676       JI-'RU no
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walls, perhaps Imlc more ihiin lbe weighting down of tents of skim, .11 though rudimentary mud bricks were present in the form of bullsofclay. The urea excavated was so limited and lbe truces so slight that no plan could be established
The surfaces that made up lhi> 4 m of deposit represent the remains of a succession ofslight structures, hut*, or len is seemingly suitable to the needs of a nomadic or seminomadic group But the creation of this great depth of deposit indicates that these people were no longer nomadic, orat leas! that they returned to Jencho at regular and frequent intervals. perhaps practicing some form of irunshumancc. It is a truly transitional stage of culture, and the flint and bone industries arcclcarly derived from the Lpipalcolithic Natu-lian. Although in square Ml there is no preceding F.pi paleolit hic stage, it is reasonable to presume that the stage represented is that of Neolithic hunters, of whom evidence was found in area E. settling down to a sedentary way of life.
From such slight shelters, the first solid structures arc clearly derived. The actual transitional stages nere not found. In square Ml they may even have been destroyed, for a thick-ish deposit containing fragments of clay-ball bricks intervened between the earlier succession of surfaces and the first solid structures, probably representing the leveling over of a nucleus mound that had become loo small and sleep. Above this deposit, the solid structures appear already fully developed, hut their circular plan, usually single roomed, is clearly derived from that of a primitive hut. These circular structures are built with solid walls of plano-convex mud bricks, often with a hog-backed outline. The walls are inclined somen hat inward and the amount ofbrick in the
debris of collapse suggests that the roofs were domed. The interiors of the houses were sunk below the level of the courtyard outside, ami there were porches with a downward slope, or steps of stone or wood, projecting into the room. Rich industries of flint and bone were found in the houses: many axes and ad/es, with polished or partially polished cutting edges, pestles, mortars, hammcrstoncs. and other stone implements, which are clearly derived from the Lower Natuftan. Limestone dishes ami cups represented the only surviving utensils. The const ruction of these solid houses marked the establishment of 1 fully sedentary occupation, and the expansion of the community was rapid. Over all lite area occupied by the subsequent Brttn/c Age town, and projecting appreciably beyond it to lbe north and south, houses of this type have been identified. The total area covered wus almost 1(1 a.
The expansion of the settlement was soon followed by a step of major importance, the construction ofa town wall This is best preserved in trench I on the western side, where the first of a succession of defensive walls still siamUloa height of 5.75m. At thewuthend.astructurelhal wa.vprobablythc same wall survived to a height of 2.1 m.at the north end. however, although the line could be identified, only one course survived In each case, the foundations of the wall cut through the remains of preexisting houses, but not of a long succession. *> the enclosing of the site by a defensive wall followed soon after the growth of the settlement.
On the west side, the first town wall was associated with a great stone lower (8.5m in diameter and preserved to a height of7.75 m) built against the inner side of the wall The tower was constructed solidly of stone, except in the center, where a staircase provided access to the top of it from the inlenorof the town The tower is not only a monument to remarkable architectural and constructional achievement, hut towerand wall together furnish cvideneeof a
degree of communal organization and 3 flourishing town life wholly unexpected at .. dale that, us will be seen, must be in the ninth millennium act
In all the areas excavated to this level, there was a long succession ot structures belonging to this lirsl Neolithic stage In the house areas, the ruins of successive houses were built up on a deposit of up to 6.5 m. Id trench I at the western side of the mound, there was a sequence of font stages of the town wall, each incorporating the lower The second sutgt was associated with a rock-cut ditch (9.5 m wide and 2.25 m deep) At the north and south ends of the town (irenches II and III), these later walls Ik farther out. obscured by the Middle Bn>n/e Age revetment. The carbon-14 daiings obtained for different stages in the deposit* of (his period range front 8340KE ± 200ioW35Wt ± 155 However, the majority suggest a dale foi the beginning of the period in the late ninth millennium.
