Declensions:

Latin nouns are divided into 5 groups, words within the same group have the same forms. These
groups are called declensions.

1st declension: words having diphtong -ae in genitive

2nd declension: words having – i in genitive

3rd declension: words having -is in genitive

4th declension: words having -us in genitive

5th declension: words having -ei in genitive

All nouns have one of the 3 genders: M= masculine, F= feminine, N = neutral

The first case = subject – in the first position in a sentence

The second case expresses the attribute, it always follows after another word, in English it is
expressed using a preposition OF

The fourth case is used asfter prepositions

The sixth case is used after prepositions

Some Latin prepositions go with form no 4, others go with form no 6 – we have to remember it

Adjectives express qualities, they adopt the same forms as nouns, they are controlled by the nouns.

In Latin a noun goes first, an adjective follows. 3 categories must be he same: gender, number,
case.

The noun determines these three categories.

Aqua pura (pure water) – aqua= 1st case singular , feminine+ pura= 1st case singular, feminine

Names of cases:

1st = nominative

2nd= genitive

4th = accusative

6th = ablative

Prepositions going with case no 6:

a, ab = away from

e, ex = out of, out from

cum = with

pro = for

de = down, about

sine = without

two prepositions – in + sub (under) may go with bot case no 4 + 6, but there is a difference in
meaning:

in lagoenam (case no 4) – direction: where to? = to a bottle

in lagoena (case no 6) – place: where? = in a bottle

sub scapulam (case no 4) – direction = something is penetrating under the scapula

sub scapula (case no 6) – place = something is already placed under the scapula

Ex. 1 p 13:

Vesica fellea – gall bladder, 1st case sg, noun + adjective

Vesica urinaria – urinary bladder, 1st case sg, noun + adjective

Tibia sinistra – left shin bone, 1st case sg, noun + adjective

Fibula extra – right calf bone, 1st case sg, noun + adjective

Spina scapulae – the crest of the shoulder blade, 1st case sg,noun,  2nd case sg noun

Vena cava – hollow vein, 1st case sg, noun + adjective

Valvulae venarum – valves of veins, 1st case pl noun, 2nd case pl noun

Glandula thyreoidea – thyroid gland, 1st case sg, noun + adjective

Fascia lata – wide sheet of tissue covering the muscles, 1st case sg, noun + adjective

Fractura complicata - complicated fracture, 1st case sg, noun + adjective

Ruptura tunicae mucosae – rupture of mucous layer, 1st case sg noun, 2nd case sg noun, 2nd case sg
adjective

Aqua purificata – purified water - 1st case sg, noun + adjective

Tinctura amara – bitter tincture - 1st case sg, noun + adjective

Olla pastae – a cup of paste, 1st case sg, noun, 2nd case sg noun

Lagoena aquae carminativae – a bottle of water agains flatulence, 1st case sg noun, 2nd case sg,
noun, 2nd case sg adjective

Scatula pulmonariae herbae – box of pulmonary herb, 1st case sg noun, 2nd case sg adjective, 2nd
case sg noun

Capsulae gelatinosae in scatula – gelly capsules in a box, 1st pl noun, 1st pl noun, in+6 – place,
6th sg noun

Tabuletta obducta – coated tablet - 1st case sg, noun + adjective

Lagoena mixturae – a bottle of mixture – 1st case sg, 2nd case sg

Ad chartas ceratas – to waxed pieces of paper – ad+ 4th case pl noun+ adjective

Capsulae gelatinosae in scatula – gelly capsules in a box, 1st case pl  noun + adjective, in+6 ,
6th case sg

Valerianae guttae – valerian drops, 2nd case sg, 1st case pl noun