1086 ALKALOIDS Guarana Carlson, M. and Thompson, R. D. (1998). Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Methyl-xanthines and Catechins in Herbal Preparations Containing Guaraná, /. AOAC Int., 81, 691-701. Marx, F. (1990)/ Analysis of Guarana Seeds. II. Studies on the Composition of the Tannin Fraction, Z. Lebensm. Unters.-Forsch., 190, 429-431. Meurer-Grimes, B., Berkov, A. and Beck, H. (1998). Theobromine, Theophylline, and Caffeine in 42 Samples and Products of Guaraná (Paullinia cupana, Sapindaceae), Econ. Bot, 52, 293-301. 1088 PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS APPENDIX : GLOSSARY 1089 Abaxial On the side opposite the axis (the underside of leaves). Acaulescent (of plants) Stemless or nearly so. Accrescent (of a floral segment) Whose growth continues after fertilization. Acicular Needle-shaped. Actinomorphic (of flowers) With radial symmetry. Acuminate The lamina of a leaf is said to be acuminate when it narrows abruptly to a thin point. Adaxial On the side of the axis (the upper side of leaves). Adventitious Refers to an organ that arises from an unusual position (e.g., adventitious roots from the stem of ivy). Adventive (of plants) Not native and not purposely introduced; weed. Akene (literally, which does not open) Dry indehiscent fruit whose seed is not fused to the pericarp. (If it is fused, the fruit is a caryopsis; e.g., wheat grain). Amplexicaul (of leaves or bracts) With an enlarged base sheathing the stem. Androecium Collective term for the male reproductive organs (stamens) of a flower. Anther Terminal part of the stamen; consists of pollen locules. Anthesis Flowering. Aril Growth arising from the tegument, which develops at or around a seed after fertilization and never adheres to the seed. Axillary Located in the axil of an organ, i.e., the angle between its upper side and the supporting stem. Berry Fleshy fruit containing many seeds. Biennial (of plants) Whose vegetative cycle takes 2 years (biennial plants bloom, bear fruits, and die in the second year). Bilabiate (literally, two-lipped) Qualifies a calyx or corolla whose segments are fused in two groups with each group forming a lip. Bract Small leaf (more or less modified) which subtends a flower or inflorescence in its axil. Bracts can be numerous (surrounding the capitulum of the Asteraceae), developed and sheathing (spathe of the Araceae), and so forth. Calyculus Group of green leaf-like appendages below the calyx of certain Angiosperms (Malvaceae, Rosaceae). Calyx Collective term for the external segments (sepals) of the perianth. Capitulum Inflorescence consisting of sessile or subsessile flowers borne by the enlarged top of the peduncle (receptacle) (e.g., ox-eye daisy, thistle). Capsule Dry dehiscent fruit that opens by slits or pores. f Carpel Specialized leaf bearing the ovules. Carpels are one or many, closed, more or less fused to one another, and they constitute the pistil or gynoecium of Angiosperm flowers. Catkin Spike of unisexual, sessile or subsessile flowers (characteristic of most ligneous European species). Cauline Pertaining to the upper part of a stem (cauline leaves, as opposed to basilar leaves). Cespitose Forming tufts. Cluster Indefinite inflorescence consisting of a peduncle bearing, in an alternate fashion, pedicellate flowers that blossom from the base to the top. Connate (of opposite leaves) Fused at the base (e.g., honeysuckle). Connective Part of the anther located between the two pollen locules. Cordate Heart-shaped (= cordiform). Corolla Internal part of the perianth, consisting of the petals. Cortical Pertaining to cortex (bark). Corymb Indefinite inflorescence. The insertion points of die peduncles are spread along the axis and the peduncles are of uneven length, so that all of the flowers are approximately at the same level. Cultivar {Cultivated variety) Variety created by selection and propagated for its economical interest (cv.). Cuticle Water-proof film on the epidermis. Cyme Definite inflorescence bearing one flower (the oldest) at the apex of its principal axis. The lateral stems can develop only on one side (uniparous cyme), or on both sides and be opposite (biparous cyme). A cross-shaped cyme is referred to as scorpioid. Deciduous (of foliage) Falling off during the year. Decurrent (of leaf laminae) Extending along the petiole as small wings. Decussate (of leaves) With successive pairs at right angles to one another. Dehiscent (of fruit, anther, sporangium) Opening spontaneously . Dioecious (of plants with unisexual flowers) Bearing male and female flowers on separate plants. Drupe Fleshy fruit containing a unique seed enclosed in a stone (sclerified endocarp). Endocarp The innermost part of the pericarp of a fruit (the endocarp of a drupe is sclerified [wall of the stone]). Epiphyte (of plants) Growing on another plant (with no trophic relationship) (e.g., Bromeliaceae, Orchidaceae). 1090 Filament Lower part of the stamen; bears the ovary. Floret One of the flowers that make up a capitulum. Foliole Each division of a compound leaf. Follicle Dry fruit, consisting of each of the multiple non-fused carpels of a gynoecium, dehiscent by a unique slit. Glomerule Inflorescence consisting of numerous sessile flowers all inserted at the same level on the axis. Gynoecium Collective term for the female organs of the flower, in other words the carpels. Hilum Small mark or scar on the surface of a seed, where a structure (the funicle) formerly connected the ovule to the wall of the ovary. Hispid With long hairs (trichomes). Imparipinnate (of compound pinnate leaves) With a terminal foliole, in other words with an odd number of folioles. Indehiscent Not opening spontaneously (see akene). Indusium Membranous structure of ferns that protects the sporangia sori. Inflorescence Collective term for the flowers grouped on the same axis. May be definite (apex bears a bud, oldest flowers are at the base of the axis) of definite (apex bears a flower, flowers blossom from apex to base). Indefinite inflorescences: cluster (and spike), corymb, umbel, capitulum. Definite inflorescence: cyme. Involucre Collective term for the bracts grouped at the base of an umbel or a capitulum. Lamina Flat and enlarged part of a leaf; blade. Lenticel Pore that allows gaseous exchanges through the suber. Ligule Corolla of certain Asteraceae with 5 petals fused into a tongue bent to one side (the "white petals" of the ox-eye daisy are in fact the ligules of the peripheral flowers of the capitulum). Monoecious (of plants with unisexual flowers) Bearing male and female flowers on the same individual. Obtuse Ending in a rounded point. Palmate (of leaves) With a lamina divided into segments gathered at the petiole like the fingers of a hand (e.g., chestnut tree leaf). The depth of the divisions is described by the adjectives palmatisect, - partite, -lobate, -fid. Panicle Indefinite inflorescence derived from the spike (flowers isolated or grouped, pedunculate). Pappus Hair)' tuftlike appendage of certain fruits or seeds, that facilitates their dispersal by the wind. Peduncle Axis that bears the flower, then the fruit. Peltate A leaf is peltate if the petiole is connected to the middle of the lamina (water lily, nasturtium). Perianth Collective term for the protective segments of a flower. Pericarp Wall of the fruit (epicarp + mesocarp + endocarp). Petiole Part of the leaf that becomes narrow as it connects the lamina to the stem. Pinnate (of compound leaves) Whose folioles are arranged on each side of the main axis. Pinnatisect -partite, -lobate, -fid. Adjectives used to describe the degree of division of the lobes of a pinnate leaf. Also apply to nervation. Pistil Gynoecium. Pod Dry fruit generally dehiscent, consisting of a unique carpel and opening by two slits. Pubescent Covered with trichomes. Pyxis Capsule that opens by an operculum that falls off. Raceme Cluster. Rachis Extension of the petiole onto which the folioles are inserted (compound pinnate leaf). Raphid Calcium oxalate crystal shaped like a very fine needle. Receptacle Enlarged end of the floral peduncle (planar, concave, convex, or other). Reflexed Curved backwards (at 180°). Rhizome Subterranean stem from which aerial stem and adventitious roots grow annually. Samara Akene with a membranous wing. Scarious Membranous, thin, and transparent. Sclerified With walls hardened with lignin. Sessile (of organ) inserted directly on the axis (with no petiole or peduncle). Spadix Indefinite inflorescence with unisexual sessile flowers on a more or less fleshy axis (Araceae, Palmae). Spathe Large bract surrounding the inflorescence of Araceae. Spike Indefinite inflorescence consisting of an axis bearing sessile flowers or groups of flowers (spikelet) spread along the axis (the rachis) (Poaceae, Polygonaceae). Stamen Male organ of a flower. Stigma Apical part of the gynoecium, receptive to pollen. Stipe In Angiosperms, a structure mimicking a trunk. For example, the cylindrical axis of palm trees or yuccas, marked with the scars of fallen leaves. Stipule Leafy or membranous appendages, sometimes thorny, at the base of the leaf stalk. Stipules are often paired and they can be deciduous or indeciduous. Stomata Pore in the epidermis; allows gaseous exchanges. Style Narrow part betwen the ovary and the stigma. Taxon Taxonomic category. Common taxa are the genus, subgenus, species, subspecies, and variety. Tepal Segment of a perianth in which petals and sepals are similar (tulip). Tomentose Covered with long, soft, and downy hairs. Tuber An organ, often subterranean, cauline, and swollen, in which reserves are stored. Umbel Indefinite inflorescence with flowers at the same level, borne on peduncles all inserted at the same point. An umbel can be simple or compound, consisting of umbellules. Since each peduncle arises from the axil of a bract, there is generally an involucre at the base of the umbel (and an involucel at the base of the umbellule). Whorl Collective term for organs (stems, leaves, floral segments) arranged in a circle around an axis, all at the same level. Zygomorphous (of irregular flowers) With non-axial symmetry. The symmetry is often bilateral and sometimes nonexistent. