(226) ►Sffi.&SI to Dialogue IJ Mary and Michiko are talking at school. 3 3 : if ^ LfcA/CI"**. At a hospital. i /TV- 3 y r "j - 4 5 IS % : 6 ^T'J- 7 IS # : 8 *Tl)>- tf/,*i> v>^: life ......o 12P« © Michiko: You don't look well, Mary. Mary: Urn ... I have a little stomachache. Michiko: What's the matter? Mary: I went out to have dinner with my friend yesterday. I think maybe I ate too much. Michiko: Are you all right? Mary: Yes. Don't worry about it. Oh, it hurts. Michiko: You had better go to a hospital. Man-: Doctor, I have a sore throat. I had a stomachache yesterday. Doctor: I see. You have a fever, too. It is just a cold. Mary: Well, I will have a tennis tournament soon, so I have to practice, though . . . Doctor: You had better not exercise for a couple of days. Man-: I understand. Doctor: Take medicine and go to bed early tonight. Mary: Yes. Thank you so much. Doctor: Take care. a b pp Cm I Nouns tb L * HL' J- sex < t o * L * CO if 7V-tf'> h I n vp h X i U 40 16 LA -adjectives leg; foot meaning stomach cold girlfriend boyfriend temperature (weather—not used for things) cloudy weather match; game juice politics grade (on a test, etc.) cough throat tooth flower sunny weather clothes hangover present homesickness thing (concrete object) snow business to take care of sweet hurt; painful there are many . . . narrow; not spacious inconvenient; to have a scheduling conflict bad * Words that appear in the dialogue 111211« ^-adjective t*CM&) *lt fantastic (/-verbs *4-tf & t/1 < &fP £ < to catch a cold I■ i 1 Z to be interested (in ... ) (topic (-) ft < -f to lose » faitffaZ) fki)sfo%> to have a fever <7) )?Tbs$>*Jh { <7) fcf^Jl < to become thirsty ftu-verbs ■a- ^ S # S« ** A $ to cough fofrfl%> %l]tl% to break up; to separate {person K) Irregular Verbs J; 1 t§ HSPH" £ to get nervous * L/Ufv*-f5 icffifl to worry Adverbs and Other Expressions \r ■» o t> always * JS£f V \ U: tC U I - Get well soon. * tf/vJ;6*&^ 7&3M*ftV'> don't look well * fzMA* probably; maybe *f J l> /"£ It as much as possible * ~ -C L I 1 probably; . . . , right? ~ fcf ... degrees (temperature) * iC$X/l«"fe — H. H for two to three days * ~£D"C because . . . li U >sh X W*b% for the first time * % ^ °f~ {* very soon; in a few moments/days X }£ Grammar There are two distinct ways to make a statement in Japanese. One way is to simply report the facts as they are observed. This is the mode of speech that we have learned so far. In this lesson, we will learn a new way: the mode of explaining things. A report is an isolated description of a fact. When you are late for an appointment, you can already report in Japanese what has happened, ^'X^^i ^LXLtz. This sentence, however, does not have the right apologetic tone, because it is not offered as an explanation for anything. If you want to mention the busses failing to run on time as an excuse for being late, you will need to use the explanation mode of speech, and say: ^'X/fr^&^o 7c/v"C"t"0 (As it happens,) the bus didn't come. An explanation has two components, one that is explicitly described in the sentence (the bus not coming), and another, which is implied, or explained, by it (you being late for the appointment). The sentence-final expression A,*C"f serves as the link between what the sentence says and what it accounts for. Compare: jfe L 7c T X h ^fo 1 £ ~f 0 / have an exam tomorrow, (a simple observation) & L 7cirX h tffa /v"C"j"0 I have an exam tomorrow. (So I can't go out tonight.) h A V J-ff 3s 7c V>*C"f\, / want