MY3EČI HCTOPWH BYP^TMM MM.M.H.XAHrAJlOBA CBOPHUKCTATEM _ BbSnyCKBTOPOM 1999 r. BYAflMMCKAH TAHKA BYPÍITHK ( K Bonpocy o nepnoflH3aMHH, TepMMHonormi, HKOHOnilCHbiX uiKOJiax) ToMÖoeBaA. LU. ■ ■ Bo3HMKHOBeHne npocpeccHOHaíibHoŕí SypajcKoŕí mímbohmch m CKyribn-Typbi CBH3aH0 c pacnpocTpaHenMeM n pa3BHTneM 6yAAW3Ma b BypaTHw. B 6ypaTCKMXflauaHax HannHaioT B03HHKaTb co6cTBeHHbie LUKonw hkoho-hmcm m cKynbniypbi. HccneAOBaHHbiň HKOHorpacpusecKHŕí Niarepiian no 6ypaTCK0íí ran- Ka, XpaHflLUMÍÍCH B pa3J1HHHblX MyseflX H MaCTHblX-COÖpaHMflX BypflTMM, Poccmh, WloHroriHH nosBonaeT npwŕíTH k cneAywi^eMy 3aKrtKSHeHMto: 6y-páTCKan QyAAMMCKaři nKOHonncb xpoHonorimecKH Aenmca Harpu nepu-OAa: tcnaccuMecKMň (XVIII - HaMano XIX Bena), nepexoAHbiŕi (Havano ll-ň nojioBMHb) XIX Bexa), nosAHnň (Konen XIX - nepBan TpeTb XX Bena). KíiaccMHecKyio ßypHTCKyio wíOHonwcb OTTMHaiOT: • n3biCKaHHoe GnaropoACTBO npiimyujeHHoro Konopma, AocruraeMoe He3aMeTHbtM nepexoAOM ot nonyTOHOB k 6onee HacbitneHHbiM toh3m (Ha-npMMep, TaHna Tanôan haôxau (nxaömaü)" (MHB, Od>-422); TOHKwe nepexoAbi pa3mtHHbix orrenKOB ot CBeuioro k TeMHOMy, npM HanwHMM orpaHUMeHHoro Konn4ecTBa pa3noo6pa3Hbix KpacoK (HanpHMep, ABeTaHKa c H3o6pa>KeHľieM CyKxaBa™ - OAna H3 hhx nanticaHa c npeo6naAanneM 74 cwHe-ronyßoii TOHanbHOCTu, Apyraa - 3eneHOBaTO-cepoří m 3eneHOií b cnOKOÍÍHbix, CflepMOHHbix MřirKMXTOHax (MHB, 00-228, 0KeHMři boa, rop, 06-jiaKOB, i^BeTOB; • MAearibHaa npocTOTa w naKOHWHHOCTb KOMno3MjHM, npw stom >km-Baa 3HeprMMHaH jimhmr, xyAOKecTBeHHaa Bbipa3HTenbH0CTb BTopocre-neHHbix nepcoHaweií n oTAeribHbix AeTaneií, noaTMHHOCTb m MHOrooöpa-3ne M3o6pa>KeHMÍí líbetkob noToca, o6naKOB, bojih, coriHLja w nyHbi; ■ OTcyTCTBwe mraftckoň 6narono>KenaTenbHOM chmbojimkh, umpOKO npeflCTaBneHHoii Ha no3AHMx 6ypflTCKnx MKOHax; H3 KMTaííCKMxo6pa30B b paHHeň 6ypHTCK0ií MKOHonucw Hamen OTpaweHwe nmiib TyAM, TaK, npw Bocnpon3BeAeHMM xo3HHHa 3eMHM, MecTHOCTH Benoro Crapiia (CaraaH yßaraH) ncnorib30BaHbi HeKOTOpbie wimecKne qepTbi aioro na-occKoro 6o)KecTBa (MHB, 0KeCTB MMÍlOCepAMH, AapyiounMX MyApocTb, 3HaHne, noTOMCTBO, AonroneTMe, onarononyMwe -ByAAa UlaKbaMyHM c AßyMa yneHWOMH LUapunyTpoií m