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS A G C D Acacia Senegal...............................94 Achillea millefolium.....................338 Aconitum napellus.....................1048 Aesculus hippocastanum..............678 Allium sativum.............................212 Aloe sp.........................................432 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi..........244 Arnica montana...........................618 Atropa belladona.........................820 Camellia sinensis.......................1070 Cannabis sativa...........................446 Capsicum annuum.......................774 Cassia senna................................426 Cephaelis sp.................................960 Chamaemelum nobile..................332 Chamomilla recutita....................522 Chelidonium majus......................886 Chondrus crispus...........................54 Cinchona pubescens..................1030 Citrullus colocynthis....................666 Citrus limon.................................320 Claviceps purpurea......................984 Cocos nucifera.............................132 Colchicum autumnale..................950 Conium maculatum......................792 Datura stramonium......................812 Digitalis purpurea.......................720 Drimmia maritima.......................728 Erythroxylum coca.......................828 H K M N Gentiana lutea................ Gigartina sp.................... Glycyrrhiza glabra..... Gossypium herbaceum Hydrastis canadensis Hyoscyamus niger..... Inula helenium.......... Ipomoea sp..................... Iris florentina................. Jateorrhiza palmata....... Juglans regia................. Juniperus communis Krameria lappacea.. Laurus nobilis.......... Lobelia inflata................ Mai lotus philippinensis Melilotus officinalis Melissa officinalis..... Mentha piperita........ Menyanthes trifoliata Myristica fragrans..... Myroxylon balsamum Narcissus sp.................. Nicotiana tabacum........ 1094 PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS Q R Olea europaea.............................140 Papaver somniferum....................930 Physostigma venenosum..............976 Pilocarpus pennatifolius............1044 Pimpinella anisum.......................514 Plantago major............................104 Podophyllum peltatum.................286 Prunus laurocerasus....................198 Psychotrici sp...............................960 Quassia amara.............................762 Quercus robur..............................232 Ouillaja saponaria.......................712 Rosa canina...................................10 Rosa gallica.................................382 Ricinus communis........................154 Rosmarinus officinalis.................468 Salvia officinalis..........................542 Sassafras albidum........................550 Strophantus hispidus..................744 Strychnos nux-vomica................1012 Sylibum marianum.......................280 Symphytum officinale...................840 Syzygium aromaticum..................556 u V Tamarindus indica.........................22 Taraxacum officinale.....................84 Taxus baccata..............................644 Theobroma cacao......................1082 Tilia cordata................................114 Tropaeolum majus.......................206 Tussilago farfara.........................848 Uncaria gambir.........................1002 Urginea maritima........................728 Valeriana officinalis....................594 Veratrum album.........................1060 Vitis vinifera................................354 Zingiber officinalis......................300 To make it easier to consult index, common plant names are in boldface. Latin denomination (and foreign terms) are in italics. Chapter titles are in LARGE UPPER CASE CHARACTERS. Botanical families are in small upper case characters. The symbol « * » following the page number refers to the structural formula. When the entry is cited in footnote, the page number is followed by the letter « n ». Latin denominations are listed under the generic name. If several species are mentioned on the same page, the generic name is followed by spp. The specific name is mentioned only if necessary. Abaca, 77 Abies spp., 584, 585 Abietic acid, 640* Abrin, 218 Abrus precatorius, 218, 683 Abrusogenin, 675* Abrusosides, 683 Absinthin, 524* Abuta, 901 Acacia catechu, 400 Acacia mearnsii, 400 Acacia Senegal, 93 Acalyphin, 191* Acer saccharum, 28 Aceraceae, 28, 372 Acerola, 23 ACETOGENINS, 178 Achillea millefolium, 337 Achillicine, 337* Ackees, 188 Acokanthera, 722 Aconite, 1052 Aconitum spp., 1055 Aconitum napellus, 1052 Acorane, 481* Acorenone, 571* Acorus calamus, 571 ACRIDONE ALKALOIDS, 1041 Acronycine, 1042* Actea racemosa, 761 Actinidia deliciosa, 23 actinidiaceae, 23 Adenium, 722 Adenostyles, 837 Adifoline, 1001* Adonis vernalis, 141 Adoxaceae, 366n Adzuki bean, 67n Aescine, 695*-696 Aesculin, 269 Aesculus hippocastanum, 269, 694 Aflatoxin, 408 Aframomum spp., 302 Afzelechin, 311*, 378 Agar, 57 Agaricaceae, 970 Agarose, 57 Agathosma spp., 562 Agavaceae, 77, 686, 714n Agave sisalana, 11 Agave spp., 686 Agigenin, 674* Agrimonia spp., 393 1096 PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS INDEX 1097 Agrimoniin, 393* ALKYNES, 169 Amyris balsamifera, 494, 560 Aphloia madagascariensis, Arrowroot, 66 Astragalus gummifer, 97 Agrimony, 393 Allanblackia, 1081 Anacardiaceae, 372, 401, 128n Artabsin, 524 Astragalus lentiginosus, Agrimony (hemp), 843 Alliicine, 208* 407 Apiaceae, 176-177, 271, Arteannuic acid, 624* 856 Agroclavine, 980 Allium cepa, 209 Anacardic acid, 457* 274,513-520,581,582, Arteannuin B, 624* Astringency, 385-386 Agropyron repens, 86 Allium sativum, 207 Anadenanthera spp., 972 682n, 703, 863 Arteether, 626* Atisane, 640* Aguacolla, 888n Allocryptopine, 913* Anagyrine, 853* Apigenin, 311*, 520 Arteflene, 626* Atisine, 1052* Ahnfeltia, 53 Allose, 8* Ananas comosus, 223 Apiole, 517* Arteglasin, 633 Atractylis gummifera, 642 Ajmalicine, 1026*-1027 Allyl-disulfide , 208-209 Anandamide, 450 Apiose, 13* Artemether, 626* Atractyloside, 641* Ajmaline, 1026* Allyphenol, 2377 Anatabine, 867* Apium graveolens, 518 Artemisane, 474* Atracurium, 904* Ajoene, 208* Almond oil, 138 Ancistrocladus, 876n i Apoatropine, 807* Artemisia absinthium, 524 Atropa belladona, 811 Ajugalactone, 752* Aloe (gel), 436 Androcymbine, 952 Apocynaceae, 722,745, Artemisia annua, 623 Atropine, 808, 817-823 Ajugose, 31*-32 Aloe spp., 434 Androstanes, 689* 749, 1011, 1016-1029, Artemisia cina, 622n Aucubin, 591* Alantolactone, 629* Aloe-emodin, 421* Anemonin, 747n* 1057-1059 Artemisia dracunculus, 525 Aurapten, 265* Albizia versicolor, 330n Aloeresins, 435* Anethole, 509,517*, 569 Apomorphine, 909*-910 Artemisia vulgaris, 524 Australian sassafras, 553n Alchemilla glabra, 393 Aloesaponarin-I, 412* Anethum graveolens, 517 APORPHINOIDS, 907 Artemisia-ketone, 613* Autumn crocus, 949 Alchemilla xanthochlora, Aloesone, 435* Angelic acid, 807* Apotirucallol, 764* Artemismin, 623-626, 624* Autumnaline, 952 394 Aloinosides, 435* Angelica archangelica, 272 1 Apotropic acid, 807* Artemorin, 631* Avena sativa, 65 Alchorneine, 1045* Aloins, 421*, 433n, 435 Angelica spp., 272-273 Apple tree, 20n Artesunate, 626* Averufin, 408* Aleurites, 656 Aloysia triphylla, 569 Angelicin, 272, 274* Apricot tree, 195 Artichoke, 247 Avocado, 159 Alexandria senna, 427 Alpinia spp., 301 Anhalamine, 888 Aquifoliaceae, 1083 Artocarpus communis, 62 Ayahuasca, 972 Alfalfa, 715 Alstroemeria, 747n Anhalonidine, 888 Arabic (gum), 93 ARYLALKANONES, 296 Azadirachta indica, 765 Alginic acid, 47, 49* Althaea officinalis, 