How would you interpret the following sentences?

   

   1 Only I understood his lecture. `a I understood his lecture, but no one else did.

   2 I only listened to his lecture. `a I listened, but I didn’t take notes. 

   3 I understood his lecture only. `a I didn’t understand anyone else’s lecture. / I understood
   his lecture, but I didn’t understand anything else. 

   4 Set the table simply. `a Set the table in a simple manner.

   5 I just understood his lecture. `a I understood it, but with some difficulty. / …but I didn’t
   understand anything else. 

   6 I understood just his lecture. `a  I didn’t understand anyone else’s lecture. / I understood
   his lecture, but I didn’t understand anything else.

   7 I understood his lecture - just! `a I understood it, but with some difficulty.

   

   `a 

   only

   In theory it is placed next to the word to which it applies, preceding verbs, adjectives and
   adverbs and preceding or following nouns and pronouns:

   -         a) He had only six apples. (not more than six)

   -         b) He only lent the car. (He didn’t give it.)

   -         c) He lent the car to me only. (not to anyone else)

   -         c) I believe only half of what he said.        

   But in spoken English people usually put it before the verb, obtaining the required meaning by
   stressing the word to which only applies.

   

   just

   -         Just, like only, should precede the word it qualifies.

   o       I’ll buy just one.

   o       I had just enough money.    

   -         It can also be placed immediately before the verb.

   o       I’ll just buy one.

   o       I just had enough money.    

   

   Show where the adverbs in brackets will go in the sentences that follow them.

   

   (either) My aunt, Millie, always said she had some jewels which she would leave to me, but
   when she died she did not leave any money and she did not leave any jewels, either.

   (even) Even my mother was surprised.

   (too) "I know she had some rings and some lovely necklaces, too.

   (only) I saw them only once/I only saw them once, but perhaps she sold them."

   (as well) My mother and I looked everywhere: we looked in the bedrooms, in the bathroom, and
   in the attic as well, but we found nothing.

   (also) "Millie was very careful and was also afraid of burglars," mother said, "but I don’t
   think she hid her jewels anywhere.

   (too) Let’s go home, and we’d better take all the food in the deep freeze, too."

   On Sunday, mother said to me, "I’m going to cook this lovely goose which was in your aunt
   Millie’s deep freeze. I’ll prepare some stuffing and you can stuff the goose."

   (too) Five minutes later I screamed with surprise: the goose was full of jewels and there were
   some gold coins, too!

   

   Focus adverbs

   -         Too and as well usually go in the end position in the affirmative:

   o       I like John and I like his wife, too/as well. 

   -         In negative sentences these words are replaced by either:

   o       I don’t like John and I like his wife, either. 

   -         Also comes:

   o       after auxiliaries: She is also a mother.

   o       after the first verb when there is more than one: I should also have posted them.  

   o       before the main verb: I play squash and I also play tennis. 

   

   

   Rewrite these sentences so that they have the same meaning.

   

   Certain verbs and adverb phrases, mostly with a restrictive or negative sense, can for
   emphasis be placed first in a sentence or clause and are then followed by the inverted (i.e.
   interrogative) form of the verb.  

   

   1 There has never been such a display of strength by the workers.

   Never has there been such a display of strength by the workers.

   

   2 I realised what had happened only later.

   Only later did I realize what has happened.

   

   3 You shouldn’t sign the document on any account.

   On no account should you sign the document.

   

   4 You shouldn’t answer the door when I’m out in any circumstances.

   In no circumstances should you answer the door when I’m out.

   

   5 The papyrus [pə’pairəs] was so old, we didn’t dare to touch it.

   So old was the papyrus, we didn’t dare to touch it. 

   

   

   Put in the right verb form and these adverbs: according  to, agreeably, however, in  brief,
   moreover or ultimately.           

   

   Connecting adverbs

   

   So high (be) is the price of land in Tokyo, that its land area probably costs as much as the
   whole of California. Never, in any place in the world, (there be) has there been such a demand
   for space! According to a newspaper report, this lack of space has led to "capsule hotels".
   The rooms are just capsules, measuring 1 metre high, 76 cms wide and 2 metres deep. However,
   you will be agreeably  surprised to hear that they are equipped with phones, radio and TV.
   Moreover, they are less expensive than ordinary hotels. In brief, they provide you with all
   you need for a comfortable night’s sleep, even if they don’t give you an automatic wash and
   dry as well! Ultimately (in the end; nakonec), some people would argue, a small hotel in the
   wall is preferable to a big hole in your pocket! But don’t ask for a room with a view!