UNIT«
8    GRAMMAR
The — T Form
■  Japanese verbs have several forms Japanese verbs have several conjugated forms. All the verbs presented so far have been in, or derived from, the — t~t form. Now we'll look at a new form, the — T form.
■  How to form the — T form
Japanese verbs are divided into three classes according to their conjugations: Regular I, Regular II and Irregular. The - T forms of Regular II and Irregular verbs always end with — T: the - t ~f comes off and - T is added to the stem. The - T forms of Regular I verbs vary, as shown in the following chart.
REGULAR 1			REGULAR II		
buy	*n»*+	tf-oT	eat	fc-ci-f	rc-iT
wait	i*,ii-	ioT	open	*>ifi-r	fcltT
return, go home	^*'Ji-f	^ioT	see	At-r	AT
listen	iii-r	*\»T	IRREGULAR		
write	PUT	i»i>T	come	Stir	ÍT
read	JtAi-f	Jt/CT <T)LX	do	Li-f	LT
drink	OTAi-f				
turn off	i+ii-r	It L T			
NOTE: A more detailed explanation of the grouping of Japanese verbs is given in Unit 9 Grammar, p. 178.
■ How the — T form is used
The — T form occurs in the middle of a sentence
ex. 7"U-f 5/Cli    *-,{i*,ll*lz    u,T,  iiii/,1:    b^ít. "Mr. Grey will go to the Sapporo branch office and meet Mr. Sato." or is combined with < ti í v> to form a polite imperative.
ex. il 9 a 7'í H < -» T < fi5 v >. "Please send a catalog." When one action is followed by another, the first clause is terminated by a verb in the — T form. In this type of sentence, the subject of the first and second clause must be the same. The — T form can be used to link up to three clauses, in which case the verbs of the first two end in the - T form. The - T form cannot be used if the moods and tenses of the clauses it combines are not the same. For example, the following two sentences cannot be connected using the — T form:
1. Statement: fc>/c L li    i^.i'-i'    2íi'    &'>t1~, "I have two tickets."
2. Suggestion: í> L tz    i'oUl:    x^tf'Ý    Ai-t+X.!5\
"What do you say to seeing a movie together tomorrow?" Furthermore, if the first clause contains a motion verb like i>í it, Í ťt, or i'i. 'I £-f. the verb in the second clause must express an action that occurs in the location to which the subject went in the first clause. For example, S (D ň tfXÜfj: i^T, UZZ'liLí tz^t L tz ("Yesterday I went to Ginza and ate lunch [there]") is correct, but $tf> l í/Cíl: l»-»T. lo'fT UZZ' li.A,i tz^it L tz ("Yesterday I went to Ginza and ate lunch in Shibuya") is incorrect, since the act of eating took place in Shibuya, not Ginza.
■1
TALKING ABOUT PLANS
>1 TARGET DIALOGUE
Ms. Chan is talking with Ms. Sasaki about her sudden business trip.
m ■■ iio0
•f- -ť y : * L tz    liorfn^-jT   li/Clíi^o*^«   £'ji-t^b, íoíí^i:    ^iíto
f-+ > : I'-tfX     "lOĽ^b     Z* Z'    3ĽÍT'Tt„  ín>*'o    í> t T"   ífolf^LĽci:   ^oT,  í£-53X,rc   í>^ii-0
*>íoT     \±ZtzT<0    fa^lz-HiĽní    AT.
1 Ľ co   l>;ťít   £-5*.Jt9l=   4**'J i-f. SS* :*?^»J4l/b. Tli.  *í    -5ltT.
U-hIŤĽJ:9£    AT,   K -5 * 4 7 1=    >í**.')*-*-.
Chan: Ms. Sasaki, do you have a moment? Sasaki: Yes, please (tell me what you want to talk about). Chan: There's a sales meeting in Hokkaido tomorrow, so I'm going to Sapporo. Sasaki: What time does the meeting start?
