Pharmacognosy lab exercise 10 Drugs - fruits Fructus - fruit §Generative organ of flowering plants, contains one or several seeds. Its function is to disperse seeds. §Fruit is composed of outer layer (pericarp, pericarpium) and seed (semen) § §Pericarpium is further divided into: §exocarp (epicarp), mesocarp, endocarp § §Seed consists of: §Seed coat (testa), endosperm, embryo Obrázok, na ktorom je jedlo, hodiny Automaticky generovaný popis Apiaceae fruits §Diachenium § §Anatomy of diachenium: §Exocarp with prominent ribs (ridges), vascular bundles in ridges §Mesocarp contains essential oil channels §Endocarp intergrown with testa §Endosperm composed of parenchyma, contains oil drops, starch, aleurone grain Anisi fructus CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Pimpinella anisum, Apiaceae, anise §Anisi etheroleum CzPh 2017 • rost3 Výsledek obrázku pro pimpinella anisum Anisi fructus CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: diachenium of obovate shape, grey-brown, softly hairy, fruit connected by short stalk, each achene has 5 bright ribs, strong spicy odour, sweet aromatic taste § § § § § § § § § § w anisi Obrázok, na ktorom je ovocie, oriešok, stôl, kryté Automaticky generovaný popis Anisi fructus CzPh 2017 §Content compounds: essential oil (trans-anethol, methylchavikol, anisaldehyd), oil, proteins, sugars § § § § § w w w w w §Usage: expectorant, carminative, stomachic, spasmolytic, spice, flavoring for ouzo, rakı, Czech candy called Hašlerky Fitxer:Estragole.svg File:O-Anisaldehyde.svg cis, trans-anethol methylchavikol anisaldehyd Anisi fructus CzPh 2017 §Different names of anise alcohols across the Mediterranean region Obrázok, na ktorom je text, mapa Automaticky generovaný popis Anisi fructus CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: exocarp, on epidermis located small, soft fine papilla-like trichomes with grainy cuticle, mesocarp – numerous tubules with essential oil, endocarp (fused with testa), in ribs located collateral vascular bundles, endosperm § w Anisi fructus CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: wvascular bundle wtubule with essential oil wrafe wendosperm w w w wtrichomes wexocarp wmesocarp wtubule with essential oil wendocarp wtesta wendosperm § w anisi anisi Coriandri fructus CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Coriandrum sativum, Apiaceae, Coriander, kορίαννον §Coriandri etheroleum CzPh 2017 rost9 Coriandrum_sativum_Blossoms3 Coriandri fructus CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: spherical diachenium yellow-brown, 12 main and 10 side ribs, pleasant aromatic taste and odour § §Content compounds: essential oil (linalol, geraniole, limonene, camphora), oil, tannins w w §Usage: stomachic, carminative, mild spasmolytic; externally to treat neuralgia. Corigens of taste and smell, ingredient of curry powder rost9mak linalol geraniole limonene Coriandri fructus CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: exocarp, mesokarp, endocarp fused with testa, in main ribs located tubules with essential oil and small vascular bundles, strip of sclerenchyma - stereome layer, at carpophore two big tubules with essential oil with epithelial lining, endosperm § w Coriandri fructus CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: w w vascular bundle w cell with essential oil w w rafe w w strip of stereom w endosperm § w coriandr Coriandri fructus CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: w w exocarp w mesocarp w endocarp w w w w tubule with w essential oil w w strip of stereom § w coriandr Conii fructus §Mother plant: Conium maculatum, Apiaceae, Poison Hemlock rost8 Conii fructus §Macroscopy: bald, oval-spherical, grey-green diachenium, strongly rib-like, ribs deformed, smells after mice, acrid oily taste. Do not confuse with anise/coriander. § §Content compounds: piperidine alkaloid coniine, oil, proteins w w §Usage: poisonous, obsolete analgesic (neuralgia) §Coniin inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors – paralysis of muscles § rost8mak koniin The onset of symptoms is similar to that caused by curare. Peripheral paralysis, loss of sensation, paresthesias, profuse salivation. Death occurs after paralysis of respiratory muscles, with full consciousness. Fatal dose for human less than 5 mg/kg of body weight. Socrates was killed by hemlock. Conii fructus §Microscopy: exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp fused with testa creating conium layer, 5 pronounced ribs with vascular bundles and small cells with essential oil, endosperm, aleuronic grains and droplets of oil § w Conii fructus §Microscopy: § w rib with vascular bundle w and cell with essential oil w endosperm w rafe