular, leathery,
tough, shiny leaves, collected in
spring
CC: up to 5 % of mixture of
triterpenic saponins with
prevalence of bidesmosides -
hederacosides
Usage: Expectorant with
spasmolytic effect (used during
gag cough)
HEDERAE FOLIUM – COMMON IVY LEAVES
content compounds
Hederacosides possesses molluscidal (mollusks killing) effect.
They are used against Biomphalaria glabrata, which is vector of
bilharziosis (it is caused by Schistosomum bilharzia)
C
O
O
O
1 6 4
2
1 1
1 1-L-Rha
-D-Glc-D-Glc -L-Rha
-L-Ara
hederagenin
-hederin
hederakosid C
QUILLAJAE CORTEX – SOAP BARK TREE BARK
Source: Quillaja saponaria – soap bark
tree (Rosaceae); tree native in
South America (Chile, Peru, Bolivia,
cultivated in USA and India).
Drug: dried bark peeled from outer part
of bark
CC: up to 10 % of mixture of triterpenic
saponins, main are acidic
bidesmosides. Hydrolysis gives
quillaic acid and Gal, GalUA, GlcUA
Usage: Expectorant, food industry,
cosmetics. Saponins are used as
component of toothpastes,
mouthwashes, emulgators
OH
OH
CHO
COOH
quillajic acid
DROSERAE HERBA – ROUNDED SUNDEW AERIAL PART
Source: Drosera rotundifolia – common
sundew or rounded sundew
(Droseraceae); perennial carnivorous
plant. Leaf blade is covered with tentacles
secreting proteolytic enzymes. In Czech
republic strictly preserved. It is cultivated.
Drug: Whole plant is harvested in the
beginning of flowering period
CC: Derivatives of naphtoquinone (droseron,
plumbagin, ramenton and others),
tannins, organic acids.
Usage: In form of extract or tincture
• Expectorant with spasmolytic and
antibacterial effect, against pertussis
• Drug is a component of mixtures used in
therapy of hypertension and
arteriosclerosis
O
R
CH3
O
OH
droseron, R = OH
plumbagin, R = H
STIMULATION EXPECTORANTS
Substances from this group are excreted by bronchial glands and
rirectly stimulate them to support the production of phlegm.
Used are mainly infusions from some drugs containing essential
oils, furthermore after isolation the essential oil can by
administered by inhalation or percutaneously.
Some components of essential oils are surface active compounds
and act as
• secretolytics (Etheroleum anisi, E. foeniculi, E. thymi)
• secretomotorics (Etheroleum eucalypti, E. pini pumilionis)
Further components of essential oil possesses effect antibacterial,
spasmolytic and antiphlogistic.
ANISI FRUCTUS – ANISE FRUIT (ČL 2005)
Source: Pimpinella anisum – aniseed
(Apiaceae); annual plant, inflorescence is
umbel, fruits are diachenes with little
pronounced ribs; it is cultivated in
Mediterranean, in north Africa, in Asia and
south America.
Drug: dried whole or partially decomposed
diachene, opositte pear shaped, strongly
aromatic odour.
CC: At least 20 ml of essential oil / kg of
drug, contains up to 90 % of transanethol,
furthermore its isomer
methylchavicol, anisaldehyde, mono- and
sesquiterpenic carbohydrates, sugars,
proteins
Usage: Infusion from grinded drug
expectorant, carminative; for
obtaining of essential oil
ANISI ETHEROLEUM – ANISE ESSENTIAL OIL (ČL 2005)
Essential oil obtained from dried fruits of Pimpinella anisum or
Illicium verum by distillation with water steam; liquid weakly
yellow, after storage can crystallize; characteristic pleasant
odour, aromatic sweetish taste. Temperature of solidification is
15-19 0C. Solid essential oil is before use melted by mild heating
and mixing.