Chan: It's from 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. After the meeting, I'll go to the Sapporo branch office and meet Mr. Sato. The day after tomorrow, I'll see the chocolate factory in Hakodate and fly back to Tokyo on a 1:00 (p.m.) flight. Sasaki: I see. Well then, take care.
■ Ms. Chan is going to Sapporo tomorrow. The day after tomorrow she will see a chocolate factory and return to Tokyo.

VOCABULARY
Jtí U* IIo^niT-7
li/Clí^
~<r>   AtT
\tztiX
z ň Ľ i i
ií    oltT
do you have a moment?
good, all right (polite form of v»i »; used in interrogative sentences)
Hokkaido (the northernmost of the main islands of Japan)
sales, marketing
after
Sato (Surname)
Hakodate (city in southern Hokkaido)
factory, manufacturing plant
take care
161
This expression is used to get the attention of someone who is in the midst of something
r
&&A£B€|
WORD POWER i
CD
The - T form:
KEY SENTENCES
*^ÍO    íii:    n ť- Ý    Li-f. JOT    /^-^^-(T)    &£-?-    97:s—T
X ; Xí/Cli
^jt'J i l/c.
Mr. Smith went to a bookstore yesterday and bought a dictionary. Mr. Smith will make copies before the meeting. Mr. Smith went home by taxi after yesterday's party.
9*1=
~<r>    iii:
EXERCISES'

I.   Practice conjugating verbs. Repeat the verbs below and memorize their — T forms.
	- i i~ FORM	- T FORM		- í "ť FORM	- T FORM
buy	iK>i-t	**oT *o.T iioT	turn off eat open	it L s-r	It L T .......ÍV^T
meet return, go home					
				Ŕlti-f	*ltT
go	v-*á-r	ii<T	close turn on see	LJoi-r oití-r Aí> M + Lá-f	UT o It T AT ÍT LT
write listen (to), ask drink read	«Ait Jt: A i i"				
		COAT ■     XLT	come do		
'irregular inflection
. ^       II. Practice the - T /orm. Change the following verbs to their -T forms.
ex.  tz ■< t ~t -* tz<X
1.  í i -f        —............................................................   6. J: A i "f     —......
2.  «A í i"      -* ............................................................. 7. A ä-t       -»........
3J-*Ít     —.............................................................   8. í í í -f     —........
4.í>v-ít     —.............................................................   9. L í-r        -*........
s. ť*, g á -t —............................................................. io. ^ í i -r —........
Jk     III. Express a sequence of actions. Combine the sentences below as in the example.
ex. J-M     ^ií-to   &< 'j if» — /-lit:    <n>T,   ti< U i-t =
1.   T>Cíí    olti-t.   KTÍ     l*>á-f.
2.   TX*?IÍX,r-j£    ííit.  T/Cbř    L i-r.
3.    9 t»T    II/CS    JtAit.   Ixtf-h*    "i-íit.
T/C*
u.t:-s
(electric) light report
IV. Ask and answer what one will do. In answering, express a sequence of actions. Make up dialogues following the pattern of the example. Substitute the underlined parts with the appropriate forms of the alternatives given.
ex. A:#>l7c     *£KÍ      V.t^i)\
1.   A:...........................................................................................................................................................................
B:...........................................................................................................................................................................
(í'/Cí'T    tfH«í,<7)£     L i-t.   X^-ň'i    Aá-f)
2.    A:..........................................................................................................................................................................
B:.......................................................................................'............................................................'........................
V. Express a sequence of actions. Combine the sentences below as in the example.
ex.i%K    íi^/Ci-. yž:"iiAt   /c<í-»ŕ/U\
1.   XHXÍ/Ci:    iii'ÍL/:.  i^Lii:    ŕ-Xí     L í L /:.
2.    FTř    áSI+i L Jt -H\.  TX í £    cítili lH\
VI. Ask and answer what one did. In answering, express a sequence of actions. Make up dialogues following the pattern of the example. Substitute the underlined parts with the appropriate forms of the alternatives given.
ex. A: i<F>i     <fl:$     Li lrz4\
B:f-'^'-hT'     T-ŤÝ     ^oT,    ttt£ij<D     lt>\Z     ľ j j L ft.
