(n*) ► šlš-3£ží UJK- E S S O N..............................6^| — g A Day in Robert's Life .is e é IS D a o g u e o In the class. 6 n/<— h P/'*—h*Ar, ^ío-<-vžI^/v^< ff $v\ u/<-b$/U feM(/:^^o 7 "7 X-C« *C ti v 4? í ■# A, «fco ;; la © After class. 2 n/<-b : ££a ATX—SX^^y — > Ht9r%v<.vvŕf*»a 3 x — : fcjfc* tH^tfl, 6 n/sr— h : £o0 s-Mľ'Ci'iír»* z x - : tiU n/sr- b íXft. ilHľ.íWí l/c^bteo fíT) On the bus. 2 n/Ň"-h: ££, ít^ÉÝl......&£>, &&&$£, žf-5 fi^t < /-f s%\ -i-i, HB 4 n/<— ^ : 5 &l£&$& : Prof. Yamashita: Robert, please read the next page. Robert: . . . Prof. Yamashita: Robert, please wake up. You cannot sleep in the class. Robert: Mr. Yamashita, I forgot to bring the textbook. Prof. Yamashita: Please bring your textbook with you. ^Ye use it everyday Robert: I understand. I'm sorry. Sue: Robert, you had a hard time today. Robert: Yes. May I borrow your notebook later, Sue? Sue: Yes. Robert: Thank you. I'll return it soon. Sue: Robert, we will have a test tomorrow. Robert: Really? Sue: Yes. You were absent from the class last Friday. (That's why you didn't know about Robert: Well then, I'll go home and study today. Old woman: Excuse me. Does this bus go to the city hospital? Robert: Yes, it does. Take this seat, ma'am. Old woman: No, thank you. I'll get off soon. Robert: Is that so? Then, shall I carry your bag? Old woman: Thank you. ► xsqd'X/Ž.Uí m pp a b u 1 Nouns &7Í?>fa &4t money * & íí'Ž) S /C grandmother; old woman &{•$ &JHS bath #*/vlľ 3l^ř kanji; Chinese character * ^iŤ^Lj: $CÍ4# textbook w At L # í "t"í§. this week * L «&/•!/"* i 1 fc*X* "r^^^P^ Municipal Hospital * o jf & next ŤI^ ť-y — A y ideo game -?/•£ f:^ electricity tX L ^ féM train J- t> ~3 -^^ baggage ■< — i/ page Ř žtf ^ window J: ü fc night b v * L yp 1 $kM next week h V *|a 4 ÉUi next year /cü-adjective * 7c ^ N^/C (&) ^Jg tough (situation) (/-verbs fetiš llUs to play; to spend time pleasantly *** ť i <- to hurry &£.%&&viS £/K.St:A£ to take a bath * frž.~f mi to return (things) {person I- thing Ž) rtf m to turn off; to erase (~ Ž) ĽU ?tt& to die * ft>* m% to sit down {seat Í-) /:0 ÍLO to stand up f:lí:žfi fzifz t&i to smoke * -O^1 -9 it ň to use (""•" Ř) Tore •? f*0H to help (person/task &) * Words that appear in the dialogue R u - v e r b s to enter (~íl) to carry: to hold C**- '*) (1) to be absent (from . .) (~£) (2) to rest &J?Í Mit* &L&I tiž • & n $ NM a * i* 9 a íť) ž Lfe$ gfüii oits ■CA******** CM£ • h-t uz iějfts to open (something) (~ ž ) to teach; to instruct (person I- thing ŘJ to get off (~£) to borrow (person Í- tiling É) to close (something) (~£) to turn on (~ £ ) É'^tŤS to make a phone call (person (-) to forget; to leave behind Irregular Verbs o^t < i ÜM^t < I- to bring (a person) (~£) * i -9 t ( ^ }# o "C < á to bring (a thing) (~ £) Adverbs and Other Expressions * &E t1 íl: "T- later on jo £ <\ ši < (do something) late * ~7^ ŕ? because . . . * IjoIŤtt Ü3I *C "f That would be fine.: That wouldn't be necessary. * ~f (" right away * g£Arg$i?"r*- «-Ct^ Really? Yp -o ( *) slowly; leisurely; unhurriedly X ££ Grammar /3?A/ 155 Te-form The main topic of this lesson is a new conjugation of verbs called the "fe-form." Te-forms are a very important part of Japanese grammar. In this lesson, we will learn, among their various uses, to use them in: • making requests ("..., please.") • giving and asking for permission ("You may . . ./May I . . .") • stating that something is forbidden ("You must not . . .") • forming a sentence that describes two events or activities. ("I did this and did that.") The conjugation paradigm of te-forms is fairly complex, as we need to learn separate rules for ru-, u-, and irregular verbs. Furthermore, the rule for //-verbs is divided into five subrules. First, with ru -verbs, the rule is very simple: Take I off and add X. i/-verbs come in several groups, based on the final syllable of their dictionary forms. u-verbs with final o, p, 1 and § 5---- ^ z ■> mo z 1 As we discussed in Lesson 3, some verbs that end with the hiragana 6 are /'«-verbs and some others are «-verbs. The rule of thumb for determining which