MeO
H
H MeO
C
C
H
H
CH3
MeO
O C
O
C
H
C
H2
CH3
CH3
CHO
MeO
trans-anethole methylchavicol
ester of 2-hydroxyanethol
and 2-methylbutyric acid
anisaldehyde
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF ANETHOL
C
C
H
H
CH3
MeO
CHO
MeO
C C
H
O
MeO
OMe
OH
C
C
MeO
OMe
trans-anethole
anisaldehyde dianisoine
dianethole
ANISI STELATI FRUCTUS – STAR ANISE FRUIT (ČL 2005)
Source: Illicium verum – star anise (Illiciaceae);
evergreen tree native to Asia, cultivated in
Japan, China, Vietnam, Philipines.
Drug: Dried compound fruit (from 6 to 11 keelshaped
follicles), contains at least 70 ml of
essential oil / kg of drug; essential oil is
obtained by water steam distillation.
CC: Weakly yellow liquid, during storage
crystallizing, characteristic pleasant odour,
aromatic sweetish taste. Temperature of
solidification 15-19 0C. Solid essential oil is
before use melted by mild heating and mixing.
Essential oil possesses similar composition as
essential oil from Anisum vulgare (+ saphrol,
terpineol, phelandren)
Usage: expectorant; confectionery spice
Comment:
Illicium religiosum (japonicum, anisatum) –
japanese star anise, – violently poisonous –
shikimine, shikimitoxine
FOENICULI DULCIS FRUCTUS – SWEET FENNEL FRUIT (ČL 2005)
Source: Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce –
sweet fennel; biennial or perennial
plant, up to 150 cm tall,
inflorescence is an umbel, fruits are
diachenes
Drug: dried, ripened, usually
desintegrated to sinlge achenes;
strong aromatic odour, typical spicy
taste
CC: essential oil, at least 20 ml / kg of
drug, containing at least 80,0 % of
trans-anethole, furthermore
fenchon, methylchavicole,
anisaldehyde, α-pinene, limonene;
proteins, organic acids, flavonoids,
fatty oil
Usage: Infusion from grinded drug
expectorant, carminative; pediatrics,
?galactagogue?
C
C
H
H
CH3
MeO
trans-anethol
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
fenchon
FOENICULI AMARI FRUCTUS – PLOD FENYKLU OBECNÉHO
PRAVÉHO (ČL 2005)
Zdroj: Foeniculum vulgare sp. vulgare
var. vulgare – Fenykl obecný pravý;
dvouletá nebo vytrvalá bylina, 120
cm vysoká, květenství okolík, plod
dvojnažka
Droga: Usušená, zralá dvojnažka,
většinou rozpadlá na jednotlivé
nažky; silně aromatický zápach,
chutná kořenitě.
OL: Silice, nejméně 40 ml / kg drogy, v
ní nejméně 70,0 % trans-anetholu a
15,0 % fenchonu, dále je methylchavikol,
anisaldehyd, α-pinen,
limonen; bílkoviny, organické
kyseliny, flavonoidy, mastný olej
Použití: Nálev z drcené drogy expektorans,
karminativum.
C
C
H
H
CH3
MeO
trans-anethol
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
fenchon
FOENICULI ETHEROLEUM – FENNEL ESSENTIAL OIL
Essential oil obtained from ripened fruits Foeniculum vulgare by
hydrodistillation
• Yellowish liquid, characteristic pleasant odour
• Firstly sweetish taste, than bitter, aromatic
• Temperature of solidification 4-9 0C
Usage:
• expectorant
• carminative
• Corigent of taste and odour
Higher doses can cause the congestion of pelvic area.
THYMI HERBA – COMMON THYME AERIAL PART (ČL
2005)
THYMI ETHEROLEUM – COMMON THYME ESSENTIAL
OIL (ČL 2005)
Zdroj: Thymus vulgaris – common thyme, T. zygis
(Lamiaceae); perennial, branched, evergreen
shrub; leaves from the top bald, from the down
white-felt-like; native in Mediterranean,
cultivated also in India and USA
Drug: dried whole leaves and flowers separated
from stems
CC: Essential oil at least 12 ml / kg of drug and at
least 40 % of thymol and carvacrol,
furthermore cineol, limonene, bornylacetate;
tannins, flavonoids, bitter substances,
triterpenic acids
Usage: Infusion – expectorant, bronchospasmolytic,
antiseptic. Externally as gargle.
