Pharmacognosy lab exercise 3 Root drugs Balsams, Tars Gumms Tubers Filicis maris radix (rhizoma) §Mother plant: Dryopteris filix-mas, Dryopteridaceae w (male fern) w § § Filicis maris radix (rhizoma) §Macroscopy: unstripped, uncut brown rhizomes, on fractures greenish, without odour, disgusting bitter taste § §Content compounds: phloroglucinol derivatives (mixture is called filicin) in form of oleoresin § §Usage: veterinary antihelmintic (obsolete) § § filixic acid Filicin is toxic for tapeworms, it paralyzes their muscles. The bigger the molecule of filicine, the more potent it is. Filicis maris radix (rhizoma) §Microscopy: monocotyledonous plant, hadrocentric vascular bundles with endodermis and starchy sheath, glandular trichomes in basic parenchym § w w w epidermis sklerenchym basic parenchym starchy sheath endodermis hadrocentric vascular bundle phloem xylem glandular trichome hadrocentric vascular bundle has xylem in the middle Filicis maris radix (rhizoma) §Microscopy:hadrocentric vascular bundle § § filicis maris radix1 endodermis phloem xylem internal glandular trichome Sarsaparillae radix (sarsaparilla) §Mother plant: Smilax sp., Smilacaceae (catbrier, prickly-ivy) w § § §Macroscopy: long, without branches, cylindrical, brown, without odor, slimy taste § §Content compounds: steroidal saponins § §Usage: metabolic, therapy of syphilis § § Sarsaparillae radix (sarsaparilla) Basic structure for steroidal compounds. Suffix genin means it is that part of a molecule of glycoside, which is not sugar. Glycosides consist of non-sugar molecules and sugar moleculs, which are bound together with glycosidic bond. Sarsaparillae radix (sarsaparilla) §Microscopy: w rhizodermis wprimary cortex with raphides and starch w endodermis w w sieve-tubes w w vessel w w wVascular bundle: radial polyarch w w starch § w § § sarsaparilae radix3 Raphides are needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate, they tend to be blunt at one end and sharp at the other. Sarsaparillae radix (sarsaparilla) §Microscopy: w w w § § w w w endodermis primary cortex primary floem primary xylem Sarsaparillae radix (sarsaparilla) §Microscopy: w w § § Veratri albi radix CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Veratrum album, Melanthiaceae (white hellebore) w § § §Macroscopy: black-brown rhizome obovate shape, with roots surrounding or with scars after roots, fracture is white-grey, without odour, bitter taste § §Content compounds: steroidal alkaloids protoveratrine A, B § §Usage: hypotensive, ectoparasitic, isolation of alkaloids § § Veratri albi radix CzPh 2017 Protoveratrine A, B are esterified alkaloids Veratri albi radix CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: w w primary cortex w endodermis w (Caspari strips) w sieve-tubes w w ducts w w wVascular bundle: radial polyarch w w § w § § Veratri albi radix CzPh 2017 §Mikroskopie: rhizodermis endodermis Vascular bundle: radial polyarch parenchym medulla Calami aromatici radix §Mother plant: Acorus calamus, Acoraceae (sweet flag) w § § Calami aromatici radix §Macroscopy: grey-brown wrinkled rhizomes without roots (visible scars), aromatic odor, strong spicy taste § §Content compounds: volatiles (β-asaron), bitter substances, tannins, cholin, starch and mucilages § §Usage: aromatic amarum, stomachic, spasmolytic § § β-asaron Spazmolytický účinek se připisuje cholinu Calami aromatici radix §Microscopy: rhizodermis, primary cortex with vascular bundles collateral in sclerogen sheath, endodermis, central cylinder with leptocentric vascular bundles, often volatiles-containing cells, characteristic chain parenchyma - aerenchyma § § w § § endodermis vascular bundle collateral vascular bundle leptocentric aerenchyma Aerenchyma is a spongy tissue that forms spaces or air channels in the leaves, stems and roots of some plants Leptocentric vascular bundle has phloem in the middle calami aromatici radix Calami aromatici radix §Microscopy: w rhizodermis w w collateral vascular bundle w w w endodermis w w w w w leptocentric vascular bundle w w § § Lichen islandicus CzPh 2017 (iceland moss) §Mother plant: Cetraria islandica, Parmeliaceae w § § Lichen islandicus CzPh 2017 (iceland moss) §Macroscopy: thin, branched, fragile thallus, upper side green-brown, under side grey-white with bright spots, weak odour, slimy taste § §Content compounds: lichenin, isolichenin, lichen acids (usnic acid, fumarprotocetraric acid), iodine, flavonoids, vitamins A and B1 § §Usage: mucilage, antitussive, amare w § Usnic acid Lichenin is like cellulose in structure (β-D-glucose units). Lichenin is soluble in hot water, and as it cools down, it turns into a gel, which cannot be stained by