MayAranbflHoií, MaHA>Kiuypn, ABanoKMTeuiBapa, CmaranaTpa, AMmaioc, Bsnaa Tapa, 3eneHaa Tapa, Byp>Knn ÍIxaMO (XapMTu), HaMcapaü (BaííujpaBaHa) c 8 cnyTHMKaMW, /tyoMöxana (Kyöepa), L430HxaBa CAByMfl yneHUKaMM, aiaK->Ke o6pa3bi rHeBHbix apopM 6o>KecTB - ÍIxaMO-caxioycaH (fla/iAaH ílxa-mo), BaA>KpanaHM, Hoííwan (6ypnm.: 3pnnK HoMyH-xaH, caHCKp.: Axap-MapaA>Ka, flMapaAwa), flaMAWH (XaarpwBa), MaxaKana, ao>KeTHbie H306-pa>KeHMfi> CyKxaBaTM, TaHAaH nxaowaií, Jl3r6p3Ma, cTyna ABanoKwetu-Bapbi, ropa CyMepy; • HapHAY c MMHepanbHbiMM KpacKaMW umpOKoe ncnonb30BaHne 3eM-fiHHbix KpacoK; • Mcnonb30BaHnerpyöoroxoncTa pbixnoro nneTeHwa,TKaHMKpynHoro nneieHMa, HanoMMHafomeii coBpeMeHnyio-MeujKOBWHy, TUiaienbHO, ao6-poTHO BbinonHeHHaa rpyHTOBKa, rpyHTOBaHHbiň xoncT HanOMMHaeT xopo-uuo BbiAßJiaHHyK) KO>Ky; • ncnonb30BaHiie npocTbixxrionHaTo6yMa>KHbixTKaHeňTeMHO-cMHe-ro, 3eneHoro, CBe-rno-KopuMHeBoro iiBeTOB Ana o6paMneHwa; • npMMeHeHMe npocTbix AepeBHHHbix aP^bkob 6e3 MeTannMMecKux ronoBOK Ha KOHiiax. Ha 6ypaTCKMXTaHKa nepexoAHoro nepiioAa noRBnaiOTCH OTAeribHbie aneMeHTbi H3 KMTaiiCKOü önaronowenaxeribHOri cmmbohhkm, HanieAmeň LUMpoKoe oTpawemie Ha KwawcKHX HOBoroAHnx KapTWHax "HfiHbxya". CoÖCTBeHHO, b caMOM Kwae HMeHHO bo 11—r% nojioBMHe XIX BeKa 3tot bma HapoflHoro MCKyccTBa nonyMwn noBceMecTHoe pacnpocrpaHeHwe, oÖycnoBneHHoe AßyMfl Ba>KHeříiiJMMM co6brrnaMM: TartrmHCKMM Boccra-HMeM 1850-64 rr. m BoccraHneM Hx3TyaHeň b caMOM KOHL\e XIX BeKa, a TaiOKe ynpou^eHMeM TexHonoriiM n3roTOBJieHna KCnnorpacpMMecKMX nuc-tob, nofiBneHMeM hobwx KpacoK1 (MMB, BaA>KpaBapaxM, 0^-640). B no3flHeü 6ypHTCK0ŕí HKOHonncn noflB/iniOTcn HOBbie nepcoHa>KM 6yAAniiCKoro naHTeoHa flaujn-33r6a m flawM-floHAyo", 6oAXMcarrBa Ca-MaHTaöxaflpa m KoHfl3e-A>Kanno (MaHAMtyiupii), nepeKnuKaiomneca c o6pa3aMM nepcoHajKeŕí AaoccKoro naHTeoHa 6jin3Hei40B Xa-Xa m flio Xapa, a TaioKe ijapb o6e3bHH CyHb YKyH c nepcuKOM b nanax H3 cpaHTacTMMec-Koň anonew y HsHbSHfi TlyTeujecTBHe Ha 3anaA"(XVI BeK). Hepe3 Kmraií-CKyK) 6yAAMMCKyK) MKOHorwcb npwxoAaT o6pa3bi TyaHbAM m H^aH-cnHb, BOcnpwHHMaBiiiHecfl KaK o6pa3 I~3C3p 6orfla-xaHa, Mepe3 Ktrraucicyio Ha-pOAHyio KapTMHy AaoccKaa acTponorMHecKaa TpwaAa 3Be3AHbix 6o>KecTB - LUoy-CMH, fly-CMH, «t>y-CHH, M3BeCTHblX B BypflTHM nOA TMÖeTCKMM Ha3Ba- HHeM L4e-coA-6anb->Kop, 6yAAHŇcKne MOHaxu XaHbi±iaHb-H3bi m LUmas-Lj3bi, noôeAMTejib Turpa Y-cyH - oahh m3 maBHbix repoeB poMaHa UUm Haví-aHb "PeMHbie 3aBOAn", crro>KAecTBriflBLUMiicH c flyrap-3aňcaHOM 6na-roAapa nmiib BHeuiHeíi cxo>KecTw HKOHorpacpHnecKoro peweHMfl. Ha mko-Hax SToro nepwoAa Benbiŕí CrapeLi (CaraaH YöaraH wiw LJspsHAyr) M3o6-pawLaeicn Macro noxo>KMM Ha wKOHorpa^imecicoe BOcnpon3BeAeHMe 3Be3-AHoro 6o>KecTBa AonroneTwa Llloy-CMHa.2 BypřiTCKaa MKOHonHCb KOHqa XIX - nepBoň Tpe™ XX BeKa OTíiMMaeT-cfl MHoroo6pa3neM CTMneŕí, o6pa30B, cio>KeTOB, iumpokmm BneApeHneM KMTaiíCKOM 6narono>KenaTeíibHoŕí chmbohmkh, npuMeneHweM 6onee ap-KHX HacbimeHHbix KpacoK, o6nnneM no3onoTbi, ncnonb30BaHneM napnu m LueiiKa A^H o6paMneHMR, ncnonb30BaHneM MeTannvmecKHX to/iobok aü« AepeB^HHbix ApeBKOB, tohkcm rpyHTOBKoň, HanoMHHajou^eií 6yMary. Ha HeKOTOpbix o6pa3i^ax mkohoíihch 20-x toaob XX BeKa Ha6n»OAa- eTCJR TpeBO>KH0-X0riOAHblŕÍ KOJlOpWT. B ôypHTCKoií MKOHonMCH Hanana ll-oü HeTBepm XX BeKa BcrpesaKyr-ca OTAeiibHbie ujTpHXM coBpeMeHHoií ">kh3hh: napOB03, caMOJieT, eBpo-neŕíijbi, pyccKaa H36a, xopOBOA pyccKMXAeByiueK, Qeryu\m pyccKMií Marib-MMK, cpaöpMMHaa Tpy6a c KpacnbiM cpnaroM, naMHTHWK c KpacHOŇ 3Be3- AOH. riOflB/ieHlie HOBblX MOTMBOB, He CB513aHHblX C 6blTOM TpaAMl^MOH-1 Hbix 6yAAniíCKiix crrpaH 6bino o6ycnoBneno MAeeŕi o6noBneHMecKoro abh->KeHna 6yAAHCTOB BypaTMM. Hii>Ke paccMOTpMM HeKOTOpbie Bonpocbi, Kacaioinnecn TepMMHOJio- rMM OyflflMÍÍCKMX MKOH. ByflAMÍícKMe WKOHbi 6biBaK3T c o6paMneHM6M m 6e3 oßpaMneHMn. BbiAenaiOT flBe rpynnbi mkoh c o6paMneHneM: "ôstibz 6ypxaHn - or-poMHbie no pa3Mepy TaHKa ßrm HHTepbepoB Aa^na, ftnn pennrno3Hbix npa3AHecTB, tjepeMOHMM, uiecTBMií BHe A^M^na; "aaxamaü öypxan" -TaHKa cpeAHero pa3Mepa, 6biTOBaBLUne KaK b AaMaHax, TaK m b AOMax MHpflH. MwHwaTiopHbie öyAAUMCKne mkohw 6e3 oöpaMneHMn: BbinonHeHHbie Ha rpyHTOBaHHOM xoncre KpacKaMM npwpOAHoro npoMCXo>KAeHMfl (MMHe-paribHbíMM, 3eMJiHHbiMn) Ha KneeBoií ocHOBe; OTneHaTaHHbiecAOpeBflH-Hbix MaTpľm Ha TKaHw; HapMCOBaHHbie KapaHAaujOM, nepHOM nnw Kpac-Hoři TyujbK), pa3MepOM He 6onee 20 