Pharmacognosy lab exercise 9 Herbs, flowers Absinthii herba CzPh 2017 ▪Mother plant: Artemisia absinthium, Asteraceae (Common wormwood) 01artemisia ArtemisiaAbsinthium1 Absinthii herba CzPh 2017 ▪Macroscopy: ground leaves from greyish to greenish, silver-grey felt-like, leaf-stalked, leaf segments from rounded to lanceolate, stem green-grey, felt-like, usually with 5 wrinkles, flowers yellow, target-like, involucrum grey felt-like, aromatic odour and very bitter spicy taste. artherb Absinthii herba CzPh 2017 ▪Content compounds: essential oil (thujone, thujole), bitter substances – sesquiterpenic lactones (artemisin, artabsin, absinthin), flavonoids, polyalkyns Thujon - neurotoxic (GABA receptors inhibitor) ▪Usage: amare, digestive, choleretic, spasmolytic http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_zE8CzamN1Y0/S6UUJdPZu3I/AAAAAAAAA9U/CjgaENRssHw/s400/thujone.jpg α-thujone β-thujone (Thuja, Artemisia, Salvia, Tanacetum ) artabsin Obrázok, na ktorom je víno, stôl, nádoba, okuliare Automaticky generovaný popis Ingredient for absinth. In the Middle Ages, wormwood was used to spice mead, and in Morocco it is used with tea, called sheeba.^[16] In 18th century England, wormwood was sometimes used instead of hops in beer. Absinthe has often been portrayed as a dangerously addictive psychoactive drug and hallucinogen.^[9] Thujone was blamed for its alleged harmful effects. By 1915, absinthe had been banned in the United States and in much of Europe, including France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and Austria–Hungary, yet it has not been demonstrated to be any more dangerous than ordinary spirits. Recent studies have shown that absinthe's psychoactive properties have been exaggerated, apart from that of the alcohol. Absinthii herba CzPh 2017 ▪Absinthism – syndrome connected to absinth drinking (thujon) ▪Hallucinations, insomnia, convulsions ▪Van Gogh, E. A. Poe, Ch. Baudelaire ▪Rise and fall of absinth: 20. century – increasing popularity (consumption increased 15-fold only in France between 1875 - 1913) ▪1915 – banned without any scientific proof of thujon content ▪“the trouble with alcohol lies not in the consumed amount but in the quality of consumed alcohol” ▪Thujon content: pre-ban absinth 25,4 mg/l (samples from 1895-1910) post-ban absinth 7,6 mg/l (samples from 1915-1988) modern absinth 26,9 mg/l (samples from 2003-2006) Padosch SA, Lachenmeier DW, Kröner LU. Absinthism: a fictitious 19th century syndrome with present impact. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 2006 1:14, https://www.alandia.de/absinthe-blog/absinthe-prohibition/ Image result for green fairy •Wine production was decreased due to infestations in that time and this helped to increase the popularity of absinth. However, mass consumption of alcohol took its toll and an antialcohol movement developed. Wine producers joined forces with church and together they demanded prohibition of absinthe. Absinthe was blamed for many health issues including mind health issues. •A common belief was that the trouble with alcohol lies not in the consumed amount but in the quality of consumed alcohol. •Wine producers supported antialcohol movement (haha) and thus helped to ban absinth Absinthii herba CzPh 2017 ▪ADI (acceptable daily intake) for thujon based on scientific data : 0.11 mg/kg of body weight per day = 2-20 cups of wormwood tea ▪Where do the roots of absinthism lie? ▪Drinking of poor-quality absinth (samples from 19. century are from high-quality production) ▪Addition of wormwood essential oil or other additives just before consumption (copper salts, antimony chloride) ▪Combination with other psychotropic substances ▪Drinking of such high amounts of absinth and other alcoholic beverages that ethanol was responsible for the symptoms of absinthism Obrázok, na ktorom je sedenie, stôl, budova, žena Automaticky generovaný popis https://www.ebay.com/itm/Green-Fairy-Causes-Madness-8-5x11-Photo-Print-Anti-Absinthe-Propaganda-Pos