iodine. Isolichenine is like amylose in structure (α-D-glucose units), is soluble in cold water and iodine stains it blue. lichen isl Lichen islandicus CzPh 2017 (iceland moss) §Microscopy: transversal section w • upper cortical part •(stratum corticale superior) •hyphae w •medullar part •(stratum medulare) •gonidia •hyphae § •lower cortical part •(stratum corticale inferior) § Hyphae: filamentous structure of a fungus Gonidiae: algae or bacteria, they often contain chlorophyll and thus are green Lichen islandicus CzPh 2017 (iceland moss) §Microscopy: w w § § lichen Secale cornutum (rye ergot) §Mother plant: Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae w (ergot fungus) w § § Secale cornutum (rye ergot) §Macroscopy: drug is a sclerotium of roll-shape, dark purple at the surface, characteristic odour, bitter-sweet taste §Content compounds: ergoline alkaloids: derivatives of lysergic acid §Amino alcohol derivatives: ergometrine §Peptide derivatives: ergotamine group (ergotamine) • ergoxine group (ergostine) • ergotoxine group (ergocristine, ergocornine, ergocryptine) § § § P1010005 ergoline (+)-lysergic acid (+)-isolysergic acid Clavine alkaloids – upon hydrolysis do not yield lysergic acid, are not pharmacologically important. Pharmacologicalically effective alkaloids are based on the structure of lysergic acid. Alkaloids derived from isolysergic acid are inactive. Secale cornutum (rye ergot) § §Usage: uterotonic (ergometrin), antimigrenic (ergotamine), spasmolytic, hypotensive, sedative § §Infamous cousin: LSD – lysergide (lysergic acid diethylamide) §Psychotomimetic, hallucinogen § §Ergotism: ergot poisoning §Gangrenous ergotism (vasoconstrictor effect in extremities – tissue death – gangrene – shedding of fingers, hands, limbs) known as St. Anthony´s fire §Convulsive ergotism (painful convulsions, psychotic disturbances, hallucinations) § § § § § LSD intensifies perceptions and distorts them. An effective oral dose is from 30 to 50 μg The Order of St Anthony cared for sufferers in the Middle Ages. Secale cornutum (rye ergot) §Microscopy: w Transversal section: surface layer (3-8 layers), containing the purple pigment, plectenchyma with air ruptures w w plectenchyma § § § § surface layer secale MACROSCOPY Camphora racemica CzPh 2017 Camphora D CzPh 2017 wMother plant: Camphora officinarum (Cinnamomum camphora) w Lauraceae (camphor tree) §Natural camphor is dextro-rotary and is obtained by steam distillation from the wood of camphor tree § w By Peripitus - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3288580 Camphora racemica CzPh 2017 Camphora D CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: drug consist of white crystalline powder of characteristic odour, hot, later cool taste § § §Content compounds: 2-bornanone § § §Usage: antiseptic, derivans (neuralgia, gout pain, rheumatic pain), central analeptic § Camphor stimulates nerve cells sensitive to cold, thus it creates the cold sensation on the skin (also it is highly volatile, which contributes to this a lot, since the process of changing from solid to gas takes out the heat from the skin). It also has a mild local anaesthetic effect. Carbo activatus CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: black light powder without lumps, highly adsorbent, without taste and odour § §Content: 80 - 95% carbon § §Usage: poisonings, gastrointestinal dysfunctions, water purifying, solution bleaching § Activated carbon is carbon produced from carbonaceous source materials such as bamboo, coconut husk, willow peat, wood, coir, lignite, coal, and petroleum pitch Chrysarobinum §Mother plant: Andira araroba, Fabaceae § §Macroscopy: light, microcrystalline, yellow powder, without odour, strong irritant § §Content: derivatives of anthracene § §Usage: cytostatic effects, dermatology (keratolytic for therapy of psoriasis and mycosis) § § P1010021 Balsams (oleoresins) §Complex mixtures of carbohydrates and resins dissolved in them § §Produced by plants under normal conditions or pathologically after wounding § §Balsamum peruvianum CzPh 2017 §Balsamum tolutanum CzPh 2017 §Balsamum canadense §Balsamum copaivae § Balsamum peruvianum CzPh 2017, Balsam of Peru §Mother plant: Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae, Fabaceae § §Macroscopy: transparent syrup-like liquid of dark-red colour, vanilla odour, bitterish taste § § § § w w § § balzam2 P1010010 Balsamum peruvianum CzPh 2017, Balsam of Peru §Content compounds: cinnamein (mixture of cinnamate and benzoate ester of benzyl alcohol), resinous compounds, free aromatic acids, vanillin § § §Usage: desinficiens, slight derivans, support of tissue granulation and healing § w w § § benzoate ester of