111 Anhydro-sorbitol, 21 Arabinose, 12* Arylcoumarin (3-), 348* Azadirachtin, 766* ALKALOIDS : Althaea rosea, 113 Anhydrovinblastine, 1008*, Araceae, 66, 103,571,961 Asafoetida, 582 Azetidine carboxylic acid, BENZYLTETRAHYDRO Altrose, 8n 1020-1022 » Arachidic acid, 125 Asarones, 509, 571* 186* -ISOQUINOLINES, 889 Amabiline, 839, 844* Aniba roseodora, 553 Arachidonic acid, 126, 156 Ascaridol, 489* Azulene, 339, 523 ERGOLINE, 979 Amanita muscaria, 970n Anibine, 867* Arachis hypogaea, 139 Asclepiadaceae, 683n, GENERALITIES, 783 AMARYLLIDACEAE AL- Anisatin, 570* Araliaceae, 177, 701, 706, 722, 754, 961 B IMIDAZOLE, 1045 KALOIDS, 957 Aniseed, 513 709 Ascophyllans, 59 LNDOLIZIDINE, 855 Amber oxide, 544* Anisic aldehyde, 517* Arborine, 1042* Ascophyllum nodosum, 46 NICOTINIC ACID, 867 Ambrosia maritima, 622 Anisodamine, 825* Arbutin, 245* Ascorbic acic, 21, 23* Babassu palm, 153n PHENYLALANINE, 875 Ambrosin, 621* Anisodine, 825* Arctinal, 173* Ash, 267n Baicalein, 653 PIPERIDINE, 859 Amentoflavone, 313* Anisodus tanguticus, 824 Arctium lappa, 172 Asiaticoside, 703 Balanites, 682 PYRROLIDINE , 833 American storax, 258 Annato tree, 776 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 243 Asimina triloba, 179 Balansia, 981 QUINOLINE, 1041 AMINO ACIDS, 185 Annona spp., 179 Areca catechu, 871 Aspalathus linearis, 342 Baldrinal, 597* QUINOLIZIDINE, 849 Aminopropionitrile, 187 Annonaceae, 179, 862n, Ai-ecoline, 871* Asparagus officinalis, 86 Ballota nigra, 650 TERPENOID, 1049 Ammi majus, 271 897 Argan oil, 158 Asperula odorata, 273 Ballotinone, 641* TETRAHYDROISOQUI Ammi visnaga, 271 Anogeissus latifolia, 98 t Argania spinosa, 158 Asperuloside, 273, 608* Balm, 530 NOLINES, 887 Amomum spp., 302 Antennaria dioica, 113n Argyreia, 981 Aspidosperman, 1007* Balsamita, 526 TROPANE, 805 Amorphophallus konjac, 103 ANTHOCYANINS, 355 Aristolochiafangchi, 922 Aspilia, 172n, 642n Balsamocarpon, 370 TRYPTOPHAN, 967 Amphetamine, 880* Anthoxanthum odoratum, 273 Armepavine, 787* Asteraceae, 83, 85, 113n, Banisteriopsis caapi, 972 ALKANES, 167 Amygdalin, 191* Anthracyclinone, 410 Arnica spp., 627 145n, 151, 171-173, BAPN, 187 Alkanna, 414 Amylase, 65 Anthranilic acid, 235*-236, Arnidiol, 705* 247, 253, 272, 288, 335, Barbaloins, 433n-434 Alkannin, 412* Amylopectine, 69 798 Arnifolines, 627* 337, 367, 438, 520-525, Barley, 65 Alkanols, 161-162, 167, Amylose, 69 ANTHRAQUINONES, 420 • Arogenic acid, 235*-236 613,623-633,642, 647, Barosma spp., 562 1 AR 70s 71's R/O-SdS 1098 PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMtSTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS INDEX 1099 Bauerenol, 669* Birch, 760 Boronia megastigma, 560 Bayogenin, 254 Biribd, 179n Borreline, 968* Bay oil, 560 Bis (bibenzyl), 302 Boswellia spp., 580 Bdellium (scent), 580 Bisabolane, 481* Boswellic acid (der.), 763* Bearberry, 243 Bisabolene, 299, 390* Brassaia, ill Bedstraw, 609 Bisabolol, -oxides, 521* Brassica napus, 150 Beet red, 213 BISBENZYLTETRAHYDRO- Brassica spp., 202 Behenic acid, 125 ISOQU1NOL1NES, 897 Brassicaceae, 41, 145n, Beiduogen, 921 Bissabol, 580 150, 200-203 Belladine (der.), 958* Bistort, 395 Brazilian arrowroot, 66 Bellendine, 807* Bitter orange oil, 564 Brazilian rosewood, 553 Benzoic acid, 237, 255, 257 Bitter orange tree, 561 Brazilian sassafras, 553 Benzophenanthridines, 917 Bitter-melon, 220 Brazilian wax palm, 168 Benzopyrrocoline, 894* Bixa orellana, 776 Breadfruit, 62 Benzylcinnamate, 255* Bixaceae, 776 Brevicolline, 802* BENZYLTBLRAHYDROISO- Bixin, 777* Broad bean, 67, 105 QUINOLJNES ALKALOIDS, Black catechu, 400 Bromelain, 223 889 Black cherry, 194 Bromeliaceae, 223 Berb bennet, 394 Black cohosh, 761 Bromocriptine, 992, 996 Berberidaceae, 284, 921 Black currant, 364 Brucea, 765 Berberine, 913*, 915, 920- Black horehound, 650 Bruceantin, 766* 921 Black mustard, 202 Brucine, 1013* Berberis spp., 921 Black nightshade, 1064 Brugmansia sanguinea, 822 Bergamot oil, 563 Black pepper, 861 Bruguiera, 401 Bergapten, 272, 274*-276 Black radish, 203 Brunfelsia grandiflora, 972 Bergenia crassifolia, 246 Blackberry, 394 Brüssel sprouts, 202 Beta vulgaris, 29 Blessed milk thistle, 288 Bryonia spp., 760 Betacyanins, 213 Blighia sapida, 188 Bryophyllin, 726* BET ALAIN, 213 Bloodroot, 917 Bryum, 302 Betalamic acid, 214* Bluebell, 831 Buchenavianine, 802* Betanidin, 214* Blueberry, 361 Buchu, 562 Betanin, 214* Blueberry (highbush, Buckbean, 607 Betel (nut) palm, 871 lowbush), 363n Buckhorn plantain, 110 Betula lenta, 252 Boehmeria nivea, 11 Buckthorn, 430 Betula spp., 760 Boehmerol, 664* Buckwheat, 328 Betulaceae, 252, 395, 760 Boivinose, 725* Bufotenine, 972 Betulinic acid, 675*, 760 Boldine, 910 Bulbocapnine, 907* Beyerane, 640* Boldo, 910 Bupleurum spp., 682n Bidens spp., 171 Bombax ceiba, 76 Buprenorphine, 946*, 947 Bidesmosides, 677 Borage, 838 Burdock, 172 Biflavonoids, 314 Boraginaceae, 157,241, Burseraceae, 580, 752, Big-flowered Java tea, 250 414, 838-839 763 Bignoniaceae, 415 Borago officinalis, 157, 838 Butcher's broom, 697 Bilberry, 361 Bornane, 474* Butein, 311* Bilberry fbosl. 363n Rome.nL 249*. 489 Riifvrnlaffnne. 787 Butyrospermum parkii, 159 Camomile (Roman), 335 Carica papaya, 221 Buxaceae, 168, 1057 Camphene, 476* Caricaceae, 221 Buxamine, 1058* Camphor, 249, 475 Carlina acaulis, 171 Byrsonima, 381 Camptotheca acuminata, Carlina oxide, 171* 1037 Carmellose, 76 Camptothecine, 1037* Carnauba palm, 168 C Canadaline, 913* Carnosol, 249* Canadine, 935* Carob tree, 100 C-Glycosylflavonoids, 316 Cananga odorata, 179 Carotane, 480* Caapi, 972 Canavalia ensiformis, 67n Carotenes, 770*-771* Cabreuva oxide, 492* Canavanine, 186*, 187 CAROTENOIDS, 769 Cacao, 1080 Canin, 631* Carpaine, 863* Cactaceae, 213, 887 Canna edulis, 66 Carpotroche brasiliensis, Cade oil, 585 Cannabaceae, 445-456 128n Cadillo, 77 Cannabidiol, 449* Carrageenans, 52 Cadinane, 480* Cannabigerol, 449* Carrageenans (semi- Caesalpinia spinosa, 105 Cannabinol, 449* refined), 56 Caesalpinia spp., 401 Cannabis sativa, 445 Carthamus tinctorius, 15In Caesalpiniaceae, 24, 99, Cannaceae, 66 Carum carvi, 518 100, 105,401,427,439, Canthaxanthin, 770* Carvacrol, 495*, 546 1056 Canthinone, 968* Carveol, 477* Caffeic acid, 247 Cape aloe, 434 Cai-vone, 477*, 517, 518, Caffeic acid (derivatives), 174 Capric acid, 125 710-714 Caffeine, 1072*-1074, Caprifoliaceae, 366 Cascara sagrada, 433 1080-1084 Caproic acid, 125 Cascarosides, 433* Caffeoyltartric acid, 241,250 Caprylic acid, 125 Cassaine, 1056* Cajaflavanone, 313* Capsaicin, 776 Cassia cinnamon, 549 Cajanus cajan, 67 Capsanthin, 776* Cassia spp., 427 Cajeput, 560 Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cassine, 863* Calabar bean, 975 204 Castalagin, 375* Calamint, 527 Capsianoside, 638* Castanea spp., 400 Calamintha sylvatica, 527 Capsicum annuum, 23 Castanospermine, 856* Calamus, 571 Capsicum spp., 775 Castor, 146,218 Calanolide A, 352* Capsorubin, 776* Castor oil, 144 Calendula officinalis, 145n, Carane, 474* Castoramine, 790* 705 Caraway, 518 Casuarictin, 375* California giant kelp, 48 CARBOLINL Cat's foot, 113n California poppy, 918 ALKALOIDS, 969 Catalpol, 110, 591* Calluna vulgaris, 246 Cardamom, 302 Cataranthus roseus, 1016 Caloncoba echinata, 128n Cardanol, 457 Catechin, 311*, 378 Calophyllum spp., 353 Cardenolide, 723* Catha edulis, 883 Calumba root, 920 CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES, Cathai'anthine, 1008* Calystegines, 830-831* 721 Catharanthus alkaloids, Camellia sinensis, 1075 Cardol, 457 1008 1100 PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS INDEX 1101 Cathenamine, 1006* Chenopodiaceae, 29, 213 Cinnamomum aromaticum, combretaceae, 97n, 98, Corn oil, 141 Cularine, 895* Cathinone, 8S3*-8S5 Chenopodium, 507 549 302, 340, 401 Corn poppy, 919 Cuparane, 481* CBD, 449 Cheqiancao, 106 Cinnamomum camphora, 551 Combretastatins, 303* Cornmint oil, 537 Cuphea, 145n CBN, 449 Cheqianzi, 106 Cinnamomum spp., 551, 552 Combretum, 302 Corydalis turtschaninovii, Cupressaceae, 399, 587 Cebadilla, 106 In Cherimoya, 179 Cinnamon, 548-551 Combretum micranthum, 921 Cupressus sempervirens, 399 Cedrane, 481* Cherry laurel, 193, 195 Cirsimaritin, 313* 340n Corylaceae, 139 Cupressus spp., 587 Cedrus spp., 587 Chick pea, 67 Citrals, 531 Combretum nigricans, 97n Corylus avellana, 139, 395 Curasao aloe, 434 Cedryl acetate, 490* Chicory, 85 Citroflavonoids, 327 Comfrey (common), 839 Corynanthean, 1005 Curare, 899 Ceiba pentandra, 76 Chili pepper, 775 Citronellal, 531 Commiphora mukul, 752 Corynantheine, 1001* Curarea spp., 901 Celandine (greater), 916 Chimanine B, 1042* Citrus spp., 274, 327, 498, Commiphora spp., 581 Corynanthine, 1015* Curcuma angustifolia, 66 Celastraceae, 722, 883, Chinese sassafras, 552 561-567 Common comfrey, 839 Corytuberme, 908*, 935 Curcuma domestica, 296 1051 Chlorogalum, 714n Clary sage oil, 544 Common groundsel, 844 Costatolide, 353 Curcuma spp., 301 Celery, 274 Chlorogenic acid, 241*, 248 Claviceps paspali, 983n, 987 Common horse