ter-/254472052339 Absinthii herba CzPh 2017 ▪1988 EU regulation of thujone content in food and beverages: ▪0.5 mg/kg in food prepared with Artemisia species, excluding those prepared with sage and non alcoholic beverages ▪10 mg/kg in alcoholic beverages not prepared with Artemisia species ▪25 mg/kg in food prepared with sage ▪35 mg/kg in alcoholic beverages prepared with Artemisia species More about absinth and Absinthii herba: ▪10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1590 ▪https://www.absinthes.com/absinthe-encyclopedia/thujone/thujone-and-absinthe-scientific-research/p oison-on-line/ ▪https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/absinthii-herba (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thujone#cite_note-EU2008-29) Absinthii herba CzPh 2017 ▪Microscopy: leaf – upper and lower skin layer with characteristic T - trichomes, glandules of Asteraceae type (squamous division), cells of lower skin layer wavy trunk-like trichomes C:\Renata\temp\Ttrichom1.jpg T-trichomes Absinthii herba CzPh 2017 absint Asteraceae glandulae T-trichomes C:\Renata\PRAKTIKA\obr\absint1.JPG glandules Ribs - ridges Absinthii herba CzPh 2017 ▪Microscopy: Stem transversal section – surface glandules, schisogennic channel with essential oil in parenchyma, collenchyma in ribs (ridges), endodermis, aggregates of sclerenchyma, sieve-tubes, cambium, vessels with libriform, medullar rays, aggregates of calcium oxalate, collateral vascular bundle skin layer collenchyma endodermis phloem xylem crystal aggregate channel with essential oil C:\Renata\PRAKTIKA\obr\absint.JPG Ribs - ridges Absinthii herba CzPh 2017 C:\Renata\temp\herbabsinthi.JPG xylem with libriform phloem sclerenchyma colenchymatic hypodermis essential oils channels Ribs - ridges Convallariae herba ▪Mother plant: Convallaria majalis, Ruscaceae (Liliaceae) Lily Of The Valley 02convalaria convallaria2 Convallariae herba ▪Macroscopy: leaves entire, elliptic, parallel veined; flowering stem bearing a one-sided raceme (to 4-9” long) of nodding, bell-shaped, sweetly fragrant, white flowers without odour, taste firstly sweet then sharp bitter ▪Content compounds: cardioglycosides – cardenolides (0.2 - 0.3% - convallatoxin, convallatoxol), saponins, flavonoids ▪Usage: cardiotonic convalaria2 North European plants – high content of convallatoxin, convallatoxol East European plants – rich in convalloside Not used in therapy, whole plant is poisonous Convallariae herba ▪Microscopy: epidermal cells of leaves rod-like elongated, parallel with venatio, sporadic stomata without accompanying cells, non-differentiated palisade and spongeous parenchyma, raphides of calcium oxalate C:\Renata\temp\convalariabun.JPG C:\Renata\temp\rafidy1.JPG C:\Renata\diplomanti\Renata-obr\konvalinka.jpg palisades raphides Equiseti herba CzPh 2017 ▪Mother plant: Equisetum arvense, Equisetaceae (Horsetail) equisetum%20arvense equisetum_arvense Equiseti herba CzPh 2017 ▪Macroscopy: tough, fragile stems, articular, poly-costate, branched to simpler verticillate branches, without taste and odour ▪Content compounds: flavonoids, silicic acid (or soluble silicates), organic acids, traces of alkaloids (nicotine) ▪Usage: diuretic, skin disorders D:\atlas\images\rost10mk.jpg Equisetum arvense Flavonoids: glycosides of luteolin, kempferol, kvercetin, apigenin Phenolic acids: caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic Only a small portion of silicates passes into water infusion Equiseti herba CzPh 2017 ▪Microscopy: transversal section: characteristic ribs/ridges reinforced by sclerenchyma and incrusted with silicic acid, between ribs located valleys/grooves, valecular cavities between ribs, under endodermis in ribs located carinal cavities, upon them collateral vascular bundles Equiseti herba CzPh 2017 ▪Microscopy: transversal section: characteristic ribs/ridges reinforced by sclerenchyma and incrusted with silicic acid, between ribs located valleys/grooves, valecular