verb is which is to examine the vowel before the final l> syllable. If the vowel is a, o, or «. the verb, without any exceptions, is an «-verb. If the vowel is either i or e, the verb can be either an «-verb or a r«-verb. Statistically speaking, there are many more /■«-verbs, than «-verbs in the iru and era camp, but there are many important verbs in the minority, <% (to return). such as X5 (to enter), and m ■ . . ani i mi eru r = often, but not always, /-«-verbs . . or u \ = always «-verbs . . aru ' As far as fe-forms are concerned, we observe that «-verbs that end with i will have a small ■», /-«-verbs that end with !> do not. iS # ior u-verbs with final Íj, >3\, and j& pTCÍj "J* HA/'šľ et mhu BS 5E& -» u ■ u-verbs with final < m< * Ihr There is an important exception in this class: íror u-verbs with final < ms. * u-verbs with final "§" iü The irregular verbs Ý£ and < S, and compound verbs built with them, conjugate as follows. irregular verbs t& ■» uz <§ ■> $r Note that fe-forms and stems (the forms 3'ou find before ř i~) are totally different constructs in the »-verb camp. A common mistake is to assume that the simple paradigm provided by the r«-verbs Wt**"£ and fc<Ř "f") covers the m-verbs also, thus coming up with unwarranted forms such as x -é-v»X (see 4K*É "t) and x %%&. X (see fjü& á i"). It is probably easier, at this stage of learning, to memorize each verb as a set, as in # < —# S á i"—#^"t, than to apply the conjugation rules on the spot. Refer to the verb conjugation table at the end of this volume. 120 ►ěs-xan Use a verbal te-form together with < tz & v s to make a polite request to another person 2 "please do . . . for me. " Stl i- Li ? Please listen to the tape that goes icith the textbook. Excuse me. Please teach me a little. (= Tell me, I need your advice.) A verbal fe-form plus t v->^-u~ř means "you may do . . . ," which describes an activity that is permitted. To ask for permission, you can turn it into a question sentence, ~*t & ÍM4# Ž Ä "C t VN v n -C-f £*, Aföv I s@g $s textbook? it v n , Ä t i v n v n f i" j; 0 Yes, you may. To deny somebody permission to do something, you can use the re-form plus &v*it$^r v u n x., ^4# ž Ji "C (á v ^ (t 3; -fcř /C0 ATo, iíô« wzßv /zo/ see z7zs t 5. as in í: d i h D á^ i: ô (Thank you very much), or with 1~<&£-tř/v, as in 2**3 v'í'feE.'&A. (I am very sorry/Thank you very much). When used alone, it is an abbreyiation of t' -5 i h D ** i 5 or £ ô ^ i"ä- iiť&« Therefore, when you want to show your gratitude or regret, you can just say K% % instead of saying a long sentence. Žf5'% functions in many ways, depending on the situation. Some people use t* 5 I) as "hello" or "good-bye." 33 ► Many words that begins with $5 can also be used without it. & in such words simply adds smoothness and nuance of social refinement, without changing the meaning of the words. Example: Š5ÍW ism.Fi Practice A. Change the following verbs into ŕe-forms. ß Example: < 5. < Ž 6. á-o 7. Ž>ÝJ? 8. t t 9. f S 10. Irvf <- 11. O < 12. fcá 13. Ida 14. (áfci* 15. £*ž.£ B. Let's sing a ře-form song! (Battle Hymn of the Republic) £jj &fe jtAt $€is &£&-t l^ L^^ &-A/t£ «-verb fe-form £2, -9 0-S o t ířJ£l© &*£ < ^X fr v^t (repeat twice) "t" L "C //-verb ře-form C. What will you say when you want someone to do the following things? H Example: to speak slowly 1. to call you tomorrow 3. to open the window 5. to teach you kanji 7. to wait for you 9. to go to a hospital 11. to bring a friend m*$ < ot£ix < #sv\ 2. to write a letter 4. to drink tea 6. to bring a drink 8. to come with you 10. to return your book 12. to stand up @ D. What would you say in the following situations? Example: S £ M Iťt < fe- >* v, Ex. (1) E. Pair Work—Make your own request, such as "Please stand up" and "Please take a picture," and ask your partner to act it out. Example: A : n - b - £ fC/ťC < tz 5 ^ \ B pretends to drink coffee. A. You are staying with a host family. Ask your host family for permission to do the following things. @ Example: TUt'Hž 1. fcäteéftl 4. m{Hi 7. *, ÄJ&»ttí J: i -: 2. $tÉějHt£ 3. (R, ř5®LSř-XŽ 8. rl/b'y-AžtS B. What would you say in the following situations? Make sentences with —TtU 1. You are in class. You realize you need to go to the bathroom as soon as possible. 