Comment:
Higher doses or long-termed using can affect
thyroideal gland, should not be a component of
teas for daily use
OH
OH
thymol karvakrol
SERPYLLI HERBA – WILD THYME AERIAL PART
Source: Thymus serpyllum – wild thyme
(Lamiaceae); perennial plant,
polymorphous and variable, sesile to
earth, with purple read flowers;
widespread in Europe
Drug: dried flowering herb, pleasant
aromatic odour, bitterish spicy taste
CC: 0,1-0,6 % of essential oil,
composition dependent on taxon
(thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene,
linalool, terpineol, borneol, geraniol,
geranylacetate, citral); tannins,
bitter substances, flavonoids.
Usage: Infusion – expektorant with
antispetic effect. Externaly
hyperemising for balneologic
preparations
EUCALYPTI FOLIUM – TASMANIAN BLEU GUM (ČL 2005)
EUCALYPTI ETHEROLEUM – TASMANIAN BLUE GUM ESSENTIAL
OIL (ČL 2005)
Source: Eucalyptus globulus – Tasmanian blue
gum (Myrtaceae); up to 25 m tall tree with
alternating, leathery, long, sickle-like curved
leaves; native in Australia, cultivated also in
Spain, Morocco, Brazil
Drug: dried sickle-like leaves from older trees,
long up to 20 cm, whole or in pieces,
considerably prominent main vein, on the
blade visible ducti with essential oil, camphorlike
odour, sharply spicy taste.
CC: Essential oil – uncut drug at least 20 ml /kg;
cut drug at least 15 ml / kg; in essential oil
70-95 % of cineol = eucalyptol, p-cymen,
pinene, phellandren, piperiton.
Usage: expectorant with disinfection effect,
secretolytic action prevalent besides weak
secretomotoric effect
Drug used mainly for essential oil isolation.
OO
cineol
eucalyptol
-phellandrene
(-)--pinene
PINI PUMILIONIS ETHEROLEUM – MOUNTAIN PINE ESSENTIAL OIL
Source: needles of shrub Pinus mughus
– mountain pine (Pinaceae);
mountain woody plant with
procumbent stem, dense, deep
green; Alps.
Drug: essential oil obtained by distillation
with water steam. Transparent liquid,
characteristic odour; under UV and
O2 becomes denser and more dark.
CC: 3-10 % of esters expressed as
bornylacetate; pinenes,
phellandrene, carene, limonene.
Usage: Inhalation expectorant
secretolytic with antiseptic
properties; component of oitments
applied on the margin of nostrils
during rhinitis. External derivant,
desinficient of public places.
O C CH3
O
OH
OH
bornylacetate
-phellandrene -phellandrene 3-carene
-pinene -pinene
sobrerol
BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM – TOLU BALSAM (ČL 2005)
Source: Myroxylon balsamum var. germinum
(Fabaceae); up to 40 m tall tree native in
south America (cultivated in Columbia)
Drug: Balsam is obtained by cutting of bark pathologic
product; from wounds flows
balsam, in time solidifies and gets brown;
melts at 60-65 0C, possesses pleasant
aromatic odour, scratchy taste.
CC: 25,0 to 50,0 % free or bonded acids
expressed as cinnamic acid; resin (esters
of toluresinotanol with benzoic and
cinnamic acid), cinnameine (benzylester
of benzoic acid and cinnamic acid 2:1;
vanillin, mono- and sesqui- terpenes,
eugenol
Usage: Component of expectorant and
bronchodilatation preparations; part of
healing oitments accelarating
granulation.
C
O
O CH2 C
O
O CH2C
H
C
H
2 : 1
cinnameine
ANTIASTHMATICS
Bronchodilatants
• ephedrine, adrenaline
• methylxanthines, especially theophylline, caffeine, aminophylline
• spasmolytics, atropine, khellin
Adjuvants
• expectorants, Ol. eucalypti
• antitussics
• analgetic-antipyretic
• central analeptics, lobeline
• cardioactive glycosides, digitoxin, ouabain