cavities between ribs, under endodermis in ribs located carinal cavities, upon them collateral vascular bundles D:\atlas\images\rost10mi.jpg collenchyma sclerenchyma valley/groove rib/ridge central cavity vascular bundle carinal cavity endodermis valecular cavity Equiseti herba CzPh 2017 sclerenchyma epidermis rib collenchyma valecular cavity endodermis vascular bundle collateral carinal cavity central cavity C:\Renata\PRAKTIKA\obr\eqiseti.JPG Microscopy: Matricariae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Mother plant: Chamomilla recutita syn. Matricaria recutita, Asteraceae, Chamomile, χαμαίμηλον ▪Matricariae etheroleum CzPh 2017 ▪Matricariae extractum fluidum CzPh 2017 Matricaria recutita - heřmánek pravý Európa, Ázia, Severná Amerika Matricariae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Macroscopy: anthodium (flower heads) with hollow semi-globular receptacle, circumferential pistillate flowers with ray florets corolla, inner disc florets are duplicitous and yellow, several rows of green bracts, strong aromatic odour and taste http://195.178.84.227/html/images/plants/matricaria/flos.JPG Matricariae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Content compounds: essential oil – sesquiterpens (0.6-2.4%; chamazulene, guaiazulen, bisabolole), bitter substances (matricin), mucilage, flavonoids (apigenin), coumarins ▪Usage: internally- antiphlogistic, spasmolytic, carminative, stomachic, diaphoretic, mild sedative externally- healing effect, promotes epithelization (wounds, burns) matricin (proazulene) chamazulene Essential oil gained by extraction is yellow or green. Essential oil gained by distillation is blue. Heating of water infusion of drug leads to decomposition of matricine – the lactone ring opens, deacetylation occurs and chamazulencarboxylic acid forms. This acid is unstable, it gives CO2 away and transforms to blue chamazulene. Vodný zápar kvetov je možné užívať aj v tehotenstve Terapeutický účinok sa pripisuje azulény, bisabolol, flavonoidy Matricariae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Microscopy: inner (a) and outer (b) epidermis of involucrum (rosette of bracts surrounding an inflorescence) with sclereids (c) Matricariae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Microscopy: Ray florets – inner epidermis wavy deformed inner epidermis - transversal section outer epidermis - aerial view chamjaz5 chamjaz4 hermanek Matricariae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Microscopy: C:\Renata\PRAKTIKA\obr\blizna.jpg http://www.lima.ohio-state.edu/biology/images/stigma.jpg C:\Renata\temp\chamtrub.jpg stigma with papillas single tube flower Verbasci flos CzPh 2017 ▪Mother plant: Verbascum densiflorum, V. phlomoides, V. tapsus, Scrophulariaceae (Mullein) 05divizna Verbascum densiflorum - divizna velkokvětá Verbascum densiflorum - Großblütige Königskerze Európa Verbasci flos CzPh 2017 ▪Macroscopy: flat, pipe-like corollas 5-petalled (three lower corners bigger), yellow, 5 stamen, weak honey-like odour, sweet taste, mucilaginous http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/lindman/111.jpg ▪Content compounds: saponins (verbascosaponin with aglycone verbascogenine), mucilage, flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin), iridoids (aucubine, catalpol) ▪Usage: expectorant, mucilaginose, antiphlogistic, diaphoretic, mild diuretic C:\Renata\temp\verbascum.JPG Hjertebladet Kongelys Rohtotulikukka Molène faux phlomis Keizerskaars Pustenasta divizma Verbasco barbarastio Szöszös ökörfarkkóró Königskerze Windblumen-Königskerze Hjartekongslys Dziewanna kutnerowata Коровяк мохнатый лекарственный Navadni lučnik Крупноцветна дивизма Storkungsljus Sığır kuyruğu Дивина залізняковидна Verbascum phlomoides Divizna sápovitá Divozel sápovitý Gordolobo anaranjado Orange Mullein Wooly Лопен лечебен Ttriterpenoid Saponins. The irritative expectorant effect of saponins is softened by mucilage Expektoračný a protizápalový účinok majú aukubín, verbaskozid. Dráždivý