2. You are in class. You feel sick and want to return home. 3. You have forgotten to do the homework. You are sure you can bring it in tomorrow. 4. You want to ask your teacher something, but you cannot phrase it in Japanese. 5. You want to smoke in a coffee shop, and there is someone sitting nearby. 6. You are at a friend's house, and suddenly remember that you need to make a phone call. 7. You have run into a celebrity. Conveniently, you have a camera with you. 8. You have arrived at a classroom. The air is stuffy. 9. You and your friend are in a dark room, and you feel somewhat uncomfortable. C. You are a strict parent. Tell your child not to do the following things using the cues in A. (jll Example: rHťžJLá -* ŤU\?tM>XlŘ\^Ř*kA,„ :- D. Tell the class what we can and can't do at school and at a host family's house. Example: ttffTCIt&Z ŘWL^XmMf £*£&,„ -tX^T;1]- (host family) CO ň fe'tftgASfcA^t Vúv?«f, A. Look at the pictures below and combine the pictures using ŕe-forms. (jjjjjl Example: JM&ST, 3 — h - &&& á "to ► ÄK-X&IB B. Change the following into ŕe-forms and make the rest of the sentences. Example: *Ä£ 5 -* iHfe* "t, 0M fc||<& Ě 1\ n 5 Ja ft* N - a. ď-A * L^flHf^^ 2. ?^U*M 3. t*£P%0á 4. Éít£t>lz4ti 5. ^HSi:x§ 6. A^í:íŕ< CD U SÖ>Ä» A. Add reasons to the following sentences. Example: '«XIC*? t1% "* MAKA" t **% fii^l 9 &¥£**&« 5. (name of a friend) ů^ýšM ^ "Ü"f~o B. Pair Work—Ask each other why you think the following. Example: $! Z?Éä ^ £ It*? á -tfVv0 B : ťi L%,ti~ů\ A : h t 9 É*£rt&*& ') á^/t^b0 B$A,lí? I "c. ŕ» 3 E í> '• '■ "c"' i. ^mt^rťfn 2. ž>i/cfitfš-ci\ 3. šSL^, (name of a movie) S JLÍ "t~0 4. ^ íO "9 , (name of a restaurant) Í-ÍŤ ^ Ž L/":0 6. &%-tžn%m$m%kLŘitÁf* 7. ^ÜL (name of a place) (--ÍT^áilľo 8. e#MLŽÄv^"to Pair Work—Propose to do the following things, using šb&^tP.^ Example: ŕl/ťž 8| "f -+ A : ŕ Ľ ť ž ífc' L á L | i ů\ l. SfcWtf 2. ŕUĽžotti, 3. fižň 4. fc£l-H< 5. gtfrtsHil 6. ^«f#-3 7. IfeÄ^ž^^-C < «S 8. t^ž^'t 9. ?Äžft5 « t o | t"X í- It L -:- t-Ä í; io. sžPfl^^ ®Sd:fôCDSP (Review Exercises) A. Role Play—Play the roles of A and B with your partner. Example: Example-A You are short of money and want to borrow some money from your friend. Example-B You are going on a trip tomorrow. You don't have money to lend to vour friend. A : &lfzttžLŤ2%(7)fl>šLB'Cirfrho L/z, MtffUÍTS Ři~frb (1) 1-A You have a date tomorrow and want to borrow a car from your friend. 1- -B You just bought a brand- new car and don't want anyone to use it. (2) 2-A You lost your Japanese textbook, but you need to study for a test torn arrow. (3) 3-A You are asked to return your friend's video today, but you forgot to bring it. You want to return it tomorrow. 2-B You have a big test in Japanese and need your textbook to prepare for the test. 3-B You asked your friend to return your video today. You need it today because you want to watch it together with another friend. 4-A You are now in your friend's house. You see a cake that looks verv delicious. You love cakes. 4-B You just baked a cake for your mother's birthday. Your friend is in vour house now. B. Answer the following questions. 1. ^HlOil^ HHÍt^c (Answer with "~t:,~0") 2. f**>*, X < ¥l/k L Ř LfeK (Answer with "~T.~0") 3. H#m*Ü^t L"tiáWfÍHř&iK 4. §.$-<7)fX~tzßZ &■%■** X i ^^tf^0 5. -xfizfä/k&^x % £-fé\ 6. X < fiu^O Žt^o 7. fcM* féžlž&ftá L/c*% 8. ffš£>#, ^:WiU:^o 9. f-íÄ*)**, j; < fc-^i^žf fé^á L/čtK io. i^tt-ci < *£f£0 ÍÝ*% 11. í < ;7XSiUÍt^o -. ;" ► 2Äöa'!x!/Sn Useful Expressions (go straight) (turn right) (turn left) IQOl (turn right at the first signal) (turn left at the second corner) >k r. f) i , *^ (cross the street) (left side of the street) (right side of the street) 6 P« 131 Directions (north) A (west) (east) (south) * A B A >s> í d*a í- i; Excuse me, where is a post office? Go straight and turn right at the third corner. The post office is on the right side of the street. Thank you very much.