chestnut, Costunolide, 631* Curcuma xanthorrhiza, 298 Cellobiose, 28 Chondrodendron tomento- Claviceps purpurea, 983 269, 694 Cotinus coggygria, 457 Curcumene, 299* Cellulose, 72-77 sum, 901 Clavicipitic acid, 980 Common ivy, 701 Cotoneaster spp., 194 Curcumin, 297* Cembrane, 638* Chondrus crispus, 46, 53 Clavines, 973 Common nettle, 756 Cotton plant, 73 Curdlan, 43 Cembrene, 581* Chorismic acid, 234*-235 Clavorubine, 988* Common periwinkle, 1022 Cotyledon, 723 Curine, 898* Centaurea cyanus, 357, 367 Christmas rose, 747 Clove, 553 Condensed tannins, 378 Couepia, 126 Curlone, 297 Centaurium erythraea, 605 Chrysaloins, 433n-434 Clovers, 196 Condurango, 754 Coumaric acid, 316-318 Curzerenone, 581* Centella asiatica, 703 Chrysantheilum, 715 Clusiaceae, 353, 439, 580, Coneflower, 173 Coumarin, 269, 273 Cusparine, 787* Cephaelis spp., 961 Chrysanthemic acid, 614* 1081 Conessine, 1057* COUMARINS, 263 Custard apple, 179n Cepheline, 962* Chrysophanol, 421* Cnicin, 621* Conhydrine, 864* Coumestan, 348* Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, Ceratonia siliqua, 100 Chymopapain, 222 Cnicus benedictus, 621 Coniceine, 864* Crack, 830 101 Ceratozamia, 196 Chysanthemane, 474* Coaxihuitl, 973 Coniferyl benzoate, 255*, Cranberry, 363 Cyanidin, 311*, 356 Cerbertigenin, 724* Cicer arietinum, 67 Coca, 825 257 Crassulaceae, 723 Cyano-alanine, 188 Cercis siliquastrum, 99 Cichoriin, 264 Cocaine, 827*-830 Coniine, 864* Crataegus spp., 396 CYANOGENIC Cereals, 62 Cichorium intybus, 85 Cochineal, 414 Conium maculatum, 863 Creosote bush, 291 GLYCOSIDES, 189 Ceriops, 401 Cicudiol, 176* Cochlearia spp., 203 Conocybe, 970 Crepenynic acid, 127* Cycadaceae, 66 Cerotic acid, 125 Cicuta virosa, 176 Cockleburs, 642 Conopharyngine, 1001* Crinine, 958* Cycadales, 196 Ceylon cinnamon, 548 Cicutol, 176* Coclaurine, 892*-893 Consolida regalis, 1056 Crocetin, 777* Cycas, 196 Chaconine, 1058* Cicutoxine, 176* Cocolobo, 415 Convallaria majalis, 746 Crocin, 777 Cycasin, 196 Chaihu, 682n Cihuanglian, 921 Coconut palm, 153 Convallatoxin, 726* Crocus sativus, 111 Cyclitols, 25 Chalepensin, 265* Cimicifuga racemosa, 761 Cocos nucifera, 153 Convalloside, 726* Crotalaria retusa, 837, 845 Cycloartane, 665* Chamazulen, 520 Cimicifugoside, 763* Codeine, 934*, 938, 943 convolvulaceae, 66, 180, Crotanecine, 834* Cyclobuxine, 1058* Chamissonolides, 627* Cinchona alkaloids Codeinone, 927* 830, 973,981 Croton, 656 Cyclodextrins, 32 Chamomilla recutita, 520 (biosynthesis), 1009* Coffea spp, 1079 Convolvulus scammonia, 180 Cryptocoryne spiralis, 961 Cyclodopa, 214* Chanoclavine I, 974* Cinchona spp., 1029 Coffee, 1079 Copernicia prunifera, 168 Cryptophorine, 863* Cyclopentenylglycine, 186* Chaparral, 291 Cinchonamine, 1001* Cola spp., 1081 Coptis sinensis, 920 Cryptopine, 935* Cydonia vulgaris, 118 Chaste tree, 754 Cinchonidine, 1033* Colchicine, 952*-954 Coptisine, 935* Cryptopleurine, 849* Cymarose, 13 Chaulmoogra oil, 128n Cinchonine, 1033* Colchicum autumnale, 949 Corandrum sativum, 518 Cubebs, 862 Cymbopogon martinii, 511 Chaulmoogric acid, 127*, Cineole, 249, 539,557*, 559 Coleus, 652 Corchorus capsularis, 11 Cucurbita pepo, 758 Cynara scolymus, 241 128n Cinerins, 614* Colocasia esculenta, 66 Coriamyrtin, 623* Cucurbitaceae, 220, 758 Cynarin, 174 Chebulagic acid, 376* Cinnamaldehyde, 548 Colpoon compressum, 494 Coriander, 518 Cucurbitacins, 759-760* Cynaropicrin, 248*, 633 Chebulic acid, 371* Cmnamic acid, 235*-237, Coltsfoot, 842 Corkwood tree, 823 Cucurbitane, 665* Cynoglossum, 833 1102 PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS INDEX 1103 Cyrtosperma, 66 Cytisine, 851* Cytisus laburnum, 852 Cytisus scoparius, 851 Daidzem, 349*-351 Daisies, 633 Dalbergia, 352 Dalbergione, 352*, 353, 415 Damascenone, 492* Dammarane, 665* Daphne spp., 655 Daphniphylline, 1056* Date palm, 28 Datura spp., 823 Datura stramonium, 811 Dawamesk, 445 Deacetyl-lanatoside C, 740 Deacetylbaccatin III, 645* Deacetylipecoside, 963* Deadly nightshade, 811 Decanal, 564* Dehydroboldine, 907* Dehydrodigalloyl-, 374* Dehydroemetine, 965* Dehydroquinic acid, 234*-235 Dehydrosecodine, 1008* Dehydroshikirnic acid, 234*-235 Delphinidin, 356* Delphinine, 1052* Delphinium consolida, 1056 Delphinium staphysagria, lOfiln Deltamethrin, 617* Demethylangolensin, 350 Dendelion, 86 Dendropriniine, 855* Deoxvhexoses, 13 Deoxynojirimycine, 856* Deoxynupharidine, 1050* Derris spp., 350 Deutzioside, 591* Devil's claw, 600 Dextrans, 39 DHHDP, 374 DHNA, 412* Dhumn, 191*, 196 Diallylnortoxiferine, 904* Diaminopimelic acid, 798* DIARYLHEPTANOIDS, 296 Diastase, 65 Dibenzylbutane, 281 Dichroa, 1043 Dicoumarol, 270* Dictamnine, 1042* Dideoxyhexoses, 13 Didrovalträte, 597* Dietary fibers, 77 Diginigenin, 738* Diginose, 725* Digitalis spp., 735 Digitalonin, 738* Digitalose, 725* Digitaria, 65 Digitogenin, 674* Digitoxigenin, 723* Digitoxin, 731-734, 739*, 741 Digitoxose, 13* Digoxigenin, 724* Digoxin, 731-734, 740-741 Dihydrocodeine, 945 Dihydroergocristine, 995 Dmydroergotamine, 991, 994 Dihydroergotoxine, 991, 995 Dihydroflavonols, 313 Dihydrokaemferol, 311 * Dihydrolysergol, 980 Dill, 517 Dill-ether, 489* Dimorphotheca pluvialis, DlONCHOPHYLLACEAE, 876n Dioscin, 685 Dioscorea spp., 685 Dioscoreaceae, 66, 685 Dioscoreophyllum cuminsii, 216 Dioscorine, 867* Diosgenin, 685, 688 Diosmetin, 327* Diosmin, 327, 327* Diosphenol, 562* Diospyros kaki, 381 Diplopterys cabrerana, 972 DlPTEROCARPACEAE, 1081 Dipteryx odorata, 273 DITERPENES, 637 Divi-divi, 401 DMAPP, 464, 467 Docetaxel, 646-647 Dodecatetraenoate, 174* Dog rose, 23 Dolicotheline, 1045* Doronicum, 833 Doryphora sassafras, 553n Dragendorff (reagent), 793 Drimia maritima, 742 Drosera spp., 415 Droseraceae, 415 Dryopteris, 456 Duboisia spp., 823 Durvillea, Al Dwarf elder, 366 Dyer's saffron, 15In E120, 414 El60a-e, 773 E161.773 E162, 213 E163, 361 E200-203, 25 E300-304, 23 E400-405, 51 E406, 58 E407-a, 56 E412, 102 E414, 96 E415, 42 E418, 43 E420-421, 19 E440a-b, 120 E471-475, 150 E953, 20 E957, 215 E959, 325n E965-967, 20 East indian arrowroot, 66 Ebenaceae, 415 Ebonies, 415 Ebuloside, 591* ECG (tea), 1077 Ecgonine, 806* Echinacea spp., 173 Echinacoside, 241* Echinochloa, 65 Echinopsis, 888n Ecklonia, Al EGCG (tea), 1077 Egyptian henbane, 823 Elaeagnaceae, 23 Elaeis spp., 153 Elaeocarpaceae, 803 Elaeokanine C, 855* Elder (European, Dwarf), 366 Elemanolide, 620* Elemol,581* Elettaria cardamomum, 302 Eleusine, 65 Eleutherobin, 646n Eleutherococcus senticosus, 709 Elfdock, 629 Ellagic acid, 371* Ellagitannin, 371 Ellipticine, 1029* Emetine, 962*-964 Emodin, 421* Encephalartos, 196 Entandophragma, 764* Enteromorpha, 46 ENZYMES, 221 Epend, 971 Ephedra spp., 880 Ephedraceae, 880 Ephedrine, 880*-882 Ephedroxane, 880* Epimyrtine, 849* Epirubijervine, 1059* Epothilones, 646n Epoxy-jacobine, 844* EPSP, 234*-235 Eptastigmine, 977 Equisetaceae, 340 Equisetum arvense, 340 Equisetum spp., 340, 340n Equol, 350 Eremophilanolide, 620* Ergine, 973-974* Ergobasine, 988, 989*-991 Ergocristine, 988, 989*-991 Ergocryptine, 988, 989*-991 ERGOLINE ALKALOIDS, 979 Ergonovine, 988, 989*-991, 994 Ergopeptines, 988-995 Ergot alkaloids (biosynthesis), 982* Ergot of rye, 983 Ergotamine, 988, 989*-991, 994 Erica cinerea, 246 Ericaceae, 243, 246, 252, 361,363,372, 657 Eriocitrin, 327 Eriodictyol, 311*, 317 Eriodyctin, 327 Erisymum spp., 203 Erucic acid, 127*, 151 Ervatamine, 1001* Erysodine, 905* Erythraline, 905* Erythratidine, 905* Erythrina spp., 905 Erythroidine, 905* Erythrophleum, 1056 Erythroxylaceae, 825 Erythroxylum spp., 826 Eschscholtzia califomica, 918 Eschscholtzine, 920* Escin (= aescin), 695-696 Esculetin, 264* Esculin, 265*, 328 Eseridine, 975* Eserine, 975* Essential fatty acid, 155 ESSENTIAL OILS, 483 Estragole, 509, 513, 516, 517*, 525,526 Ethoxazorutin, 328 Ethylmorphine, 944 Etioline, 1064* Etoposide, 285*-388 Etorphine, 946* Eucalyptin, 313* Eucalyptus spp., 328, 555 Eucheuma, 53 Eudesmanolide, 620* Eugenol, 554 Euonymus europaeus, 1051 Eupatoriopicrine, 844* Eupatorium cannabinum, 843 Euphol, 665 Euphorbia spp., 656 Euphorbiaceae, 66, 144, 145n, 195,218,456, 641, 656, 899n Euphrasia rostkoviana, 595n European centaury, 605 European elder, 366 European goldenrod, 253 European ragwort, 844 11U4 PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS INDEX 1105 European water hemlock, Flavanols, 371* Fumitory, 915 176 Flavanones, 313 Funiferine, 898* Evening primrose, 157 Flavones, 312 Furanocoumarins, 273-276 Evonine, 1051* FLAVONOIDS, 309 Furvellaria, 58 Excoecaria, 656 Flavonoids (biological Furcellaran, 58 properties), 321 Furostane, 673* Flavonoids (biosynthesis), Fustet, 457 F 316-318 Fuzi, 1054 Flavonoids (therapeutic Fytic acid, 25 Faha bean, 105 uses), 325 Fabaceae, 32, 67, 97, 101, Flavonols, 312 103, 139, 147, 187, 196, Flax, 76, 117 G 218, 254, 257, 269, 273, Florida arrowroot, 66 328, 342, 348-352, 372, Foeniculum spp., 515 Gadoleic acid, 126 683,688,715,845, 851- Formononetin, 351* Gaillardia, 633 856, 905, 975 Forskolin, 