In all the areas excavated, the town of the period seem* to have been fairly closely built up. Initsareaofaboul 10a. there may have been two thousand 01 so occupants. A sedentary population of this si/c must have been largely dependent on agriculture. The favorable condition* provided by the perennial stream, the warm climate, and fertile land must have led to a very early development in food production. Organized agricultural activity already began in the Pfoto-Neolithic stage and increased with ihc gniwth of the town. It is also possible to assume that the developing agriculture was accompanied by developing irrigation, for the spring in its natural state could not have watered an area large enough for the fully grown town. The urban socieiy,whichsuccecHlcilinsolvingiIsdcfcnsivepn>blenis,w;is;iblclopro\id« the manpower and the organization needed to create an irrigation system.
This I're-I'ot lets Neolithic A culture of Jericho came loan abrupt end.lht exact time ofwhich could not he determined, and was succeeded bva second,
ik 111) *77
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Psr-Pollcr* Ncolnhn R Between ihe two ihcit »a* a period of notion, although j| i» uncertain whether il was caused by destruction wiought
by Ihe .....or whether natural causes such 4% disease or an mix
Ic>rnccmihcwa(crsupr4y caused its inhamuntttoarsandonihe site The Pre-rultcry Neolithic B culture armed ul Jericho almost full> developed and differed from its prcdo cssoi m almost every to peel The mou immediately obxiouscontratt wast he architecture The houses were l.it more cbborate and sophisticated The mom* were comparatively Urge, rectangular in plan, and fmupeil around courtyards The plan seems lo have been stereotyped, with ccntraKuilcsdi\Hle«Jh>crov>wjlKm whKhlhenrumei'.i.ill., > ..;:<: and nt ihe center, with smaller rooms adjoining No complete house plan was i»vi--'.n'i! as the sue of the home* was such that in no caw was an entire huild'nj' within an excavated .itvm Ihe walk were of elongated handmade mud bricks uiih a heriinghonc pattern of ihumh impressions on the top Floor* and walk were covered wilh a continuous coal ol" highly burnished, hard lime mortar In* presumed from ihe rectangular plan thai ihe roofs were flul. I 1 i iv was no evidence of upper ■!■■■■■■ There were fireplaces in the courtyards, whose floor* were usually of mud mortar, and i here was oficn ■n innumerable succession of charcoal spreads*.
The molcnal equipment was also allium completely different I'mm thai of Pic-Potlcry Neolithic A The Ami industry was distinct and i* not derived i from the Naiufian The Kmc industry was very poor, being confined tosunplc implement* such as pins and borer**. f\iii*hed axe* and ad/c* were rare, and in fart there were very few heavy sti>oc implements A scry characteristic object »u« a trough-shaped quern hi i h the grinding hollow running oui to one edge and a llai border around Ihe other three sides I his i> ne was never found in Pic Pollers Neolithic A rbctype*ofgnndmgstoncwx-reakodishnet Bowls ■nd dishes of while limestone. Mime of ihcm very well nude, became very common
T»o»iructurc* were found thai probably served religious purposes In one. n mom hud been cuioIT from purt of ihe usual suite of moms. In its end wall ***a small niche with a rough si one pedestal al us ba*e In ihe debet* nearby •as a carefully inmmed stone pillar, w hich must be interpreted as a rvpre-tcnuiion of u deny. The plan of the olhcr slrueiure was unique u large central room with a burnished plaster Host, at each end of which were annexes with curvilinear walls. Al Ihe ecnlcr of ihe large n>om was a rectangular plastered basin l( ts likely ihm Ihis structure had a ceremonial use
The most remarkable evidence hearing on religious practices was ihe discovery of len human skulls with features restored in plaster, sometime* with a high degree of skill and artistic power IVdi-colored timing, eyes inlaid with sheik, and delicately modeled can. nose, and eyebrow s combined lo make the heads extraordinarily lifelike. These plastered skulk were most likely associated wilh a cull of ancestor worship The normal practice was to bury the dead beneath the floors of I he houscv and many of I he Ksdieshadlhe cranium removed, presumably to ensure that the wisdom of the individual was preserved for ihe henclil of the descendants. The skulk were found in three groups, iwo dose together, but ihe lenih skull came from a house some distance away, so the practice miisi have been lollowed by u number of separate families
The Pic-Poticis Neolithic B senlement seems originally lo have been undefended, for the earliest town wall found was later lhan a long sencs of I.. >u*c levels. I ike the Prc-Pottcry Neolithic A wall, il was budl of rough ■ones, some of ihcm scry Urge It wast raced only on ihe west sideof ihe site (trench ll. where it overlay (he earlier wall, although it was separated from it by aconstderabkderHhoflill iLsprohahtcconiinualionwasfoundmareaM. Al
■he north and south ends drenches 11 and 1111, the houses of the period were truncated by the Middle Bton/e Age revetment, and the con temporary lown wall must have been farther oul.