to go to the bathroom, (declaration of one's wish) f»-j H:|f J 7c V^<4/*C"j*q / leant to go to the bathroom. (So tell me where it is.) /v"Ci~ goes after the short form of a predicate. The predicate can be either in the affirmative or in the negative, either in the present tense or in the past tense. LX~f itself 1 is invariant and does not usually appear in the negative or the past tense forms. In writing, it is more common to find -ti-> - (As a matter of fact) My grade is not good. 1In casual exchanges, A-'Q'i' appears in its short form, Ltz. In casual questions, A."Ci~** is replaced by o Why did you break up with your boyfriend? (You've got to tell me.) Oh, him. He never takes a bath. (That's a good enough reason, isn't it?) Q : £'i ltzA,X-t*\ What happened? (You look shattered.) A : WtfftA,tzAsX*~f* My cat died. (That should explain how I look today.) You can also use A,X"t to provide an additional comment on what has just been said. A : zx fcvnxfc^#T^&0 That's a great textbook that you are using. You bet. The professors at my university wrote it (for your information). 2A Z'n I tzLX"tfr question is best answered by a LX"f sentence with the subject marked with the particle tis rather than (i, as in this example. See Lesson 8 for a related discussion. 0 ~-T£5 Verb stems may be followed by the helping verb %, which means "too much," or "to excess." conjugates as a regular nc-xerh. ■^■<^V^jt £-\tAs0 You must not eat too much. ¥ < | L fzo I got up too early. can also follow v>- and &-adjective bases (the parts which do not change in conjugations); you drop the and & at the end of the adjectives and then add "f 5" 5. (itjVv) I W^lilf -fa This book is too expensive. fzti- ll A. tzt- v You can use «0"C to give the reason for the situation described in the balance of the sentence. Semantically, £>"C is just like frh. Stylistically. 0"C sounds slightly more formal than h. (reason) (D~£ (situation)o (situation), because (reason). menu My Japanese has improved, because I always speak Japanese. I did not sleep last night, because I had a lot of homework. The reason part of a sentence ends in a short form predicate. When &)X follows a ft-adjective or a noun, ft comes in between, as it did with the explanatory predicate / e to szWy « to/, because there will be an exam next week. ft < % means "if you do not do . . ." and v^t 3 -tiX roughly means "you cannot go"; ft < fef* vMf J-frA. therefore means "you cannot go not doing . . ." with the double negatives giving rise to the affirmative sense of the mandate. To form aft^fe^^l-tt-yr ^ sentence, we substitute ft v, * in the negative short form of a verb with ft < %> verb short negative "must" ITS \j1S.V\ U&*»fc^t £ #L & (past tense) to say you /zarf to, and to ft < % v> It ft i"x (the short form, present tense) in casual speech and before elements like LX~f. 3In writing and in very formal speech, & < TJiWti is more common than t£ < jbgW"? i ItSÜU ^a»i:fe^ fr < Z^tAsXlfzo (long form, past) / had to get up at six this morning. ^S. WH L fr < g v 4' v ^-Cj-Q (short form, present) (T/ze £nt£ft zsj / must practice every day. We use the sentence-final expression X" L x i (probably) when we are making a guess or a prediction. "CL i "9 follows verbs and ^-adjectives in short forms, in the affirmative 4 and in the negative. (verb) (^ ^-adjective) wra// probably rain tomorrow. It will probably not rain tomorrow. It is probably cold in Hokkaido. It is probably not cold in Hokkaido. "CL x l may also