639*, 652 Galactans (sulfated), 52 Fagaceae, 388 Forsythia suspenso, 243 Galactoglucomannans, 99 Fagaronine, 914 Forsythiaside, 241*, 243 Galactomannans, 99-105 Fagopyrum spp., 328 Foxberry, 363n Galactose, 12* Falcarinol, 177 Foxglove, 725 Galangal (great), 302 False ipecac, 961 FPP, 464 Galanthamine, 958*-959 Fangji, 921 Fragaria vesca, 394 Galbanum, 581* Faradiol, 705* Fragransol, 567* Galipea, 1042 Farinha, 66 Frangulanine, 785* Galium odoratum, 273 Fatty acids, 124 Frangularosides, 431 Galium spp., 609 Fatty acids (trans), 125n Frangulins, 430 Gallic acid, 371* Febrifugine, 1042* Frankincense, 580 Gallocatechin, 378* Fenchone, 516, 517* Fraxetin, 264* Gallotannin, 371 Fennel, 515 Fraxinus excelsior, 267n Gambir, 400 Fennel (giant), 27In Fraxinus ornus, 20 Gamboge, 580 Fenugreek, 103 Free radicals, 322 Garcinia hanburyi, 580 Fernene, 664* French paradox, 387* Garden rhubarb, 438 Ferula communis, 27In French rose, 394 Gardenoside, 593* Ferula spp., 581, 582 Friedelin, 669* Gari, 66 Festuclavine, 980 Fructans, 83 Garlic, 207 Feverfew, 631 Fructose, 14*, 17 Gaultheria spp., 252 Fibraurea, 92In Frullania spp., 634 Gedunin, 764* Ficaria ranunculoid.es', 698 Fucaceae, 48 Geissoschizine, 1006* Ficin, 224 Fucans, 58 Gelidiella, 57 Ficus carica, 21A Fucose, 13* Gelidium spp, 57 Ficus spp., 224 Fucus spp., 46-51 Gellan, 43 Field horsetail, 340 Fumaria officinalis, 915 Gelose, 57 Figwort, 698 FUMARIACEAE, 915, 921 Gelsemine, 1014* Filipendula ulmaria, 251 Fumaricine, 916 Gelsemium sempervirens, Flacourtiaceae. 12Sn Fumaritrine. 916* 1014 Geniposide, 591* Glyceraldehyde, 8* Gum : Genistein, 350, 351* Glycine spp., 147 tragacanth, 97 Gentianaceae, 604-605 Glycophilone, 1042* xanthan, 41 Gentiobiose, 28 Glycosylflavonoids, 314, Gum plants, 647 Gentiopicrin, 605* 333, 342, 397 Gum-resins, 580 Gentiopicroside, 592* Glycyrrhiza glabra, 688 Gums, 90 Gentisin, 605* Glycyrrhizin, 691* Gurmala, 439 Geraniaceae, 372, 395 Gnaphalium, 837 Gurmarin, 683n Geranial, 564 Gnaphalium dioicum, 113n Guvacoline (/V-nitroso), 871 * Geraniin, 376* Gobo, 173 Gymnema. sylvestre, 683n Geraniol, 489* Goitrin, 201* Gymnogongrus, 53 Geranium spp., 395 Golden chain tree, 852 Gypsogenin, 675* Germacranolide, 620* Goldenseal, 914 Gypsophila spp., 713 Germacrolide, 620n Gorlic acid, 128n Gypsoside, 32* Germander, 649 Gossypium spp., 73, 481 Geum urbanum, 394 Gossypol,481,482* H Giant fennel, 27In GPP, 464, 467 Giant hog weed, 274 Gracilaria spp., 57 Gigartina, 53 Grains of paradise, 302 Hagenia abyssinica, 456 Gigartinaceae, 53 Gramine, 968* Haifengteng, 284 Gillenia stipulata, 961 Grape, 387n Haiti candelwood, 560 Ginger, 299 Grapefruit oil, 565 Halfordinol, 875* Gingerols, 299* Grayanotoxin, 641* Hallucinogenic (indoles), Ginkgo biloba, 329 Great galangal, 301 969 Ginkgoaceae, 329 Great plantain, 110 Hamamelidaceae, 258, Ginkgolides, 329*, 330 Grindelia spp., 647 389 Ginkgotoxin, 330n Grindelic acid, 648* Hamamelis virginiana, 389 Ginseng, 706 Grossulariaceae, 364 Hamamelitannin, 390* Ginsenosides, 707 Ground ivy, 651 Hanfangji, 921 Girinimbine, 968* Guacolidine, 907* Harmaline, 972-973* Glaucine, 907* Guaiacum officinale, 29In Harmalol, 973* Glechoma hederacea, 651 Guaianolide, 620* Harmane, 973* Glechomafuran, 648* Guanabana, 179n Harmel, 973 Gleditsia spp., 105 Guar, 81 Harmine, 972-973* Glomerine, 790* Guar plant, 101 Harniol, 973* Gloriosa superba, 954n Guarana, 1084 Harounoside, 246 Gluco-resins, 180 Guggulsterones, 753* Harpagophytum procum- Glucobrassicin, 200 Gulose, 8* bens, 600 Glucofrangulins, 430 Gum : Harpagoside, 601 Glucogallin, 372, 373* arabic, 93 Hashish, 448 Glucomannans, 99, 103 combretum, 97n Hastatoside, 608* Gluconasturtiin, 200 ghatti, 98 Hasubanane, 894* Glucose, 14 Peruvian, 105 Hawthorn, 396 Glucose syrups, 16 karaya, 91 Hazel, 395 1106 PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS INDEX 1107 Hedeoma pulegioides, 547 Holarrhena spp., 1059 Hyperoside, 251,315*, 397 Ionone, 492* Isopiperitenol, 477* K Hedem helix, 177, 701 Hollyhock, 113 Hypoglycine A, 186* Ipalbidine, 855* Isopiperitenone, 477* Hederacoside, 701* Homalanthus nutans, 641 Hypoglycins, 188 Ipe, 415 Isopropylatropine, 824 Kadsurenone, 284* Hederagenin, 675* Homogentisic acid, 240* Hypoxidaceae, 291 Ipecac (official, Indian, Isoquercitrin, 315* Kaemferol, 311 * Hederin, 701* Homolycorine, 958* Hypoxis rooperi, 291 etc.), 961 ISOQUINOLINE ALKA- Kagne, 1081 Hedge mustard, 203 Homospermidine, 835* Hypromellose, 76 Ipecac syrup, 257, 965 LOIDS (tetrahydro), 887 Kainic acid, 186* Helangiolide, 620n Hops, 455 Hyssop, 527 Ipecacuanha, 961 Isoretronecanol, 834* Kalanchoe, 723 Helenaline, 627* Hordenine, 65, 888 Hyssopus officinalis, 527 Ipecoside, 962* Isosapogenin, 673* Kamala, 456 Helianthus annuus, 151 Hordeum vulgare, 65 lpomoea batatas, 66 Isoschaftoside, 333* Kapok tree, 76 Helleborus niger, 747 Horseradish (wild), 203 \ t Ipomoea spp. (gluco- Isoteuflidin, 639* Karaya gum, 91 Hellebrigenin, 724* Hovenia dulcis, 684 resins), 180 Isothebaine, 908* Karite nut butter, 159 Hellicoside, 241* Huarango, 105 Ipomoea tricolor, 973 Isovaleric acid, 807* Karkade, 24 Hemlock water dropwort, Humulone, 455 Iboga, 1027 IPP, 464-469 Isovaltrate, 597* Katha, 400 177 Humulus lupulus, 455 Ibogaine, 1027* Ipratropium, 824 Isovitexin, 333* Kaurane, 640* Hemp, 77, 447 Huperzia serrata, 853 Ibogan, 1007* Irehine, 1057* Ispaghula, 109 Kava, 304 Hemp agrimony, 843 Huperzine A, 853* Ibotenic acid, 186*, 970n* Iridaceae, 777 Ivory nut, 99 Kawain, 305* Henbane, 811 Hum, 899n Icajine, 1001* Iridane, 474*, 590* Ivy, 177 Kelp, 48 Henna, 419 Hyacinth bean, 67n Idose, 8n Iridodial, 590*, 593 Kenaf, 77 Heracleum spp., 274 Hyacynthoides non-scripta, Ilex aquifolium, 190 IRIDOIDS, 589 Kestose, 83* Herb Robert, 395 831 Ilex paraguariensis, 1083 Irigermanal, 492* J Khat, 883 Hernandiaceae, 897 Hybanthus calceolaria, 961 Illiciaceae, 569, 570 Irinotecan, 1038 Khaya, 764 Herniaria glabra, 714 Hydnocarpic acid, 128n Illicium anisatum, 570 Iris spp., 493 Jaborandi, 1045 Khella, 271 Hermann, 264 Hydnocarpus spp., 128n Illicium verum, 569 Irone, 492* Jabotica, 23 Khellin, 271* Heroin, 947 Hydrangenol, 303* Illipe (butter, oil), 159, Irones, 493 Jack bean, 67n Kidney bean, 67 Hesperidin, 327, 327* Hydrastine, 913* 1081 Iso-orientin, 333* Jalap, 180 Kinkeliba, 340n Heteratisine, 1052* Hydrastinine, 915 IMIDAZOLE ALKA- Isoalantolactone, 629* Jamaica pepper, 560, 862n Kiwi, 23 Heteroyohimbane, 1006* Hydrastis canadensis, 915 LOIDS, 1045 Isobalfourodine, 1042* Japanese Pagoda tree, 328 Knightinol, 807* Hexahydroxydiphenoyl-, Hydrocodone, 946 Imperatorin, 265* Isoboldine, 908* Jasminlactone, 492* Knotweed, 862n 374* Hydrocotyle, 703 Indenobenzazepine, 895* Isocamphane, 474* Jasmolins, 614* Kola, 1081 HFCS, 16 Hydrolysable tannins, 372 India poon, 353 j Isochondrodendrine, 902* Jasmonate, 492* Kombu, 46 HHDP, 371 Hydromorphone, 947 Indian arrow root, 66 \ Isocraugsodine, 958* Jasmonic acid, 127* Konjac, 103 Hibiscus cannabinus, 11 Hydroquinidine, 1037 Indian licorice, 683 i Isocupressic acid, 641* Jateorhiza palmata, 920 Konyaku, 103 Hibiscus sabdariffa, 24 Hydroquinone, 245*-246 Indian mustard, 202 Isodon, 641 Jequirity, 218 Krameria lappacea, 391 Hieracium pilosella, 212 Hydroxyapateline, 898* Indian tobacco, 859 Isoflavanol, 348* Jervine, 1059* Krameriaceae, 391 High mallow, 111 Hydroxyballonigrolide, 648* Indicaxanthine, 214* Isoflavene, 348* Jimson weed, 811 Kurchessine, 1057* Himanthalia elongata, 46 Hydroxymusizin, 428* INDOLE ALKALOIDS, Isoflavone, 348* Jojoba oil, 168 Kusso, 456 Hinokiflavone, 313* Hydroxypleurocorine, 1068* 999 ISOFLAVONOIDS, 347 Judas tree, 99 HlPPOCASTANACEAE, 269, 694 Hyenanchin, 623* INDOLIZIDINE ALKA- Isoglucoses, 16 Juglandaceae, 418 Hippomane mancinella, 899n Hygrine, 787* LOIDS, 855 Isokestose, 83* Juglans regia, 418 L Hippophae rhamnoides, 23 Hyoscine, 808* Ingenol, 655* Isoliquiritigenin, 311* Juglone, 415*, 418 Hispidol, 311* Hyoscyamine, 808* Integerrimine, 844* Isoliquiritin, 691 Jujube tree, 1068 Lablab purpureus, 67n Histidine, 798* Hyoscyamus muticus, 823 Intermedine, 841 Isomalt, 20, 30 Juniper, 585-588 Laburnum anagyroides, 852 Histrionicotoxine, 790* Hyoscyamus niger, 811 Inula helenium, 629 Isomelibiose, 31* Juniperus spp., 585-588 Lactitol, 20, 31* Hogweed, 274 Hyperforin, 440* Inulin, 83 ! Isomenthol, 533* Jute, 77 Lactucopicrin, 633 1108 PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS INDEX 1109 Lady's mantle, 393 Leucopelargonidin, 311* Lithothamnion corallioides, Macrocyclic alkaloids, 1067 Marchantia, 302 Menyanthes trifoliata, 607 Lamalbide, 608* Leurocristine, 1017 47n Macrocystis pyrifera, 48 Marigold, 705 Mequinol, 246 Lamiaceae, 32, 241, 249, Leurosidine, 787* Litospermic acid, 241* Macrostomine, 802* Marijuana, 448 Merucathine, 883* 250, 335, 494, 526-548, Levant storax, 258 Litsea cubeba, 553 Macrozamia, 196 Maritime pine, 399 Mescaline, 887-888* 608, 641, 649-653 Levorphanol, 946 Lobelia inflata, 859 Madagascan