1.   A:..........................................................................................................................................................................
B:...........................................................................................................................................................................
'*>->iiL1gK    i'ii-f.   U<CÍ     Li-T)
2.   A:..........................................................................................................................................................................
B:...........................................................................................................................................................................
{tttž-t,tz   *i»í-f. i'-jLjti:   -ttŤř   Ait)
r/Ľríi-ojJ^          art museum
VII. Siotř what someone will do before or after a given event. Make up sentences following the patterns of the examples. Use the information in the illustration as a guide and substitute the underlined parts in each example with the alternatives given.
ex. 1. CC    7Ľ^b    £ii£>J<   ž'J ž ľo ^»j'CT    ixic    L j: < ľý LŽ-fo
1...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
(í^'i 3 e-í   i í-r)
2...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
('«-ŕ-f -.  74 ^í    tf^i-f)
ex. 2. C Z'     7 ľ     ^ŕ>    ^--^x-^<    fcij i-f0 ,j-jLA-p    bZT 3...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
(tf-^í\ u.t;-hr  *^íi-r)
4...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
. <jM     Vlil. Ask and answer what one did after work. In answering, express a sequence of actions Make up dialogues following the pattern of the example and based on the information in the illustra-
i'Li
t
and
/
and
ex. A: Í <r> i       I Z'K <D     &ZT     íťlC*      LíLfz4\
1.   A:
2.    A: B:
3.    A: B:..
1 6 C
vm'im 1
, '^M    IX. Describe a schedule. Look at the schedule of Mr. Smith's business trip and make up sentences following the pattern of the example.
ex. Thursday   Osaka   Meeting
1.    Friday       Kobe     Golf
2.    Saturday   Kyoto    Have a meal
~* Call Mr. Green -* Go to a friend's house ■ Yamamoto   —► see 0|d temples and gardens

eA    X. Tu/fc about a plan. Make up dialogues on the pattern of the example. Substitute the under-lined parts with the alternatives given.
3-1-y: li Z/: T U    i'->T.   f-g J U- r- C Ť Ľ J: 1 £    J*ťt.
1     ť í í:
(íi/:4.   "t L Ý     /:-<*-*")
2    í í í:
■f-f >:
(f--,;-l-. iioJin^-jí)   íiAfifS   tf^it)
CD    XI. Listen to the CD and choose the correct answer to the question asked.
b)
____________I
-i'i                     Kobe (city near Osaka)
iiH*?'£     Lťt      hold a meeting
£ /- .5                      Otaru (city in Hokkaido)
*-r*
167

68
SHORT DIALOGUES
CD    I.   Mrs. Green is planning a party. She calls up Mrs. Matsui to invite her.
El       ?*)-V:\z\lL\i LP    ZtK*>iz    ixit<n    tf-j*^^-    fcilt£
Li-t, ion*x,t    íi-tŕ/U^
ion
Green:
Matsui:
I've received some famous sake from Kyoto from a Japanese friend. On Sunday I'm getting some friends together to have a party. Won't you come, Mrs. Matsui? Thank you. I'll be there.
Jt/CT
XX/tir
(-T form of JtWi-f) call, invite
Ms. Nakamura asks Ms. Chan if she plans to attend Mrs. Green's party.
+L-frt:h:*>lrz<r>    «'-r-f-i:    nJi-fjK
f + >;    imx, »>í i-tr/C
íť^iĽb: £*7 ITT-fiK
-ŕ + y:    ,t->ayí-b    lilitf*   íi-ŕ^b.
Nakamura: Will you go to the party tomorrow?
Chan:        No, I will not.
Nakamura: Why (not)?
Chan:        Because my mother is visiting [lit., "will come") from Hong Kong.
fUT             why
I -                              (particle indicating a purpose)
168
Tell someone what you did yesterday. Then talk about your plans for the coming weekend.
M
MAKING A REQUEST
1 TARGET DIALOGUE
Ms. Chan has come to Sapporo to attend a sales meeting.