benzyl alcohol cinnamate ester of benzyl alcohol Balsamum tolutanum CzPh 2017, Tolu Balsam §Mother plant: Myroxylon balsamum var. balsamum, Fabaceae § §Macroscopy: soft material with dispersed microscopic crystals of yellow-brown colour, vanilla odour, aromatic taste, slight acid § §Content compounds: cinnamein, 80 % of resin, vannilin and eugenol § §Usage: expectorans, healing preparation for wounds treatment, cosmetics § balzam1 Balsamum canadense, Canada balsam §Mother plant: Abies balsamea, Pinaceae (balsam fir) § §Macroscopy: syrup-like liquid of light to green-yellow colour, weak fluorescence, balsamic odour and taste § §Content compounds: volatiles with pinene and bornyl acetate § §Usage: closure of microscopic slides, cement for optics, rarely for therapy of bronchial diseases § Image result for abies balsamea wiki commons Image result for pinen pinen bornyl acetate Balsamum copaivae §Mother plant: tree Copaifera, Fabaceae § §Macroscopy: syrup-like yellow liquid, aromatic odour, spicy bitter taste § §Content compounds: volatiles § § §Usage: desinficiens in veterinary medicine § Pixes (tars) §Variable mixtures of aromatic hydrocarbons and other compounds, produced by dry distillation of coal, woods, and slates § §Content compounds: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocycles, aliphatic hydrocarbons §Lithantracis pix CzPh 2009 §Fagi pix CzPh 2009 §Betulae pix § Lithantracis pix CzPh 2009 §Obtained by dry distillation of black coal § §Macroscopy: black shiny viscous liquid of characteristic odour, soluble only in organic solvents § §Usage: dermatologic w § § P1010042 Fagi pix CzPh 2009 §Mother plant: tree Fagus sylvatica, Fagaceae (European beech) w §Macroscopy: black-brown viscous liquid of characteristic odour § §Content compounds: creosot § §Usage: dermatologic § § P1010037 Betulae pix §Mother plant: Betula pendula, Betulaceae (silver birch) § §Macroscopy: yellowish liquid of pleasant odour § §Usage: rarely used in cosmetics or dermatology w § § Gumms and mucilages §Amorphous substances, optically active, they form colloidal solutions in water § §Content compounds: strings of pentoses and hexoses (arabinose, rhamnose, galactose) w §Acaciae gummi CzPh 2017 §Gummiresina myrha CzPh 2017 §Tragacantha CzPh 2017 § § § Acaciae gummi CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Acacia senegal, Fabaceae (gum acacia) wAlternatively other species of African Acacia species or A. seyal § §Macroscopy: irregular round-shaped peaces, white to yellow, transparent, fragile with ruptures and breaks, without odour, mucous taste, adhesive § §Content compounds: polysaccharides § § §Usage: mucilaginosum, more often as excipient in pharmacy § Obrázok, na ktorom je rastlina Automaticky generovaný popis P1010032 Gummiresina myrrha CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Commiphora myrrha, Burseraceae (African myrrh) § §Macroscopy: yellow-brown mass, which solidifies on air, characteristic odour and taste § §Content compounds: 50-60 % slimy compounds, resins, volatiles oils, bitter compounds § §Usage: deodorant of oral cavity, desinficiens, astringents § myrha Tragacantha = Traganth CzPh 2009 §Mother plant: Astragallus gummifer or other species from West Asia, Fabaceae § §Macroscopy: foliate, white to yellow flat peaces of hornlike consitence, translucent, without odour, slimy taste § § §Content compounds: polysaccharides, 3 % of starch § § §Usage: mucilaginose, mild laxative, excipient - binder, emulsifier, ointment base, cement, lubrificant § P1010051 http://www.biolib.cz/cz/taxonimage/id76775/?taxonid=196259 Tubers §Underground formations, they do not replace roots § § §Aconiti radix §Colchici radix § Aconiti radix (tuber) wMother plant: Aconitum napellus, Ranunculaceae w(monk’s-hood, wolfsbane) § § aconitum Obrázok, na ktorom je strom, rastlina, vonkajšie, kvet Automaticky generovaný popis Aconiti radix (tuber) §Macroscopy: heavy hard turnip-shaped tubers, winkled, dark brown, with residues of side roots, without odour, bitter taste, irritant to vomit §Content compounds: : diterpenic alkaloids - aconitine, napelline, atisine; tannins, starch § §Usage: formerly as analgesic and antipyretic for gout, neuralgia and migraine §Danger - aconitine belongs to very poisonous compounds! § aconitine Colchici radix §Mother plant: Colchicum autumnale, Colchicaceae (autumn crocus) Colchicum-aut Obrázok, na ktorom je stôl Automaticky generovaný popis Colchici radix §Macroscopy: subsidiary full tubers of brown colour, without odour, sharp bitter taste § §Content compounds: highly toxic alkaloids colchicine and demecolcine § § §Usage: cytostatic, antimitotic, antiuratic § P1010055 colchicine demecolcine