periwinkle, Marmesin, 266* Mesua, 352 Laminaria spp., 19, 48 Levulose, 17 lobeliaceae, 859 1016 Marrubium vulgare, 650 Meteloidine, 807* Laminariaceae, 19, 48 Lianqiao, 243 Lobeline, 860 Madder root, 414 Marsdenia condurango, 754 Methylazoxymethanol, 197 Laminaribiose, 28 Licania, 126 loganiaceae, 901, 1010, Madecassic acid, 675*, 703 Marshmallow, 111 Methylbutenol, 455 Lamioside, 591* Licorice, 688 1013-1014 Madecassoside, 704* Mary Jane, 448 Methylergometiine, 993 Lamium album, 608 LIGNANS, 279 Loganin, 591* Madhuca longifolia, 159 Massoialactone, 492* Methyleugenol, 527* Lanatoside C, 740 Lignoceric acid, 125 Lokundjoside, 746* Maerl, 47n Mate, 1083 Methylsalicylate, 252 Lappaphen, 173* Ligustroside, 603 Lonchocarpus spp., 350 Magnoliol, 228* Matico pepper, 862 Methylselenocy steine, 186* Larkspur, 1056 Liliaceae, 83, 207, 209, Longifolane, 481* Mahoganies, 764 Matricaria, 520 Methysergide, 992, 995 Larrea divaricata, 291 686, 697,714, 742, 746, Longifolene, 490* Maidenhair tree, 329 Matrine, 787* Methysticin, 305* Lasubine, 849* 949, 1061 Lophopetalum, 722 Malabaricol, 664* May apple, 284 Metroxylon rumphii, 62 Lathyrine, 186* Lily of the valley, 746 Lophophora williamsii, 887 ! Malaguetta pepper, 302 Maytansine, 1068* Mezerein, 655* Lathyrose, 28 Limacine, 898* Lotaustralin, 191* Malic acid, 25 Maytansinoids, 1069 Michellamines, 876n Lathyrus spp., 187 Limnanthaceae, 145n Lovage, 274 Mallotus philippinensis, 456 Medicagenic acid, 675*, 715 Millefine, 337* Laudanosine, 935* Limnanthes alba, 145n LPP, 475* Malpighia glabra, 23 Medicago sativa, 715 Milletia, 350 Lauraceae, 159, 548-553 Limonene, 517, 518, 564, LSD, 974*, 992, 997 Malpighiaceae, 23, 972 Melaleuca alternifolia, 559 Millets, 65 Laurel, 552 565 Luffa spp., 220 Malt, 65 Melaleuca cajuputi, 560 Miltionone, 410 Laurie acid, 125 Limonoic acid, 764* Lunularic acid, 303* Maltitol, 30 Melaleuca Mimonoside A, 676* Laurus nobilis, 552 Limonoids, 763 Lupane, 669* Maltodextrins, 16 quinquenervia, 559 Mimonosides, 705 Lavande aspic, 529 LlNACEAE, 76, 117 Lupanine, 851 * ; Maltol, 333* Melampolide, 620n Mimosa, 188 Lavandin, 529 Linalool, 518, 526, 527*, Lupines, 853 Maltose, 29* Meliaceae, 764 Mimosa tenuiflora, 704 Lavandula spp., 528 529, 564 Lupinine, 853* Malus spp., 20n Melibiose, 31* Mimosaceae, 93, 188,400, Lavandulane, 474* Linalool oxide, 492* Lupinus spp., 853 Malva sylvestris, 111 Melilotoside, 270* 704, 972 Lavandulyl acetate, 613* Linamarin, 191*, 196 Lupulone, 455 Malvaceae, 24,73,76, 111 Melilotus officinalis, 269 Mimosine, 186*, 188 Lavender, 528 Linden tree, 113 Luteolin, 311* Malvidin, 356* Melissa officinalis, 530 Miraculin, 216 Lawsone, 415* Linoleic acid, 127* Lycoctonine, 1052* > MAM, 197 Melissic acid, 125 Mistletoe, 218 Lawsonia inermis, 419 Linolenic (a) acid, 127n, 156 Lycopene, 770* \ Mammea, 352 Melosmine, 907* Mitiphylline, 1057* Lecanora esculenta, 20n Linolenic (y) acid, 127*, 155 Lycopodiaceae, 853 Mandarin orange oils, 565 Menabea, 722 Mitracarpus, 246 Lecithins, 149 Linum usitatissimum, 76,117 Lycopodine, 849* Mandragora, 81 In Menisdaurin, 191* Mivacurium, 904* LECTINS, 217 Linustatin, 117 Lycopodium serratum, 853 Mandrake, 284, 81 In Menispermaceae, 216, Mnium, 302 Leiocarposide, 253*-254 LIPIDS (GENERALITIES), Lycopsamine, 839*-841 Mangiferin, 228* 897, 901,920-921 Mogrosides, 683 Lemon oil, 565 123 Lycorine, 958* Manihot esculenta, 195 Menispermum dauricum, 921 Momorcharins, 220 Lemon verbena, 569 Lippia citriodora, 569 Lysergic acid, 990 Manioc, 66, 195 Mentha arvensis, 537 Momordica spp., 220 Lentinan, 42 Lippia graveolens, 494 Lysergol, 974* Manna, 20n Mentha cardiaca, 537 Monellin, 216 Lentinus edodes, 42 Liquid storax, 258 Lysine, 798*, 801- Manna ash, 20 Mentha piperita, 532 Monimiaceae, 553n, 910 Lesquerella fendleri, 145n Liquidambar spp., 258 Lythraceae, 145n, 377, Mannitol, 14*, 19 Mentha pulegium, 547 Monocrotaline, 844* Lesquerolic acid, 126, 145n Liquiritigenin, 349* 395,419 Mannuronic acid, 13* Mentha spicata, 537 Monodesmosides, 677 Lessoniaceae, 48 Liquiritin, 691 Lythrum salicaria, 395 Manool, 639* Menthiafolm, 605* MONOSACCHARIDES, 7 Leucaena, 188 Lisuride, 992, 996 Macaranoyl-, 374* Maquira, 722 Menthol, 495n, 533*, 538 MONOTERPENES, 473 Leucocyanidin, 311* Litchi, 128 Macassar oil, 159 f Maranta arundinacea, 66 Menthone, 495n, 533* Monotropein, 591* 1110 pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, medicinal plants index 1111 Montanic acid, 125 Myrrh, 581 Niaouli, 559 Oenanthus crocata, 111 Ornithine, 798*, 801- Pandine, 1001* Montanoa tomentosa, 642 Myrrh tree, 752 Nicergoline, 992, 995 Oenothein, 376* Orsellinic acid, 406 Panicum, 68In MOP (5- and 8), 274-276 Myrtaceae, 23, 328, 374, Nicotiana spp., 867 j Oenothera biennis, 157 Orthosiphon aristatus, 250 Papain, 222 Moraceae, 62, 224, 722, 553-560 Nicotine, 869*-870 Oil (quality control), 130- Oryza sp., 63 Papaver rhoeas, 919 830, 857 Myrtle, 560 NICOTINIC ACID (alka- 135 OSB.412* Papaver somniferum, 929 MORPHINANES, 925 Myrtus communis, 560 loids derived from), 867 Oil production, 129 Osladine, 683 Papaveraceae, 916-920,929 Morphine, 934*, 936-938, Nicotinic acid, 798* Oiticica, 126 Osthol, 265*, 272 Papaverine, 893 940-942 N Nitidine, 787* Olea europaea, 143, 602 Osyris tenuifolia, 494 Papaya tree, 221 Morphine (biosynthesis), Njugo bean, 67n Oleaceae, 20, 143, 243, Otonecine, 834* Paprika, 23, 775 927* Nootkatone, 490* 1 267n, 602 Ouabaigenin, 724* Paravallarine, 784* Moms, 857 Nalbuphine, 946*, 947 Noranhydrovinblastine, Oleacin, 604* Ouabain, 726* Parinaric acid, 126 Mountain ash, 17, 194 Nalorphine, 944* 1020* Oleanane, 669* Oxalyl-diaminopropionic Parquetina, 111 Mouse-ear, 272 Naloxone, 945, 946* Norcaneliline, 892* Oleander, 749 acid, 188 Parsley, 274, 519 Mucilages, 90, 111-117 Naltrexone, 945, 946* Norchanoclavine, 980 Oleandrigenin, 724* Oxazolidine-thione, 201* Parthenolide, 631 * Mugwort, 524 Naphthylisoquinoline, 876n Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, Oleandrin, 749* Oxidative coupling, 230, Paspalic acid, 980 Mullein, 113n Narceine, 935* 291 Oleandrose, 725* 891,908, 927 Paspalicine, 968* Multiflorenol, 669* Narcissus spp., 958-959 Norephedrine, 883* Oleanolic acid, 675* Oxitropium, 824 Paspalum, 983n Mums, 633 Naregamia, 961 Nori, 46 Oleic acid, 127* Oxocrebanine, 907* Passiflora incamata, 331 Mundulea, 350 Naringenin, 311*, 317, 327 Normorphine, 944* Oleo-gum-resins, 580 Oxyacanthine, 898* Passifloraceae, 331 Mung bean, 67n Narthecium, 68In Norpseudoephedrine, 883* Oleoside, 592* Oxycodone, 946* Passion flower, 331 Musa paradisiaca, 62 Nasturtium, 204 Noscapine, 935*, 938, 944 Oleuropein, 604* Oxymorphine, 946* Passion fruit, 333 Musa textilis, 11 NDGA, 291 Nudaurine, 925* Olibanum, 580 Oxytropis sericea, 856 Pastinaca sativa, 274 Musaceae, 62, 77 Nederwiet, 448 Nuphamine, 1050* OLIGOSACCHARIDES, 27 Patchouli, 548 Muscarine, 970n* Needle oils, 584 Nuphar luteum, 1050 ; Olive oil, 143 Patchoulol, 490* Muscazone, 970n* Neem, 765 Nupharidine, 849* Olive tree, 602 P Paullinia cupana, 1084 Muscimol, 970n* Neoclerodanes, 649 Nutmeg, 567 Olivetol, 449* Pauridianthine, 1011 * Mustard, 202 NEOFLAVONOIDS, 352 Nux vomica, 1013 Ololiuqui, 973 P Factor, 321 Pausinystalia. yohimbe, 1015 MVA, 464, 467 Neohesperidin, 327 Nyakwana, 971 Onagraceae, 157, 377 Pachymaran, 43 Pavine, 894* Myosotis, 833 Neohesperidin Nymphaea alba, 1050 Onion, 209 Paclitaxel, 646-647 Pawpaw, 179 Myrcane, 474* dihydrochalcone, 325n Nymphaeaceae, 377, 1050 ! Ononis spinosa,!6ln Paeonia, 478 Pea vine, 187 Myrcene, 489* Neohesperidose, 28 Nyss aceae, 1037 \ Operculina turpethum, 180 Paeoniaceae, 478 Peanut oil, 139 Myrcenol, 495* Neokestose, 83* Opium, 933-935, 939 Pagoda tree (Japanese), 328 Pectins, 118 Myrciaria cauliflora, 23 NEOLIGNANS, 279 Opium poppy, 926 Pale catechu, 400 Pedaliaceae, 146, 600 Myricaceae, 401 Neolinustatin, 117 0 Opopanax, 580 Pallidine, 925* Pedunculagin, 375* Myristic acid, 125 Neomenthol, 533* Orbicuside A, 726* Palm oils, 153, 778 Peganum harmala, 973 Myristicafragrans, 567 Neopinone, 927* Oaks, 388 Orbignya phalerata, 153n Palmae, 28, 62,99, 153, Pelargonidin, 356* Myristicaceae, 567, 971 Neosapogenin, 673* Obacunone, 764* l Oregano, 494, 507, 539 162, 168, 871 Pelletierine, 860 Myristicanols, 567* Neostigmine, 977* Obliquin, 265* Oridonin, 641* Palmaria palmata, 46 Peltatins, 285* Myristicin, 240*, 517, 519, Nepeta cataria, 590 Ochrosia, 1028 Orientalidine, 913* Palmarosa oil, 511 Pennyroyal, 507, 547 567,568 Nepetalactone, 590* Ocimene, 489*, 525 Orientaline, 908* Palmitic acid, 125 Pentadecadienone, 174* Myristoleic acid, 126 Nepetariaside, 591* Ocimum basilicum, 526 Orientin, 333* Palmitoleic acid, 126 Pentadecadiynone, 174* Myrobalan, 401 Neral, 564* Ocotea pretiosa, 553 Origanum majorana, 530 Palustrine, 1068* Pentadecanolide, 272 Myroxylon balsamum, 257 Nereocystis, 47 Octanal, 564* / Origanum vulgare, 539 Panax ginseng, 706 Pentagalloylglucose, 373* Mxroxylcm balsamum Nerium oleander, 749 ODAP, 188 r\_____it. _ j.