cm, hocat Ha3BaHne u3azaJiď, *3a-zan oypxatť. BbiAenaioT MeTbipe rpynnu MMHwaTiopHbix mkoh "3azan öypxatf: "3a-zanď, "zyymaú oypxarí1, "zyHzapeaamau 6ypxaH" n "cyw3/n3ö öyp-xaH". • CoöcTBeHHO "3azanu" (mu6.: tsak li) - oöpHAOBbie pMcyHKw, boc-npOMSBOA^Lmie nepcoHMc})Mi4npOBaHHbie 6o>KecTBa 8 nnaHeT, 8TpnrpaMM, 12- roAMHHOro qwicna, 9 MOHra (mu6.: srne ba), 4 ctmxmm, pa3JiHHHbix caOAaKOB, 5 bhaob AOMauiHMX >KHBOTHbix, 7 AparoijeHHocreií HaKpaBap-TMHa, 8 6narnx cmmbohob, "5 HacnamdeHuú" (6ypam.: tabun kbsel, caHCKp.: panca-kamaguna) mt.A- - Tyymaü öypxatf - mkohu "3azan öypxati", u,au,a (MMHwaTiopHbie mnH«Hbie M3o6pa)KeHMfl ßowecTB, crynbi), noMeii^eHHbie b aMyneTHMqw "zyy" £zay"), npeAHa3HaneHbi Ana HouieHwn Ha rpyAn, nocroHHHO, míim b ocoöbix cnynaFix (HanpwMep, npw nocemeHMH A^MaHa bo BpeMH npeA-craBneHMH ijaMa, pennrno3Hbix npa3AHOBaHMM, npw OTnpasneHMM Ha CBaAb6y, caraanraH). B ryy noMemariMCb n3o6pa>KeHHfi onpeAeneHHbix caxioycaHOB, no-KpoBMTeneň KOHKpeTHoro nenOBeKa (HanpwMep, 3eneHaa Tapa, Benaa Tapa, ByAAa lilaKbflMyHW, MaHna (Otoujo), ABanoKMTeujBapa, MaHAwym-pM, BaA>KpanaHM, CwTaTanaTpa, MaxaKana, ToHrop, flMaHTaKa, Hofman, flaMAMH, l430HxaBa, ß>Ke6A3yH-AaM6a xyTyxra, JlxaMO-caxioycaH, >KaM-capaH (Barua), flaMMcaH Aopwe-nerna (noKpOBMTenb Ky3HeHHoro peMec-na), a TaioKe KOCMoroHHHecKne wKOHbi"zyn-myöxopnď c W3o6pa>KeHM-HMM PwrcyM Tom6o (ABanoKMTeujBapa, MaHAMiiypH, BaA>«panaHM), Koh-A3e-fl>Kanno, 6oAXMCaTTBbi CaMaHTa6xaAPbi. ■TyHzapeaamaü öypxaH" - UKOHbi u3azan Öypxan0, u,au,a, HaxOA*-mneca BHyTpn öomowu, (zyHzapeaa) xpaMOBbix m AOMauiHMX amapeü. B ryHrapBaa Momn HaxoflWTbca n3o6pa>KeHiia pa3JiHHHbix 6o>KecTB oöii^epoflOBbix, oöu^eceMeMHbix caxioycaHOB, a TaioKe riMHHbix noKpOBM-Teneŕi Ka>Kfloro nneHa ceMbu. MacTO BCTpenaioTca M3o6pa>Kemia Byflflbí LilaKbaMyHM CAByMa yneHHKaMW, EynAW LUaKbawyHM c 18 apxaiaMM, fla-jiaií-flaMbi, riaHMeH-3pA3HM, H>Ke6fl3yH-flaM6a xyTyxTbi,L430HxaBbi cABy-Ma yMeHHKaMM, ABajioKMTeujBapbi, MaHA>KyiupM, Bafl>KpanaHM, Berioň Tapbi, 3eneH0ií Tapbi, AMwaioca, Maxananbi, Aa^flUHa, ÍOHropa, Jlxa-MO-caxioycaH, Ta6aH-xaH, lilaflryy flanxa, rbôuft-fixa, flaaH flapxs, flMaH-TaKM, Mamia, HaMcapaa c 8 