-f-f * : *>, f- + >i/C. fciiJt -7 ^tr^t-to f-fíT-ŕ.
-fľí : l±v\  fr^'J i l/;„
ft > : ÝH^b,   -y-yy/UW     l^l/Ot    í><oTÚ:íi>. •t-fí : lii»,  -ti'    ti< U i-To f-r-y : Ľ-r,  fc*n}«i»li-r.
■ •f-tví/ji  í-ojf^b  (i/oĺvío -r-ríť5/Ci=  rx,*?*
Ij^íZ/CO    J]9v<7't    *t~/7°Jl<n     1*IX,£    fc<'ji-r.
Chan: Hello, this is Chan. Good morning. Suzuki: Oh, Ms. Chan. Good morning. This is Suzuki.
Chan: I'm in Sapporo. I'm sorry to bother you, but could you please send me the new product
catalog by e-mail right away, because I'm going to use it during the meeting. Suzuki: Yes, all right.
Chan: Also, please send photographs of the samples. Suzuki: Yes, I'll send them right away.
Chan: Thank you. Bye now.
■ Ms. Chan made a phone call from Sapporo to Mr. Suzuki at the main office. Mr. Suzuki sends Ms. Chan the new product catalog and sample photographs by e-mail.
VOCABULARY	
t<	(particle; see Note 1 below)
l.t i UL	product, merchandise
Í19&9'	catalog
+ <'	soon, right away
&< -ox <t-:*^	please send
o^pít	use
l.l
169
i

also, in addition sample main/central/head office
l.'l'll»-!
i. ^-v VT-ttf...
This 7)' is a conjunction that joins two clauses. It expresses a kind of courteous hesitation and indicates that the phrase before it is merely a preliminary to the principal matter.
2. /-lit
This T indicates a means of telecommunication or post.
ex. /-ilT    ľ) i i í    íi< U á-f. "I'll send the materials by e-mail." /cUiwVXT    r-t-oi    ft < 'J i "to  "I'll send the luggage by courier."
►
PRACTICE
WORD POWER '
CD
I.   Verbs:
r_
i. í^-'ií-t
0
2. KAÍt
3. vH>á-r
A.tilxi-t
5. iiTiít              6. £ fltit
7. i i; i-f
'"
itf"Ji-f	turn
Ľ*>i-f	stop, park
'H.it	say
KLÜ +	teach, show, teil
t-?TÍÍ+       bring
KťHtlr            deliver
t*>i+              wait
II. Positions and directions:
E22E5I
	^®	
5—		-------$
		
A®		
® 4		
	®	
^		
J		
1.   Z -jí T,C
2.   L A3'Ť
3.  ^ť
4.  Í'X, : j £0    Ti -t
5.  i'Lz i<n   í i
6.  í'/C: -j <n   í í
7.  ía/í'J
8.  Á í'
9.  i o "f C
10.  C "J í T/C í    y/ÍUi:    i"í{|J i-t
11.  CiíT/CÍ    A?'i:     i<!l) i-t
12.  í-,-t<-    i'íí-f
Means of communication or delivery:
1. 7 t -/ 7 X
2. z -; < -5 t/x             3. .i-íL-yx
4. /c< llv>í>X
C Ť í T A  intersection	ix	before	Í-5+f	straight ahead
L X* C* i       traffic signal Ä-cf              corner T i X          just before	í í A*'	ahead left right	e 7 T v 7 X	(particle indicating a point of passage) fax
Z Ô < í If L airmail •MrCftC         surfacemail
fe < I±v*l//-< courier service
KEY SENTENCES
i. t -5   ^*>ť  i'-jT< ŕziw
3. -?**co    l/L,Z'Ť£    A**i:    ií<-,T< «i>.