___:___ 1 n/r* •> Oripavine, 927* Panax spp., 707 Peonidin, 356* 1112 PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS INDEX 1113 Peppermint, 532 Peppermint oil, 536 Permethrin, 617* Persea americana, 159 Persic oil, 142 Persicaria hydropiper, 862n Peruvian balsam, 254 Peruvian gum, i05 Petasites hybridus, 845 Petasol, 844* Petitgrain oils, 565 Petroselinic acid, 126 Petroselinum crispum, 519 Petunidin, 356+* Peucedanol, 265* Peumus boldus, 910 Peyote, 887 Phaseolus spp., 67 Phenantliroindolizidines, 875n PHEMHTIYL AMINES, 879 PHENETH YLIS OQUINO- LINES, 949 PHENOLIC ACIDS, 239 PHENOLICS (Generalities), 227 PHENOLS, 239 Phenothrin, 616* PHENYLALANINE (ALKALOIDS), 875 Phenylheptatryine, 171* Phenylpropanoid esters, 242 Phoenix dactylifera, 28 Pholcodine, 944* Phorbol esters, 655* Phthalides, 519 Phymatolithnn calcareum, 47n Physcion, 228* Physostigma venenoswn, 975 Physostigmine, 975* Phytelephas macrocarpa, 99 Phytic acid, 25 Phytoene, 771* Phytoestrogen, 349 Phytofluene, 771* Phytosterols, 668 Picea spp., 585 Picein, 245 Picrocrocin, 777* Picrotoxinin, 623* Pigeon pea, 67 Pilocarpine, iü46*-1047 Pilocarpus microphyllus, 1045 Pilocarpus spp., 1046 Pimenta racemosa, 494 Pimenta spp., 560 Pimpinella anisum, 513 Pimpinellin, 274* Pinaceae, 399, 582-Pinane, 474* Pinanone, 528 Pinaster, 399 Pine bud, 585n Pineapple, 223 Pinenes, 489* Pines, 582 Pinocamphone, 527*, 528 Pinosylvin, 303* Pinus ponderosa, 642 Pinus spp., 582 Pipecolic acid, 186* Piper futokadsura, 284 Piper methysticum, 304 Piper nigrum, 861 Piper spp., 862 Piper wichmannii, 304 Piperaceae, 284, 304, 861-862 PIPERTDINE ALKALOIDS, 859, 863 PIPEPJDINE AMIDES, 861 Piperine, 861* Piperitenone, 533* Piperitone, 533* Piptadenia, 972 Pituri, 823 Plantaginaceae, 106-111 Plantago spp., 108-110 Plantain (great, bucklrorn), Plantamajoside, 241* Platycodon grandiflorum, 682 Platydesmine, 1042* Platynecine, 834* Plectranthus Uarbatus, 652 Plum tree, 20n Plumbagin, 415*, 416 Plumericin, 591* Poaceae, 30, 62-65, 83, 141, 196, 273,511 Podophyllotoxin, 285*-288 Podophyllum peltatum, 284 Pogostemon cablin, 548 Poison hemlock, 863 Poison ivy, 457 Poison oak, 457 Poliumoside, 241* Pollen extracts, 758 Polyenynes, 174 Polygala senega, 699 Polygala spp., 699n, 700 Polygalaceae, 699 Polygalacic acid, 254, 675 Polygodial, 482* polygonaceae, 328, 395, 437-438 Polygonum bistorta, 394 Polyhydroxynortropanes, 830 POLYKETIDES, 405 Polypodetetraene, 664* Polypodium glycyrrhiza, 683 POLYSACCHARIDES (ALGAL), 45 POLYSACCHARIDES from microorganisms, 39 POLYSACCHARIDES (GENERALITIES), 35 POLYSACCHARIDES (HETEROGENEOUS), 89 POLYSACCHARIDES (HOMOGENEOUS), 61 Pomegranate, 861 Populin, 252 Porophylum, 171 Porphyra, 46 Potato, 65, 1065 Pol "'.'.'.'„ tieuu, .394 Potentillin, 375* Praecoxins, 375* Preakuammicine, 1006* Premarrubiin, 639* Prephenic acid, 235*-236 Presenegin, 675* Primeverose, 28 Primin, 414* Primrose, 702 Primula spp., 414, 702 Primulaceae, 414, 702 Primulic acid A, 676* Proanthocyanidins, 378, 397 Procumbide, 601 Procyanidins, 379* Prodelphinidins, 380* Progesterone, 689* Promorphinane, 894* Propene-sulfenic acid, 210* Propenylphenol, 237 Proscillaridin, 743* Prosopine, 863* Prostratin, 641* Protoanemonin, 747n* PROTOBERBERINES, 913 Protoemetine, 963* Protopine, 916* Protostane, 665* Protoveratrine A, 1059* Prunasin, 191*, 193 Prunus africana, 161 Prunus armeniaca, 195 Prunus cerasus, 142n Prunus domestica, 20n Prunus dulcis, 138 Prunus laurocerasus, 193, 195 Prunus serotina, 194 Prunus spp. (persic oil), 142 Pseudo-tropanol, 806* Pseudoephedrine, 887 Pwi ! „„^iiuiiue, oZU" Pseudohypericin, 440* Psilocine, 971* Psilocybe, 970-971 Psilocybine, 971* Psoralea, 273 Psoralen, 274* Psychotria spp., 961, 972, 1010 Psychotridine, 1011* Psychotrine, 962* Psyllium, 81, 106-109 Ptelea, 1043 Pterocarpan, 348* Pterocarya, 683 Pulegone, 533*, 507, 547 Pulsatilla vulgaris, lAln Pumpkin, 758 Punica granatum, 861 punicaceae, 861 PURINE BASES, 1071 Purple loosestrife, 395 Purple wood, 415 Purpureaglucoside A, 739* PUVA, 275 Pygeum africanum, 161 Pyocyanine, 790* Pyracantha, 194 Pyrazolylalanine, 186* Pyrefhric acid, 614* PYRETHRINS, 613,614* Pyrethrum, 613 Pyridostigmine, 977* Pyrrolizidine, 834* PYRROLIZIDENE ALKALOIDS, 833 Quassin, 766* On issiuoids, /65 Queen-of-the-meadow, 251 Quercetin, 311* Quercitrin, 315* Quercus spp., 388 Ouillaja saponaria, 710 QUINAZOLINE ALKALOIDS, 1041 Quince, 118 Quinicine, 1037 Quinidine, 1033*-1037 Quinine, 1033*-1037 QUTNOLINE ALKALOIDS, 1041 Quinolizidine (biosynthesis), 849* QUINOLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS, 849 QUINONES, 409 Quinovose, 13 Oian ceng ta, 853 Rabdosia, 641 Ranunculaceae, 698, 747, 761,897,914, 920, 1052, 1056 Ranunculus ficaria, 698 Rapeseed oil, 150 Raphanus sativus, 203 Raspberry, 394 Raubasine, 1026*-1027 Rauwolfia serpentina, 1025 Reboulia, 302 Red sorrel, 24 Rescinnamine, 1025* Reserpine, 1025*-1027 Resmethrin, 616* Resveratrol, 303, 387* Reticuline, 892*, 908*, 927* Retronecine, 834*, 835 1114 PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS INDEX 1115 Rhamnaceae, 430, 433, 439, 684, 1068 Rhamnose, 13 Rhamnus catharticus, 439 Rhamnus frangula, 430 Rhamnus purshianus, 433 Rhaponticum, 438 Rhatany, 391 Rhein, 421* Rheinosides, 421* Rheum spp., 437-438 Rhizophora spp., 401 Rhizophoraceae, 401 Rhododendron, 657 Rhoeadine, 920* Rhubarb, 437 Rhus spp., 457 Rhus typhina, 401 Ribes nigrum, 364 Rice, 63 Richardia scabra, 961 Ricinine, 867* Ricinoleic acid, 127* Ricinus communis, 144, 218 Rioclarin, 179* Rivastigmine, 978n Robinobiose, 315 Rocuronium, 904* Rollinia mucosa, 179 Roman camomile, 335 Rooibos tea, 342 Roquefortine, 790* Rosa canina, 23 Rosa centifolia, 394 Rosaceae, 3, 17, 118, 138, 142, 161, 193-194, 251, 374, 377, 393-94, 396, 961 Rose laurel, 749 Rosemary, 249, 539 Rosewood (Brazilian), 353 Rosmanol, 641* Rosmarinecine, 834* Rosmarinic acid, 241*, Rosmarinus officinalis, 249, 539 Rotenoid, 348*, 350 Rotenone, 350 Rothrokene, 613* Roucou, 111 Roxburghine, 1011* Rubia tinctorium, 414 Rubiaceae, 246, 273, 400, 400, 414, 961, 972, 1010, 1015, 1029, 1079 Rubus spp., 395 Rubus suavissimus, 653n Rudbeckia, 633 Rue plant, 274 Rugosin D, 376* Rum tree, 494 Rungiose, 28 Ruscin, 697* Ruscoside, 697* Ruscus aculeatus, 697 Rutaceae, 274, 327, 494, 560-567,764, 1042- 1047 Rutin, 328 Rutinose, 28 Ryania speciosa, 641 Sabadilla, 1061n Sabal serrulata, 162 Sabinene, 477* Sabinene (hydrate), 495*, 496-497 Sabinol, 477* Sabinone, 477* Saccharose, 29* Saccharum officinarum, 30 Saffron, 777 Safrole, 509, 552 Sage, 540 Sago. 62 Saikosaponins, 682n Saint John's wort, 439 Salai guggal, 763 Salicaceae, 252 Salicin, 253* Salicortin, 253* Salicylaldehyde, 252* Salicylic acid, 235*-236 Salix spp., 252 Salutaridine, 927* Salvia divinorum, 642 Salvia miltiorrhiza, 24In Salvia spp., 540, 543n Salvinorin A, 641* Samaderine, 790* Sambubiose, 28 Sambucus nigra, 366 Sambunigrin, 191* Samidin, 271 Sandalwood, 494 Sanguinaria canadensis, 917 Sanguinarine, 917*-918 Sanicula, 682 Sanjoin, 1068 Sanjoinine A, 1068* Sankezhen, 921 Santalane, 481* Santalol, 490* Santalum spp., 494 Santamarin, 631 * Santolinane, 474* Santolinatriene, 613* Santonin, 621* Sapindaceae, 128,188, 494, 714n, 1084 Sapindus mukorossi, 714n Sapium, 899n Saponaria officinalis, 713 Saponarin, 315*, 333 Saponin QS-21 A, 711 SAPONINS, 671 Sapotaceae, 158,216 Sargassans, 59 Sarmentogenin, 724* .f- Sarsaparilla spp., 714n Sarsaparilloside, 676* Sarsasapogenin, 674*, 686 Sarverogenin, 724* Sassafras, 507, 509, 552 Sassafras albidum, 552 Satureja montana, 540 Saw palmetto, 162 Saxifragaceae, 246, 1043 Scammony glory bind, 180 Scammony root, 180 Schaftoside, 333* Scheflera, 111 Schima, 682 Schinopsis spp, 401 Schinus molle, 457 Schizandra chinensis, 290 Schizandraceae, 290 Schizanthine D, 807* Schizophyllan, 43 Schleichern oleosa, 159 Schoenobiblus peruvianus, 899n Schoenocaulon officinale, 1061n Sciadotenia, 901 Scillabiose, 28 Scillarene A, 743* Scillarenin, 723* Scilliroside, 743* Sclareol, 544* Scolymoside, 247 Scopanol, 806* Scopolamine, 808*, 818, 822 Scopoletin, 264* Scopolia, 806 Scotch broom, 851 Scotch heather, 246 Scoulerine, 913* Scrophulariafrutescens, 60In Scrophulariaceae, 113n, 595n, 601n,735 Scurvy grass, 203 Scutellaria spp., 651 Sea buckthorn, 23 Seaweeds, 46 Seco-antioquine, 898* Seco-iridane, 474* Seco-tanapartholide, 631 * Secologanin, 592, 593, 1000-Securinine, 875* Sedanolide, 517* Senecio jacobaea, 844 Senecio spp., 845 Senecio vulgaris, 844 Senega, 699 Senegin III, 700* Senkirkine, 842* Senna, 427 Sennidins, 421*, 428 Sennosides, 428*-430 Serenoa repens, 162 Serotonine, 972 Serpentine, 1026* Sesame oil, 146 Sesamin, 147* Sesamolin, 147* Sesamum indicum, 146 Sesquiphellandrene, 299 SESQUITERPENES, 479 SESQUITERPENOID LACTONES, 619 Shaftoside, 315* Shea butter, 159 Shepherd's purse, 204 Shikimic acid, 234*-235, 798 Shikonin, 412* Shionone, 664* Shogaols, 299 Shorea spp., 1081 Shyobunone, 571* Siam benzoin, 257 Siberian ginseng, 709 Sideritis mugronensis, 641 Silicon, 341 Silk cotton tree, 76 Silver pine bud, 585n Silybin, 289* Silybum marianum, 288 Silychristin, 289* Silydianin, 289* Silymarin, 289 Simaroubaceae, 765 Simmondsia sinensis, 168 Sinapic acid, 228* Sinensetin, 250 Simula, 683 Sisal, 77 Sissymbrium officinale, 203 Sitosterol, 758 Skimmia laureola, 560 Skytanthine, 784* Smilagenin, 674*, 686 Smilax spp., 686 Snakeroot, 699 Soapwort, 713 Solamargine, 1058* Solamarine, 1064* Solanaceae, 65, 775, 806, 811-824, 830, 867, 1058, 1062-1065 Solandra, 806 Solanidine, 687, 1058* Solanine, 1058*, 1062- 1065 Solanocapsine, 1064* Solanum dulcamara, 1063 Solanum nigrum, 1064 Solanum tuberosum, 65, 1065 Solasodine, 687, 1058* Solenopsine, 790* Solidago spp., 253 Sophorose, 28 Sophorotriose, 315 Sorbic acid, 25 Sorbitol, 14*, 17 Sorbus aucuparia, 17, 194 Sorghum bicolor, 65 Sorghum vulgare, 196 Soulattrolide, 352* Soursop, 179 Soybean, 350 Soybean oil, 147 Sparteine. 