w conium layer w conii Conii fructus §Microscopy: § w endosperm w conium layer w w w w collateral vascular bundle w conii Foeniculi amari fructus CzPh 2017 Foeniculi dulci fructus CzPh 2017 wMother plant: Foeniculum vulgare subsp. vulgare var. vulgare, wor var. dulce, Apiaceae, Fennel •Foeniculi amari fructus etheroleum CzPh 2017 •Foeniculi amari herbae etheroleum CzPh 2017 w § Foeniculi amari fructus CzPh 2017 Foeniculi dulci fructus CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: diachenium of cylindric shape, flattened, smooth, bald, brown-green to yellow, 5 ribs of straw-like yellow colour, aromatic odour, F. amari of sharp taste, F. dulci of sweet taste § §Content compounds: essential oil (trans-anethol, methylchavikol, fenchone), sugars, oil, proteins w w §Usage: expectorant, spasmolytic, carminative, taste and smell corigens § rost12mk Výsledek obrázku pro fenchone fenchone Teas for children from 1 week of age – for digestion. Essential oils pass into mother´s milk and ease the flatulence of the child. Also ointments are available for this purpose. Gentle massage of the baby´s belly further promotes the anti-flatulence effects of fennel. Foeniculi amari fructus CzPh 2017 Foeniculi dulci fructus CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp, 5 ribs, in carpophore area two bigger tubules with essential oil, in ribs located vascular bundles, in their surrounding septular cells, in valley tubules with essential oil, tubules with essential oil, endosperm (droplets of oil, and aggregates of calcium oxalate crystals), endocarp fused with testa (parquetry block cells) § w Foeniculi amari fructus CzPh 2017 Foeniculi dulci fructus CzPh 2017 http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vOSc5KVR5lI/Up9tJW3FtSI/AAAAAAAAAAw/ULQe3bcJd5w/s1600/Fennel.png http://awmkhan.blogspot.com/p/some-t_7151.html Foeniculi amari fructus CzPh 2017 Foeniculi dulci fructus CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: w w endosperm w cell with essential oil w parquetry block w cells of testa w septular cells w w vascular bundle collateral w w exocarp w § w foenicl Foeniculi amari fructus CzPh 2017 Foeniculi dulci fructus CzPh 2017 C:\Data\Renca\skripta\atlas\zdrojove obrazky\obr. 137.jpg septular cells Aurantii dulce pericarpium CzPh 2017 Aurantii amari pericarpium CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Citrus aurantium subsp. aurantium, or var. dulcis, Rutaceae, Orange §Aurantii amari pericarpii tinctura CzPh 2017 §Aurantii dulcis pericarpii etheroleum CzPh 2017 Citrus sinensis c_aurantium2 orabit11-l Aurantii dulce pericarpium CzPh 2017 Aurantii amari pericarpium CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: irregular circular pieces, at the end sharpened, externally orange, glandularly pointed from tubules with essential oil, internal side yellowish § § aurandulcepericar http://web2.mendelu.cz/af_211_multitext/obecna_botanika/preparaty/velke/plod/pr_velke_hesperidium.j pg juicy vesicles seed essential oil channels juicy vesicles Aurantii dulce pericarpium CzPh 2017 Aurantii amari pericarpium CzPh 2017 §Content compounds: essential oil, (limonen, linalol), flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin, naringin) carotenoids, xantophylls, bitter substances w w w w w w w w w w w w w w §Usage: amare, cholagogue, taste corrigent limonen hesperidin Hesperidin is part of several venoprotective drugs such as Detralex, Mobivenal, Diosminol. Aurantii dulce pericarpium CzPh 2017 Aurantii amari pericarpium CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: epidermis with stomata, in parenchyma crystals of calcium oxalate and hesperidin, 1-2 lines of schiso-lyzigennic tubules with essential oil, rarely vascular bundles § w MACROSCOPY Avenae fructus §Mother plant: Avena sativa, Poaceae, Oat Avenae fructus §Macroscopy: longer and slimmer caryopsis of yellowish colour, without odour, taste mucilaginous floury § §Content compounds: proteins, oils, mineral compounds, vitamins, amino acids, saponins, sugars, glucokinins w w §Usage: dietetic, metabolic, sedative, hypotensive, antidiabetic § avena1 Capsici fructus CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Capsicum anuum var. minimum, C. frutescens Solanaceae Pepper §Capsici oleoresina raffinata et quantificata CzPh 2017 §Capsici tinctura normata CzPh 2017 §Capsici acris extractum spissum normatum CzPh 2017 § 10papri1 Capsici fructus CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: spindle like berry, hollow, numerous yellow kidney-shaped seeds, leatherlike pericarp is externally shiny, smoothly stripped, internally wrinkled, weak spicy odour, spicy later hot taste capsici 6528_l Capsici fructus CzPh 2017 §Content compounds: alkaloid capsaicin, carotenoids (capsanthin), vitamins B2, C, flavonoids, essential oil, sugars § § § § § w w §Usage: stomachic, external derivans, rubefacient for rheumatism treatment §Spiciness is measured in Scoville Heat Units § Image:Capsaicin chemical structure.png kapsaicin Capsaicin activates sensory neurons for heat therefore it creates a burning sensation whereever it is applied. It inhibits pain transmission from nociceptive nerve fibers to spinal cord, it is used in topical creams or topical patches to treat muscle or joint pain associated backache, bruises, strains and arthritis; also neuropathic pain. Capsici fructus CzPh 2017 Pungency SHU Very highly pungent Above 80,000 Highly pungent 25,000 to 70,000 Moderately pungent 3,000 to 25,000 Scoville heat units Example peppers 800,000 to 3,200,000 Pepper X, Carolina Reaper, Dragon's Breath 350,000 to 800,000 Red savina,Chocolate habanero 100,000 to 350,000 Habanero, Scotch Bonnet 10,000 to 100,000 Malagueta pepper, Cayenne pepper, Tabasco pepper 1,000 to 10,000 Guajillo pepper, Jalapeño 100 to 1,000 Banana pepper, Cubanelle 0 to 100 Bell pepper, Pimento Pungency SHU Mildly pungent 700 to 3,000 Non pungent 0 to 700 Carvi fructus CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Carum carvi, Apiaceae, Caraway, Persian cumin §Carvi etheroleum ČL 2009 § tafel_054_small Carvi fructus CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: diachenium flattened from sides, brown, 5 ribs, bald rough surface, odour and taste typical aromatic § §Content compounds: essential oil (carvone, limonene), oil, proteins, sugars, flavonoids w w §Usage: carminative, spasmolytic, stomachic, digestive, bacteriostatic § Carvi fructus karvon Crataegi fructus CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Crataegus laevigata syn. C. oxyacantha, Crataegus monogyna, Rosaceae, Hawthorn Crataegi fructus CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: without odour, acidic taste §C. oxyacantha- fruits oval to spherical shape, calyx has got the scarification after stalk, 2-3 seedless §C. monogyna- fruits barrel-like shape, one seedless w §Content compounds: flavonoids (hyperoside, rutin), aminopurines, saponins, catechine tannins, vitamins, triterpenic acids (ursolic acid, crataegic acid) w w §Usage: antisclerotic, hypotensive, sedative, venoprotective effect § Crataegi fructus hyperoside Flavonoids are present as either O-glycosides (quercetin, rutin) or C-glycosides (vitexine, isovitexine). Antisclerotic – lowers the deposition of cholesterols into vessels. Cynosbati fructus CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Rosa canina, Rosa pendulina Rosaceae, Dog Rose 14rosa Illustration_Rosa_canina0 Cynosbati fructus §Macroscopy: hypanthium oval, fleshy, shiny, dark red, inside hard achenes placed in small sharply hispid trichomes, honey-like odour, taste sweet-acid, mild astringent § §Content compounds: vitamins C, B, K, sugars, pectins, carotenoids, tannins w w §Usage: vitaminiferic, diuretic, mild laxative, tonic § Výsledek obrázku pro šípky sušené ascorbic acid Used fort treating colds. High content of sugar makes it ideal for marmelades. Juniperi fructus §Mother plant: Juniperus communis, Cupressaceae Juniper §Juniperi etheroleum ČL 2009 § Juniperus communis - jalovec obecný Juniperus_communis4 Juniperi fructus §Macroscopy: spherical fruit, bald, shiny, frosted-like, on the top three-rayed joint, brown-green pulp with three hard 3-edged seeds, resinous odour, taste sweet than aromatic § §Content compounds: essential oil (terpinen-4-ol, pinens, sabinene), sugars, bitter substances, ascorbic acid, tannins, leucoanthocyanins w w §Usage: diuretic, stomachic, urinary desinficient, cholagogue, spices, liqueurs § Výsledek obrázku pro jalovčinky terpinen-4-ol Leucoanthocyanins help to regenerate pigments in eye. Myrtilli fructus recens CzPh 2017 Myrtilli fructus siccus CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Vaccinium myrtillus, Ericaceae, Blueberry §Myrtilli fructus recentis extractum siccum raffinatum et normatum CzPh 2017 § 83841582 141 Myrtilli fructus recens CzPh 2017 Myrtilli fructus siccus CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: shrivelled berries with small stalk, on the top residues of calyx with deeper place, blue-purple pulp with numerous seeds, without odour, sweet-acid acrid taste § §Content compounds: catechine tannins, anthocyanins, organic acids (caffeic, cinnamic acid), pectine, sugars w w §Usage: antidiarrhoic, desinficient, dietetic, astringent § Myrtilli fructus Papaveris fructus §Mother plant: Papaverum somniferum, Papaveraceae, Poppy § Papaver somniferum - mák setý Papaveris fructus CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: capsules, perfectly ripen poppy heads of spherical shape, matte bright brown, ovary terminated by imperfect segmented radial stigma, narcotic odour, bitter taste § § opium seed pods papaver3 Papaveris fructus CzPh 2017 §Content compounds: opium alkaloids (15-25% of latex) - morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, papaverine, in form of different salts, meconic acid w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w §Usage: isolation of alkaloids. Image:Morphine-2D-skeletal.png Image:Papaverin - Papaverine.