1.  Please say it again.
2.  Please send this luggage by courier.
3.  Turn right at the next traffic signal.
EXERCISES
\*
I.   Practice conjugating verbs. Repeat the verbs below and memorize their - í ~f and - T forms.
	- í -f FORM	- T FORM
say	wi-it	ľoT
wait	tt,i-r	íoT
turn	t * < <) í -t	K-, T
take		
lend	tf-li-f	4'U
show	A-tri-r	A-tťT
stop	t*>±-t	č^t
tell	üuit	íiLiT
deliver	Kťlti-f	k tritr
bring	i-oTiít	toTST
«j}*»     II. Ma/ce a request. Make up sentences as in the example.
ex. í;***     í'íit   -íi'Hí     ^T</c5ľ
i.  £jt->fc:   i±,i-r      —.......................................................................
2.    I <• L X, í    i: 'J i -r    —.......................................................................
3.    ti     >'«    o^á-f—.......................................................................
4.    -<>í    «-Lít             -*.......................................................................
5.     f Ví    CiTIt i t        -►.......................................................................
172
-}■*•	next
A-ttái-	show
f4f	pizza
k*JB    m. Make up dialogues following the patterns of the examples. Substitute the underlined parts with the alternatives given, changing their forms as necessary.
A, Make and accept a request.
ex. A:-rAŽ^ŕ^o   JSCO      1/Xr7>«     fr í X £     fe L X T < fc* v '.
B: 111'
1.    A:..........
B:...........
2.    A:.......
3.   A
(/-lir KUX.   7Í-Í i-t)
(/-a.-, A-dä-t)
(*n >*'(?)    L U j: i.  UTíít)
B. Make and accept a request to send something by a certain means.
ex. A:X-XŽ/Li:     /-;LT     L 'j Jt Ť £     fc'<oT</:í*' B: li^\   fcnHJ Í l/c
	(D)fAf»'-K   7T7«,   l'Jjf})
B'	
2.   A:.........................................................................................................................................................................	
	(a>K>LLf<7)    >"3>y>í/C.   Z i < l HL.   il 9'd 7')
B'	
3    A	
	U :iii l L v<W    íŕt,   ríŤÍ/X.   Z^icto)
B:............	
■jfr-.     IV. Give directions to a taxi driver. Make up sentences following the patterns of the examples. Substitute the underlined parts with the alternatives given.
A. ex.  o *'<r>      L ,1 C Ť £     A Ý'U     í 7$<oT< £ÍV*.
1................................................................................................................................  (oíí)     IŤSTX.   Vr;*))
2............................................................................................................................... (.5-/; o*■> tf>    *- ť.   A *')
B. ex.   y/C~ Ť<7)     í XT     £*")T < ŕ£í^„
1................................................................................................................................ (í/ni'Lffl    Ti x)
2................................................................................................................................ (rťii/Li x <<r>    íí)
y ^ a.—           menu
L 'J J: i            data, information, material,
documents, literature
rp -j Jr X.           mail, post
■i>rz~3*)            second
~- tf>                 (suffix that attaches to a number and
turns it into an ordinal number)
173
lÜJB    V. Give directions to a taxi driver. Tell the driver to follow the route indicated by the arrows and to stop at the point indicated by the X.
"7
ŕ
-^
2.
B
3.
dl
B
4.
X
ex. o í* co    ZiiTLt    Aí'i:    í<ST< /i'iv».
1...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
2...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
3..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
4....................................................................................................................................,.....................'........................................
^^    VI. Make up dialogues following the patterns of the examples. Substitute the underlined parts with the alternatives given.
A Request that a purchase be delivered.
ex.ZiZ:              tAi-tt/C.   9^|:     Z CO    ŕ U Ľ£     t JTItT < /s*5 v».
A-t+co      ?>£: Ii^0
^;X:               JSl/cCO    Z"C'    ľ. cťltT < ťíi>.
A-tŕco      ZAČ: IH\  fctf>'Jí L/ž. T(i.  «tti*.*:    ;'ľ*Ují
1-    * í *:             ............................................................................................... ('fya>)
a -tí- ot   y í: :...............................................................................................
* ; x-         ................................................................................................ (í £ Jt i U<n   2 tí Ti:)
A-tŕOT    y t:...............................................................................................