851 * 1116 PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS INDEX 1117 Spearmint oil, 537 Spermidine alkaloids, 1067 Spermine alkaloids, 1067 Sphacelia, 981 Spindle tree, 1051 Spiraeoside, 252* Spirosolane, 687 Spirostane, 673* Spirulina, 46 Spring adonis, 747 Spurge laurel, 655 Squalene, 464, 663 Squill, 742 St. Mary thistle, 288 Stachyose, 31*-32 Staghorn sumac, 457 Star anise, 569 Starch, 62 Stearic acid, 125 Stemmadenine, 1006*-1007 Stephania cepharantha, 922 Stephania tetrandra, 921 Sterculia gum, 91 Sterculia spp., 91 Sterculiaceae, 91, 1080 Sterculic acid, 127* Sterigmatocystin, 408* Stevia rebaudiana, 653 Stevioside, 653* STELBENOIDS, 302 Storax, 258 Strictosidine, 1001-1006* Strictosidine (biosynthesis), 1000 Strogogenin, 724* Strophanthoside, 726* Strophanthus spp., 745 Strophantidin, 724* Strophanti, 970 Strychnan, 1003-1006* Strychnine, 1013* Strychnos nux-vomica, 1013 Strychnos spp., 901 Stylopine, 917 Styracaceae, 257-258 Styrax spp., 257-258 STYRYLPYRONES, 304 Suberosin, 265* Sucrose, 28 Sucrose esters, 30 Sugar beet, 29 Sugar cane, 30 Sugar mapple, 28 Sumacs, 457 Sumatra benzoin, 258 Sundew, 415 Sunflower oil, 151 Supinidine, 834* Supinine, 844* Swainsona canescens, 856 Swainsonine, 856* Sweet basil, 526 Sweet clover, 269 Sweet flag, 571 Sweet marjoram, 530 Sweet orange oil, 564 Sweet woodruff, 273 Sweet wormwood, 623 SWEETENERS (proteins), 215 Sweetsop, 179n Sweroside, 605* Swertzia, 682 Synsepalum dulcificum, 216 Syringaresinol, 284* Syringic acid, 240* Syzygium aromaticum, 553 Tabebuia, 415 Tabernanthe iboga, 1027 Tabersonine, 1008*, 1028 Tacca leontopetaloides, 66 Taccaceae, 66 Tagetes, 171 Tagetone. 489* Tagua nut, 99 Tahiti pea, 67n Tailed pepper, 862 Talin, 215 Tallose, 8n Tamarind, 24 Tamarindus indica, 24 Tanacetum cinerariifolium, 613 Tanacetum parthenium, 631 Tanaparthin, 631 * Tannia, 66 TANNINS, 369 Tanshinone II, 653* Taraxacum officinale, Taraxanes, 705 Taraxasterol, 669* Taraxerol, 669* Taro, 66 Tarragon, 507, 525 Tartaric acid, 25 Taxaceae, 643 Taxadiene, 645* Taxane, 638* Taxifolin, 289*, 311 Taxine B, 645* Taxiphyllin, 191* Taxol, 645*-647 Taxus spp., 643 Taxusin, 645* Tazettine, 958* Tea, 1075 Tea tree , 496, 559 Teak, 415 Tectona, 415 Tellimagrandin, 375* Temu lawaq, 298 Teniposide, 285*-288 Tenulin, 621* Tepescohuite, 704 Tephrosia, 350 Terephthalic acid, 605* Tergalloyl-, 374* Terminalia chebula, 401 Ternatin A2. 357* TERPENOID ALKALOIDS, 1049 Terpinenes, 489* Terpinenol, 559 Terpinolene, 495* Terpinyl, 497 Terthienyl, 171* Testosterone, 689* Tetrahydrocannabinol, 449* Tetramethrin, 616* Tetraphyllin, 191* Teucrin G, 639* Teucrin A, 648* Teucrium spp., 649 Thalicarpine, 898* Thalictrum, 92In Thaligrisine, 898* Thapsia garganica, 622 Thaumatin, 215 Thaumatococcus danielli, 215 THC, 448 Thea sinensis, 1075 Theaceae, 1075 Theaflagalline, 1077* Theaflavine, 1077* Theasinensine, 1077* Thebaine, 934* Theobroma cacao, 1080 Theophylline, 1072*-1075 Thesinine, 839* Thevetia neriifolia, 749 Thevetioside, 749* Thevetose, 13, 725* Thiarubrine A, 171* Thiobinupharidine, 1050* Thiocolchicoside, 955 Thorn apple, 811 Thuja, 507 Thujone, 507, 524, 541* Thyme, 335, 545 Thymelaeaceae, 655, 899n Thymol, 495*, 546 Thymus serpyllum, 545 Thymus vulgaris, 545 Thymus zygis, 545 Tian huafen, 220 Tigliane, 638* Tiglic acid, 807* Tigogenin, 674* Tilia spp., 113 TlLIACEAE, 77, 113 Tiliroside, 315* Tinevellin, 428* Tinnevelly senna, 427 Tirucallol, 665 Tlitlitzin, 973 Tobaccos, 867 Tocopherols, 160* Tolu balsam, 257 Tomatidenol, 1064* Tomatidine, 1064* Tomatine, 1064* Tonka bean, 273 Topotecan, 1038 Tormentil, 394 Toxicodendron spp., 457 Toxiferine (C-), 902* Tragacanth gum, 97 Trans-resveratrol, 303 Tremulacin, 252 Triacanthine, 1072* Triacylglycerols, 124 Trichocereus, 888n Trichosanthes kirilowi, 220 Trichosanthin, 220 Tridecanolide, 272 Trifolium repens, 196 Triglochinin, 191* Trigonella foenum graecum, 103 Triticum, 63 Triumfetta, 11 Tropaeolaceae, 204 Tropaeolum majus, 204 Tropane (biosynthesis), 809* TROPANE ALKALOIDS, 805 Tropic acid, 807*-810 Tropinone, 809* Troxerutin, 328 True lavender, 528 Truxillic acid, 807* Tryptamine, 972 TRYPTAMINE ALKALOIDS, 969 TRYPTOPHAN ALKALOIDS, 967 Tubocurarine, 902* Tubulosine, 1011* Tuliposide, 747n* Turbina corymbosa, 973 Turbith, 180 Turmeric, 296 Turmerone, 297* Turpentine, 582 Tussilagine, 842* Tussilago faifara, 842 Tussilagone, 842* Tutin, 623* Twisted heath, 246 Tylecodon, 723 Tylophora, 875n Tylophorine, 85* Tyramine, 888 u_ Ulva, 46 Umbelliferose, 31* Umnelliferone, 264* Uncaria gambir, 400 Undaria spp., 46 Undecadienediynoate, 174* Unsaponifiable, 159 Urban ginseng, 704 Urena lobata, 11 Urginea spp., 742 Uronic acids, 13 Ursane, 669* Ursolic acid, 245* ms PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS INDEX 1119 Urticaceae, 77, 756 Verbenalin, 591* Vitellaria paradoxa, 159 Urushiol, 407*, 457 Vernal grass, 273 Vitex agnus-castus, 754 Usaramine, 844* Vemolepin, 621* Vitexin, 333*, 397 Usharidin, 724* Vernolic acid, 126, 145n Vitis vinifera, 365, 399 Ushinsunine, 907* Vernonia galamensis, 145n Voacanga spp., 1028 Uvaria, 897 Veronica officinalis, 595n Voandzeia subterranea, 67n Uzarigenin, 723 Verticillene, 645* Vobasine, 1001* Vescalagin, 375* Vetches, 188 Vetivone, 490* V Vicenin-2, 333* w Viciafaba, 67 Vaccenic acid, 126 Vicia spp., 188 Wakame, 46 Vaccinium macrocarpon, 363 Vigna spp., 67n Walnut tree, 418 Vaccinium myrtillus, 361 Vinblastine, 1017*-1019 Warburganal, 482* Vaccinium spp., 361-363 Vinbumine, 1024 Water lilies, 1050 Valepotriates, 597-599 Vinca minor, 1022 Watercress, 200 Valeranone, 597* Vincadifformine, 1023,1028* Welan, 43 Valerenic acid, 597* Vincamine, 1023, 1028* Wessely-Moser, 316 Valerian, 595 Vincathicine, 1001* West indian arrowroot, Valeriana officinalis, 595 Vincetoxicum , 875n 66 Valeriana spp., 596 Vincristine, 1017^-1019 Wheat, 63 Valerianaceae, 595 Vindesine, 1019 White dead nettle, 608 Valoneoyl-, 374* Vindoline, 1008*, 1021 White hellebore, 1061 Valtrate, 597*-598 Vindolinine, 1001* White horehound, 650 Vanillic acid, 240* Vine, 365, 387, 399 Whortleberry (black, Vanilline, 491* Vinorelbine, 1020 red), 363n Vasicine, 1042* Vinpocetine, 1024 Widdrane, 481* Veatchine, 1052* Vinyldithiine, 208* Wild celery, 518 Vecuronium, 904* Viola spp., 113n Wild horseradish, 203 VEGETABLE OILS, 137 Violaceae, 113n, 961 Wild strawberry, 394 Velvet sumac, 401 Violet, 113n Wild thyme, 545 Venoactives, 326 Virgaureoside, 254 Willow, 252 Veranisatine, 569 Virginia prune, 194 Wine, 387* / Veratramine, 1059* Virola spp., 971 Winter savory, 540 Veratrum album, 1061 VlSCACEAE, 218 Wintergreen, 507, 508 Veratrum spp., 1062 Viscotoxin, 219 Witch grass, 86 Verbascose, 31*-32 Viscum album, 218 Witch hazel, 389 Verbascoside, 110, 241*, Viscumin, 219 Withasomnine, 875* 243 Visnadin, 265,271 Woody nightshade, 1063 Verbascum spp., 113n Vitaceae, 365, 399 Wormseed, 622n Verbena (lemon v.), 569 Vitamin Bl, 342 Wormwood, 524 Verbena officinalis, 607 Vitamin B6, 330n Verbenaceae, 415, 569, Vitamin C. 21, 24 fiD7 7SA Vif-omJno K 1 ATI X Yams, 685 Zea mais, 63, 141 Yangonin, 305* Zedoary, 301 Xanthan gum, 41 Yanhusuo, 921 Zhicaowu, 1054 Xanthium, 642 Yarrow, 337, 633 Zhichuanwu, 1054 Xanthohumol, 455 Yellow gentian, 604 Zigadenus, 1062 Xanthomonas campestris, 41 Yellow jessamine, 1014 Zingiber officinalis, 299 XANTHONES, 303 Yellow oleander, 749 ZlNGIBERACEAE, 296-301 Xanthophylls, 769 Yew, 643 Zingiberene, 297* Xanthorrhizol, 299* Yingzhaozu, 626* Zizania spp., 65 Xanthosoma sagittifolium, 66 Ylang-ylang, 179 Ziziphus jujuba, 1068 Xanthotoxin, 274* Yohimbane, 1005, 1006*- Zoapatanol, 638* Xanthoxylin, 228* Yohimbe, 1015 Zoapatle, 642 Xanthyletin, 265* Yohimbine, 1015* ZOE, 555 Xylitol, 14*, 20 Yopo, 972 Zoopharmacognosy, 172n Xylopia aethiopica, 862n Yuanzhi, 700 Zwiebelane, 210* Xylose, 12* Yucca schildigera, 714n Zygophyllaceae, 291, 973 Xylulose (phosphate), 469 Yucca spp., 686 Y z Yakee, 971 Zamia, 66, 196 Yamogenin, 674* Zanthoxylum, 1042 ! 1