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Narkotin_-_Narcotine.svg/220px-Narkotin_-_ Narcotine.svg.png morfin papaverin noscapin Image result for opium Obrázok, na ktorom je kus, sedenie, jedlo Automaticky generovaný popis Opium alkaloids are divided into three groups based on their structure: morphinane (morphine, codein, thebain), benzylisoquionoline (papaverine), phtalideisoquinoline (noscapin). Opium is white latex obtained by cutting into green unripe poppy heads. It is collected after drying as a brown substance. Opium alkaloids create strong addiction. They bond to opioid receptors. Morphin – strong analgesic effect. Papaverin is a spasmolytic. Codein is a derivative of morphine with antitussic properties and less addiction chance. But it metabolises into morphine – and this morphine is responsible for euphoria and addiction. Opoids have analgesic, antitussic effects, they cause euphoria and they also suppress diarrhea . In chronic users a tolerance develops but is different for different effects: it easily develops for analgesic, antitussic and euphoric effects – so users need larger dose for the same effect. However, tolerance does not develop for constipation. Derivatives of opoid alkaloids include tramadol, which was considered to be non-addcitive. Tramadol is used as a strong analgesic, but it also induces euphoria and for this is abused by many people. Phaseoli fructus sine semine CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Phaseolus vulgaris, Fabaceae, Common Bean fazol%20obecný Phaseoli fructus sine semine CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: legumes, on the surface matte yellowish, without seeds, at the end sharpened, screwed, without odour, mucilaginous taste § phaseoli §Content compounds: amino acids (arginine), triterpens, organic acids, allantoin, choline, mineral compounds (chromium salts), hemicelluloses, glucokinins §Usage: antidiabetic, metabolic, dermatologic Sennae acutifoliae fructus CzPh 2017 Sennae angustifoliae fructus CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Cassia senna (acutifolia), Cassia angustifolia, Fabaceae Senna_sp rost25 Sennae acutifoliae fructus CzPh 2017 Sennae angustifoliae fructus CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: without odour, bitter mucilaginous taste Cassia_senna Cassia_angustifolia §C. senna – flat kidney-shaped legumes up to 3.5 cm long, with brown spots corresponding to seeds positions, translucent, markedly sharpened, shortly stalked, 6-7 seeds §C. angustifolia – legumes insignificantly kidney-shaped, yellow-brown to yellow with brown spots, 5-8 seeds senalist Sennae acutifoliae fructus CzPh 2017 Sennae angustifoliae fructus CzPh 2017 §Content compounds: dianthrone derivatives – sennosides A, B, C, D, mucilage, flavone glucosides, bitter substances, tannins w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w §Usage: irritant laxative sennoside A Sennae fructus contains less sennosides than sennae folium, so it has less potent lôaxative effect. Sennosides increase secretion of water into bowels and irritate it. Senna should not be used frequently, because frequent use can cause lazy bowel syndrome. The bowels can loose their defecating reflex and for their proper function it is necessary to take senna or other laxative. Tea from senna should be prepared with lukewarm water, not boiling water. Too hot water extracts also other irritative compounds such as resin substances. Use of such extract can cause bloody diarrhea with very painful cramps. Laxatives usually work 8-12 hours after consuming them. It is best to consume laxative in the evening and and the effect takes place in the morning. For people with chronic constipation – better to use laxatives that are not addictive (lactulose) or adhjusting their diet to contain more fruit, vegetables. Some interesting tips §List of crude drugs assorted according to their main effect and usage: http://awmkhan.blogspot.com/p/blog-page.html w §Portal about medicines for patients and healthcare professionals: whttps://www.drugs.com/ § §Bioinformatics and cheminformatics portal with detailed drug data: whttps://www.drugbank.ca/ §