cnyTHMKaMM,>KaMcapaHa, L430HxaBbi cflBy-Ma yseHMKaMM, MHorfla - flauin-33r6bi m flaujM-floHflyöa. "CyMsmaü Ôypxaď - MMHwaTiopHbie iiKOHbl, noMemeHHbie BHyTpw ryH-rapBaa, npeflCTaBiiaioLHMx co6oií cyM3 oßHoro onpefleneHHoro 60->KecTBa co BceMM noAHOLueHMaMM, npeflHa3HaMeHHbiMM flaHHOMy 6o>Ke-CTBy (HanpMMep, b MHHnaTK>pHOM xparvie Byp>Knn JlxaMO (XapwM) Haxo-flMJiMCb CKynbmypHbie w >KHBoniicHbie n3o6pa>KeHiia MepHbix osei^ n mnq (yTOK?). Ha 6ypaTCKyK) CBWTKOByío >KHBOnncb "čte/wa 6ypxaH", u3axamau 6yp-, xbh" m MHHwanopHyK) MKOHy u3aaan oypxan" OKa3ann 6onbiuoe bíiiih-Hwe TpafliiL|MM xyflo>KecTBeHHbix ujKon Tnöeia, MoHrontiH m Kwaa. By-paTCKiie naMbi oSyManncb b MOHacTbipax Boctomhcto Tn6eia (Amao) -JlaBpaHe, TyMÖyMe, BpaííoyHe, a TaioKe b MOHacTbipax LJemparibHoro Tn6eTa, Yprw, Y-Taa. CornacHO n3ycTHo ôbľryíOLueŕi TpaAHllMM nyMiuMMM o6pa3i^aMH hko-HormcHbix npoM3BeAeHMŇ CMHTanwcb paßoTbi MacTepOB nxaccKOň, nas-paHCKoŕi, yprwHCKOM n yTancKoii lukoji. Hn)Ke npuBeAeM HeKOTOpbie xapaiaepHbie MKOHorpacpimecKiie oco- IÖeHHOCTM 3TMX LUKOJI: - JlxaccKaa lUKona ("wy 3ypaz") xapaKTepM3yeTca tohkmmm, nencM-MM,B03AyiiiHbiMii orreHKaMM ronyooro, 3eneHoro i^BeTOB, xopoiuo pa3pa-6oTaHHbiM aaHALuacpTOM c Bocnpon3BeAeHwaMM pa3nwMHbix MBeTymiix m njiOAOHOcamMx AepeBbeB, KycTOB, pa3Hoo6pa3Hbix bmaob 3Bepeň, mím, 6a6oMeK, pbi6, 30íiotoíí aypoíí 6o>KecTB c pa3Hoi4BeTHbiMn MMHTaMaHM, j Ha KOTopbix MHorAa M3o6pa>KaKrrca riTHt^bi, 6naropOAHbiM napsoBbiM 06-paMJieHMeM, BepxHMe yrojiKM KOTopbix o6ujwTbi 3aMtueíí mjim Koweŕi, Me-TaíiJiMHecKMMM Ha6ajiAawHiiKaMM CTOHKMM 3onoTbiM y30poM (MaHA>Kyr-xoiua, MMB, 00-1, Od>-593, BaA>KpaAxapa 0-679(1), WaKbaNiyHW, OO-27(1). • JlaBpaHCKaa lUKoria ("naepaH 3ypaz") xapaKTepn3yeTcaTOHKOCTbK), M3a Li^ecTBOM jihhmíí, 6e3ynpeHHOCTb»o pwcyHKa, apKocTbK) m myOMHOií KpacoK, 6onee ujwpoKMM Hcnoiib30BaHHeM nosonoTbi {Purflan flparno, MHE, Ot>-299). • yiaücKan ujKona i^y-maü sypaa") Bbipawaercfl b npeo6naAaHHw map-Koro, cnoKoŕiHoro, aeneHoro KonopwTa, c xapairrepHbiM H3o6pa>KeHKeM 3eneHbix rop, ncnojib30BaHneM Seňoro 3onoTa. ytaňujaHb- crpana 6oaxw-caTTBbi WlyApoCTH MaHA^mpu oseHb noHmanacb SypniaMM, MOHrona-MH m noceiuajiacb HMHAOBonbHOHacTO. Ho