expektoračný účinok saponínov miernia slizy. Verbasci flos CzPh 2017 ▪Microscopy: stamen - lower smooth, upper with one-cell club-like trichomes C:\Renata\temp\verbascitri6.JPG C:\Renata\temp\verbascitri3.JPG epidermis – big branched covering trichomes (candelabra-like), glandular trichomes Verbasci flos CzPh 2017 ▪Microscopy: upper stamen lower stamen club-like trichome candelabra-like trichome C:\Renata\PRAKTIKA\obr\divizna.jpg MACROSCOPY Arnicae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Mother plant: Arnica montana, Asteraceae Leopard´s bane, Mountain Arnica ▪Arnicae tinctura CzPh 2017 a_montana1 Arnica montana - prha arnika Horské lúky strednej, južnej, východnej Európy, chránená rastlina Arnicae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Macroscopy: flower heads: ray florets creamy white, circular head yellow disc florets are androgynous, ovary cylindrical, smoothly hairy, aromatic odour, sharp spicy taste arnica ▪Content compounds: sesquiterpenic lactones (helenalin, dihydrohelenalin), flavonoids, carotenoids, polyphenolic compounds (cynarin), essential oil, triterpenic saponins (arnidiole), polyacetylene type substances ▪Usage: only external – antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, derivans ▪(internally – cardiotonic, elevates blood pressure) Calendulae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Mother plant: Calendula officinalis, Asteraceae, Pot Marigold c_officinalis2 Image:Calendula officinalis3.jpg Calendulae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Macroscopy: yellow flower head, circumferential ray florets, in disc tubular florets, bracts in two rows, weak odour, bitterish acrid taste ▪Content compounds: glycosides of oleanolic acid (calendulosides), flavonoids, essential oil, carotenoids and xantophylls, triterpenic alcohols (arnidiole, faradiole) ▪Usage: antiphlogistic http://195.178.84.227/html/images/plants/calendula/flos.jpg http://www.spandidos-publications.com/article_images/ol/4/1/OL-04-01-0022-g00.jpg calenduloside E Caryophylli flos CzPh 2017 ▪Mother plant: Syzygium aromaticum (Eugenia caryophyllus), Myrtaceae, Cloves ▪Caryophylli floris etheroleum CzPh 2017 s_aromaticum5 Caryophylli flos CzPh 2017 ▪Macroscopy: long calyx, terminating in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals which form a small ball in the center, strong aromatic odour and taste ▪Content compounds: essential oil (eugenol, caryophyllene), flavonoids, phenolic acids, oil, tannins, triterpenes ▪Usage: essential oil displays antiseptic and anaesthetic properties, antioxidant; analgesic and antirheumatic effect http://mladazena.maminka.cz/assets/mlada-zena-2/moje-zdravi/zdravi/zdravi/85bb.jpg eugenol β-caryophyllene Farfarae flos ▪Mother plant: Tussilago farfara, Asteraceae, Coltsfoot Image:Tussilago farfara.JPG Farfarae flos ▪Macroscopy: flower heads with short stalk, ray florets in several lines, tubular florets with feathers in disc, bracts in one row, felt-like, reddish, without odour, mucilaginous bitterish taste ▪Content compounds: mucilage, flavonoids, tannins, xanthophylls, traces of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (tussilagine, senkirkin) ▪Usage: mucilaginose, expectorant, mild astringent and spasmolytic C:\Renata\temp\farfara.JPG Tussilago Lamii albi flos ▪Mother plant: Lamium album, Lamiaceae, White Deadnettle Lamium album 95 Lamii albi flos ▪Macroscopy: corolla without calyx, petals fused into an upper lip and a lower lip , upper lip dished, side corners 2-3 toothed, creamy white colour, weak honey-like odour, bitterish taste http://195.178.84.227/html/images/plants/lamium/flos.JPG ▪Content compounds: flavonoids, essential oil, tannins, triterpenic saponins, phenolic acids, mucilage, iridoid glycosides ▪Usage: mucilaginose, expectorant, sedative; externally as astringent, antiphlogistic Lavandulae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Mother plant: Lavandula angustifolia (L. officinalis), Lamiaceae, Lavender ▪Lavandulae etheroleum CzPh 2017 lavandula-angustifolia-dwar 250px-Koeh-087 Lavandulae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Macroscopy: small flowers with grey-blue poly-costate pubescent calyx and two-labiate corolla, aromatic odour, bitter taste ▪Content compounds: essential oil (monoterpens - linalyl-acetate, linalool, cineol, camphor), tannins, rosmarinic acid, flavonoids, coumarins, anthocyanins, bitter substances ▪Usage: nervinum, sedative, cholagogue, spasmolytic; externally antiseptic, derivans herba linalyl-acetate Malvae sylvestris flos CzPh 2017 ▪Mother plant: Malva sylvestris, Malvaceae, Common Mallow Malva sylvestris - sléz lesní Malvae sylvestris flos CzPh 2017 ▪Macroscopy: flowers located axillary, petals dark-purple (5), opposite-oval, with dark veining, calyx 5-cornered, ovary rounded, without odour, taste mucilaginous mvflos Malvae sylvestris flos CzPh 2017 ▪Content compounds: mucilage (more than 10%), tannins, essential oil, anthocyanins (malvin) ▪Usage: mucilaginose, mild astringent, dye malvin (= malvidin-3,5-diglucoside) Primulae flos ▪Mother plant: Primula veris, P. elatior, Primulaceae, Primrose Primula veris - prvosenka jarní Primula veris Primula elatior - prvosenka vyšší Primula elatior Primulae flos ▪Macroscopy: flowers with yolk-yellow corolla and spoon-like concave petals (veris) or sulphur-yellow flowers with flat petals with deeper corners (elatior), honey-like odour, sweetish taste ▪Content compounds: triterpenic saponins, phenolic glycosides, flavonoids, carotenoids, essential oil ▪Usage: expectorant – secretolytic, mild diuretic primula1 protoprimulagenine Sambuci nigrae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Mother plant: Sambucus nigra, Adoxaceae (Sambucaceae), Black Elderberry http://www.plant-identification.co.uk/images/caprifoliaceae/sambucus-nigra-4.jpg Sambuci nigrae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Macroscopy: small flowers white to yellowish, 5-toothed calyx and deeply 5-cornered corolla with many stamina, strong characteristic odour, mucilaginous taste http://195.178.84.227/html/images/plants/sambucus/flos.jpg Sambuci nigrae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Content compounds: flavonoids (quercetin glycosides – rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin), essential oil, phenolic acids + esters, triterpenic saponins, mucilage, traces of sambunigrine ▪Usage: diaphoretic, diuretic quercetin sambunigrin Tiliae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Mother plant: Tilia cordata, Tilia platyphyllos, Tilia x vulgaris, Tiliaceae, Lime Tilia cordata Tiliaceae - Tilia cordata - Tilia ulmifolia Tiliae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Macroscopy: whole small yellow-green hermaphrodite flowers in clusters of five to eleven with a leafy yellow-green subtending bract, characteristic odour, sweet mucilaginous taste http://195.178.84.227/html/images/plants/tilia/flos.JPG Tiliae flos CzPh 2017 ▪Content compounds: flavonoids (glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol + esters with acids such as tiliroside), mucilage, tannins, phenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic), essential oil ▪Usage: diaphoretic, diuretic, mucilaginose tiliroside Echinaceae flos ▪Mother plant: Echinacea purpurea, Asteraceae, Purple Coneflower ▪Echinaceae angustifoliae radix CzPh 2009 ▪Echinaceae pallidae radix CzPh 2009 ▪Echinaceae purpureae radix CzPh 2009 ▪Echinaceae purpureae herba CzPh 2017 Echinacea_purpurea Echinaceae flos ▪Macroscopy: flower heads with strongly concaved receptacle, ray florets are purple, sterile, down directed, tubular florets are androgynous, greenish echinacea Echinaceae flos ▪Content compounds: essential oil (mono- and sesquiterpens), polyphenols (esters of caffeic acid – cichoric and caftaric acid), polysaccharides, anthocyans ▪Usage: stomachic, antitussic, immunomodulation Cichoric acid Structure cichoric acid Increases phagocytose