follow fr-adjective bases and nouns. Note that "CL X 1 goes directly after these elements; we do not use x~fr *C L x i, X~«tL i -9, or X~^'tU "9. (fr-adjective) ~T- (noun) Professor Yamashita probably likes fish. Professor Yamashita probably doesn't like fish. That person is probably an Australian. ^ — X h -7 'J T A U fr v j "C L ± "9 0 77w/ person is probabh not an Australian. L'X, *"C L J: -7 may also follow predicates in the past tense. We will, however, concentrate on the present tense examples in this lesson. "CL J: ") sentences can be turned into questions ("--"CL X 1 which can be used to invite another person's opinion or guess. Which would you say is more difficult, Japanese or Korean? The short form of "C L X l is tz h 1. You can use it to cautiously phrase a prediction or an analysis. I think Takeshi would be interested in it. In casual exchanges, you can use "CL i 1 (with the question intonation, and most often pronounced as somewhat shorter "CL i) when you want to check if your partner agrees that you have the correct understanding about what you have just said. John, you understand Chinese, right? Can you read this for me? P r a c t c e A. You are in the following situations. Explain them using ~h~£~$. @ Example: M X' i~ hfzi i > ft -> Q : if i Lfc&"C"f*\ A : IH***v>A/-Ci*o *fct l»ft (1) ft*'bt^ (2) 7V-fcf> h £ 4 Lfc (3) h Ltzltik&X*i~ (4) | <9 -9 ti ft/LL'.fi If (5) fx r-^Jt L < (6) co^tm^Xlr (7) £TA3< t Ltz (8) < LIU; (9) &l£f X r**fc 0 £1" B. Respond to the comments using —faHt. Example: I received them Italian ones My mother made it. from my friend. It was cheap. kind C. Pair Work—Your partner has said something nice about what you have. Respond using —fa'Tl't. Example: B : ~fX $ & t$fK*-f too K t D. Pair Work—Make up dialogues asking for reasons. Example: I went to Tokyo last week. -> A : fc«l*»-*TS ± Ltz0 1. I am very tired. 2. I have no money. 3. It is not convenient today. ($N^**,liVv) 4. I want to marry my boyfriend/girlfriend. 5. I am going to Japan to study. 6. He speaks Chinese very well. (+®f£*\-t^"C-f) 7. I don't want to watch that movie. fc A. Describe the following pictures using Use "verb + "3~£'-£>" for (1) through (4) and "adjective + Tx§^>" for (5) through (10). @ Example: (3) (8) (9) (10) B. Look at the verbs below. Think about the results of over doing these things and make sentences as in the example. Example: - f^tZtcfrt,, & ft fr&m v ^X~f 0 1. tfefr 2. M&i-t 3. 3 >t°;x-?-£^ 4. 5. T-X£-f& 6. tfv^£1^5 7. 8. •torn B : H ^f^Jif £ 2ft t) f£ tf„ I: 13/11: A a 1. fr —t£ 4. ^^^^ *-ft 7. ft£* <\ & 9 i^&/JI»;fc ^ 9 iHirX* 3. ^Sli'lt Ls&^/=-ei-/^tL-CVNi f 4. ftftt I Ltz 6. ^C^^1) 5 ^f$^5 -^/C 9. ^^f^lUc/m^tf B. Make sentences using the cues below as reasons, according to the example. Example: *Hf £U$£ltz -* dHT iU^tzCO X\ ftS £ £ I tz. 1. fc&^&OS-eX 2. fc^^-tv^tV>t-t 5. w^^M^^ 9 6. L/c aa r v> a C. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. 1.__cox\ ^mizn^tz^xto 2.___e>x\ ASU'fc 9 i to 3. _x\ n^K&frtz < * 0 utAs* 7. _0)X\ fiLt^lto ofe y is A. Look at Tom's schedule and make sentences, according to the example. @ Example: 7:00 a.m./fe £ -» b A $ /v^-t^^fe^ ft < f W^tt -ttXo 7 :00 a.m. Ex. f & S « 8:00 a..m. (1) ^ "fe t $ £ 9:00 a.m. (2) L'm. aw -c 1:00 p.m. (3) a^TMi^i 2:00 p.m. (4) x^- r til 3:00 p.m. (5) LU-no-T, r-7£l§fl < 5:00 p.m. (6) 1 6:00 p.m. (7) *X F7r; 9 — K*CTUtA/£'|t-<5 8:00 p.m. (8) ^mzirz 9:00 p.m. (9) 10:00 p.m. (10) H§^t; 11 .'00 p.m. (11) -5 *bl-tf££>Ht 3 B. Pair Work—Invite the partner to do the following things together. Turn down the invitation and give an explanation using ~&<"5^lM:f&IA Example: play tennis --> A : *Lf:^iv -i{:f-XIL|f^% 1. do homework 2. eat lunch 3. drink coffee 4. study in the library 5. go to karaoke Answer the following questions. 