npeAanvtK), nepBbie 6yAAMH-cKne xpaMbi Ha 3Toŕi rope 6binn nocTpoeHbi euje b I Beite Haujeň apu (Mmiapena, MĽIB, 00-680(3). ■ Ha MOHronbCKMX lukoíi OC060 BbiAennnacb ypniHCKaa LUKona cbomm HMCTbiM HCHbiM KonopHTOM 6e3 nonyTOHOB m nepexoAOB, KpyrtHbiMM 6y-TOHaMH UBeroB c ilmpokhmh nncrrbíiMM, ysopHoň soíiotoíí aypoň c pa3H0- l^BGTHblMH, KaK Ha JlxaCCKHX HKOHaX, HMHTaMaHM. rtoMMMO BbiuienepeMMcneHHbixiiJKon MMenM uJMpoKoe pacnpocrpa-HeHMe paöoTbi aoíiohhopckhx, awiAocKHX, neKHHCKMx MKOHonucijeB, TaK->Ke "MOHrajiMswpoBaHHbie" paöoTbi KuraŕicKHX MKOHonMci^eB, yHWBUJHXcíi b MacTepcKHX y-TaňujaHí« h BocroMHoroTn6eTa, npoxoiBaBUJMX b ypre: uMoHronn3MpoBaHHbie" npH3BeAeHHfl KMTaňCKHX MKOHormcueB H3 YprH MMeioT raKwe )Ke KpynHbie SyroHbi u,BeTOB c ujmpokmmh 3eneHbiMH JIHCTbflMH KaK H Ha MOHľOnbCKMX HKOHaX ypľHHCKOH UJKOJlbl, OTflMMaiOTCfl 6onee TeMHbiM kojiophtom, cno>KHbiMH nbeAecranaMw óoíKecTB, xapaK-TepHbiMM Ann KtrraMCKHX MKOH n3o6pa>KeHMflMM npMHecoK ByAA (HaMTap ByAAbiUJaKbíiMyHM, MHB, 0-365(2). ■ flonoHHOpcKwe raHKa cxapaicrepHo BbiTflHyrbiMM nponopt4MHMH Tena 60>KeCTB. - ßjm aMAOCKoü ujKonbi xapaiarepHO cMeweHneTpaAWMHHTM6emeB: MOHronoB, KHTaŇt^eB. Rpn aMflocKwx hkoh xapaicrepeH 60/iee TeMHbiíí Konopní, neM Ha naapaHCKwx. ■ neKMHCKHe paGoTbi TOHKíie, n30iApeHHbte, ApoßHbie. H3-3a yanese-hmh B BbinMCbiBaHMH BTOpocreneHHbix Aeianeň, M3nHUJHeií BHTweBaTOC-TM, HepeAKO Tepnnocb AyxoBHoe npeAHa3HaneHne hkohu - MeAUTa^ o6pa3a 6o>KecTaa. B KOHue XIX - Hanane XX Be«a BypfiTHfl, KaK n MoHronwn, Ka/iMbi-KMH, TyBa 6bina HaBOAHeHa pa6oTaMn "xyaxuH aypaa'* peMecneHHbix KHTavicKMX MKOHonHCMeB, KOTOpbie, TeM ne MeHee, ne 0Ka3ann HHKaKoro BJlMHHMfl Ha pa3BHTHe ilpOipeCCHOHa/lbHOM 6yAAHMCK0ÍÍ HKOHOriHCM b By- pHTMH. Ka>KAbiŕi HapoA bhocht cbom HenoBTopHMbiw BKíiaA b obmeqenoBe-MecKyK) coKpoBHiAHMĽiy MMpoBoŕo MCKyccTBa. ByAAHňCKoe xyAOMíecTBeH-Hoe HacneAMe Bvdhtmk. MMetomee orpoMHoe 3HaneHMe b >km3hm ee Ha-poAa m HMpoKO oipa>KaK)Li4ee ero MHponoHHMaHne, c Ka>KflbiM roAOM npM-BiieKaeT ßce 6onbiuee BHUMaHHe nccneAOBaTeneŕí.______ This document was created with Win2PDF available at http://www.win2pdf.com. 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