2-     ^ ; X:.............................................................................................. (V7r_)
A-tŕ ot    r> t::...............................................................................................
x - *             ................................................................................................ (i:£Jt i lí u)
A -tŕ OT    y K:...............................................................
:' c i» i U i Tie
(another person's) address by (the time)
174
Give directions to a taxi driver.
ex. f--f>:                ti Í Xi 91-<F>    íí>(ÍT    fcfclrf^lä-r.
1 LT L L *: li^o -ŕ -t- >:               (after a w/i/7e) o í* CO     L A Z' i £    U ti') U     í tffo T < /c'
Ť LTLL <t>: ll^o
f-+ V:               í, co     L-5^    ŕ/lco    žiT    Ü*iT</£i^.
Ť LTLL n,: lii\   fr^'J á L/;.
1 LT L L m: (after a while) 4.0 0 0 ;t/CT"f o
f--f>:               li^o
^^T^L*: *>'J>í<£ Ť C'í'v^i L/co
f- + >:           ťii.
1.    f- + >:             .......................................................................................................... (^lí/CťCiiTX,)
iiT/CU:..........................................................................................................
* + >:             .......................................................................................................... (A í')
Ť ATA L m:.........................................................................................................
f- + >:             ..........................................................................................................  (3 > t"^OT    X í ž.)
j LT L L rt:.......:..................................................................................................
Ť X,T,<, L f. ..........................................................................................................
^•ť>:             ..........................................................................-..............................
1 LT L L rt>:..................................................................ľ.......................................
f- -f >:             ..........................................................................................................
2.    f- -f >:             .......................................................................................................... (L .ľ.*** í)
Ť X,TX L u>:..........................................................................................................
■f- -t- >:             .......................................................................................................... (V/c''J)
i /CT/C l *:..........................................................................................................
•f + >;          .........................................................................................................    (V> •> 3 >OT      í Í.)
iLX L L *:..........................................................................................................
Ť /C"íX L rt:..........................................................................................................
f- + >:          ..........................................................................................................
i LX L L rt:..........................................................................................................
f- -ŕ >:             ..........................................................................................................
K ň í £ 1  9 7 —    Tokyo Tower í T                           to, as far as (particle)
L ^) w                        white
\£ i t                        thanks
^olíAÍ'IŤiTA  Roppongi Crossing
l .i'Vrt. í                      Shibuya Station
■7 > ■> g >                      apartment (in a high-rise
building), condominium
(colloquial shortening of ť i t $>'}$'£ i)
I

VII. Listen to the CD and fill in the blanks based on the information you hear.
■f \- y Í Ht.............................
#M >**<0
SHORT DIALOGUES
CD
I.   Ms. Chan phones room service because her room is cold.
fr7-/l<n    tAE:lll\   ll-A-i— t'XTt. ■r-t-V:               "tAi-tr/C.   2 0 1<7)    -f"-f >T"-fí>?.   £•?.>>£
T< A: í v»,
hotel employee: Yes, this is room service.
Chan:                  This is Ms. Chan in room 201. Please bring me a blanket.
hotel employee: Yes, will do.
VOCABULARY
ll — Atf—tfX        room service Í, •) ,j.                     blanket
t-?T*
Ms. Chan is checking out of the hotel.
ft>:                -fÁÍ-Č/C
7D>rfl    t>£:lii\  i/CTLni1.
*- + >:                 3(7)    i:£o£    5ĽÍT   *f^oT<ťíi'
Toy h(7)    Ví: liv\  fr^'J i lf:.
Chan:                  Excuse me.
front desk clerk: Yes, how may I help you?
Chan                   Please take care of this luggage for me till 5:00 (p.m.).
front desk clerk: Yes, will do.
VOCABULARY
Íl'ATL iifr fr-ffr-,X < «p f>ľfr>)t-t
how may I help you? (softer way of saying <i'/CT"ť tf')
please take care of
take care of, be in charge of
If you're in Japan, try giving a taxi driver instructions in Japanese. Or, alternatively, next time you purchase a large item, ask to have it delivered to your home.
176