3. i>o:J: < & f) /c^-C-n fr£ L 5c < fe^vvjf i-a-A^0 IS A. Here is tomorrow's weather forecast (^.M^W. Play the role of a meteorologist and tell the weather forecasts for each city. [^J Examples: Tokyo/snow -» %%\±h t tzWX? L J: -9 o temperature in Tokyo/around 23C city weather temperature Tokyo Ex. snow Ex. around 2°C Sydney (1) sunny (2) hot (3) around 30°C Hong Kong (4) rain (5) cool (6) around 18°C Rome (7) cloudy (8) warm (9) around 20°C B. Pair Work—Play the role of a meteorologist. Predict the weather for your favorite city. The other person fills in the blanks. Switch roles and do the same thing. city weather temperature A. Using Dialogue I as a model, make skits in the following situations. —Your friend looks sad. —Your friend looks happy. B. Pair Work—A and B are deciding when they can play tennis together. Play the role of A and B. Discuss your schedules and find the day on which both of you are available. Refer to p. 245 for B's schedule. Example: A : Hf Q Itt-T-X £ I | B : «^^H1H fife X o KiP^**av^'Ci-0 &»£fbtfc < I - ft J; * LA A's schedule Sunday go shopping Monday Tuesday read books Wednesday Thursday Friday meet friends Saturday C. Role Play—Visiting a Doctor's Office Using Dialogue I as a model, act the role of a doctor or a patient. Doctor—Fill out the medical report on p. 245 and give advice to the patient. Patient—Describe the symptoms you have and answer the doctor's questions. - Sex: _ Male Z Female Age: Symptoms: Z Sore throat C Headache □ Stomachache □ Any other pain □ Cough □ Fever □ Allergy (TWl^-) □ Others Pair Work (w) B. Example: A : % «S 0 C— ffi t-Ť = X £ Lá ^/U^ ^ ty fr ^N /v-Ci-o 0 BS 0 (i if ^ X'i-*>\ r-hži if B's schedule Sunday Monday teach English Tuesday Wednesday clean rooms, do laundry, etc. Thursday Friday Saturday practice karate Health an d Illness_ At the Reception of the Clinic Patient: t&HtAs, t»^"C5Qr//*Ci"**« Excuse me, this is my first visit Receptionist: fc£v\ &BfcfiE£&'£-C < fc $ v\, OK Please show me your health insurance certificate. Please fill in your name and address on this paper. * * * Patient: 3 iil±¥5irfr0 it A, < fS$ V*. These are painkillers. Please take one after meals. Patient: hfr*) $ lfzQ I see. Receptionist: i^A^i-o Please take care. Useful Expressions for Illness ($!f0 and Injuries (tt^) T#J~C1~0- -1 have diarrhea. If o i^t%X"ta-1 am constipated. £lj|*C'-j~0--——-1 have mv period. ttM&X*ir0-1 have hay fever. hl:)rP*f-**i 0 i~f0— I have an allergy to . . . &1&s&*fe *) I 1"0-1 have a bad tooth. t-L If < L^^^ilto-1 sneeze. JMfc^trj ^ i"0- -I have a runny nose. IH*****^ v o-My back itches. h 0 i. ~f o---1 have rashes. hb J V>#* L £ ~f0---"I feel dizzy. «jfc 3t £ L 7c o — -1 threw up. li ^•^^"M^'Ci'o -1 am not feeling well. •^Vf £f £L £ L tzo-1 burned myself. £*T *) i L/c0- -I broke my leg. £L lift }•; it £ L i L 7c o----1 hurt myself. Useful Vocabulary • (Doctor's office) T*]#4-physician /£. 1% Pr---dermatologist V- J- ?YP---surgeon Af4--obstetrician and gynecologist Sff^r-#-orthopedic surgeon B^f4-ophthalmologist A'A, *' Hi ft-dentist ^.#44---otorhinolaryngologist; ENT doctor • ^■©flfi (Miscellaneous) Itl^^ It-antibiotic k > h f >-X-ray ffii-operation M--inj ection #-«mff -thermometer