The lown of ihis period had a long existence, for ihe houses were rebuilt many limes Usually, the houses were rebuilt in approximately the same position and on the same plan, bui ihere was nearly always evidence that the preceding destruction had been very severe, and ihe walls had to he rebuilt almost from floor level Trie carbon-14 dating* range from '17*)« i f IU2lo SM5KI ± INI. Whereas Prc-Pottcry Neolithic A had every appearance of being an indigenous development, ihis was not the case wilh Pie-Pottery Neolithic B The lutlcramvcil at Jericho with a fully developed architectural tradition and an industry that owed nothing (o il* predecessor on the tile Other related sites have since been found in the country (forexample, Wadi Bcidlia) In I'Hil. at Cola) lltlyuk. in Anatolia. J Mellaarl cxcavaicd a tile that muwako he related lo(hi*cullurc The plans of the house* have the same rectangular layout, the same abundant use is made of burnished plaster, the dca.l are buried beneath the Hoots of the house*, and I here arc olhcr similarities. The relationship, however, is probably indirect The material culture ol ihe Anatolian siic, with molded plaster dceomlion and elaborate wall paintings, is much more sophisticated lhan lhal at Jericho, and pollen is found, although in the lower levels il is not common The earliest period is doted by carbon-14 lo about n7(H> m K It is very piobable dial the cultures of ihe Anatolian and local siics arc derived from a common ancestor.
Thus, ihere were Iwo successive and qutie separate Pre-Pottery Neolithic cultures al Jcnchb,and in each case lite selilemcni assumed the character of a walled lown (Mine lirst indigenous culture, all t he stages of development can he traced on ihe spot The second had evolved elsewhere
like Prc-Poltcry Neolithic A. its successor. Pre-Policry Neolithic B. came lo an abrupt end In all the areas excavated, the buildings and surface* of the period arc eroded on an angle sloping down to theexienoroflhc town, often
vcryklccply T he terrace walk, which wvreanesscntial port oft .....i on th
slope* of the mound, had collapsed in w bole or m part, ami the nTI and floor* behind (hem had been washed oul. oflcn lo a depth of several layers. It is impossible lo estimate ihe length of the period of abandonment that produced lhtsero*Kin-(>nce an earthquake or siotcni rams had made breaches in I he terrace walls, ihe washout process could have ptoceeded nipidly if ihere was ascites of heavy rains, but le*s violent conditions might have slowed dow n Ihe erosion over a long period.
TTic evidence for the next period of occupation appear* in the form of pits cut tnio Ihis eroded surface These pils. which olien were as deep as 2 m and about * macro**, and in one in*unceatdeepa*4m. were al first interpreted as quarry pitsaunk loobluin miilcrial for brickmuking. Il was suggested lhal Ihe characteristic fill of angular stone* represented material sieved out in ihe hnckmaking prove**. Subsequently, however, il became dear lhal Ihe pits contained a series of floors and occupation levels, including, in one case, u well-con si rue ted oven, it was ako observed that the stones originated from walk revelling the edges of the pits |i is therefore clear that these wen; occupation pits, or the emplacements of seuusubterranean huts Closely similar phenomena, including the angular stone*, were observed at Tdl d-Far"ah (North) in the levels (hat preceded ihe fcarly Bnm/e Age structures I he use of subterranean dwellings may also be compared wuh those ■>Tthe Crukxsfa(hK period, wuhacuhure allied loihc(>ha**uhan.ai Tel Beet Malar and Tel Be'er Safad near Bccrsheba <q.v.).
The ftrsl pottery appears in these pitsai Jencho. Analysis of tt suggests that <»o different am! siKxcssivcgnMin* arc represented.called Pottery NeohUiK-
67H JIKIIHO
A and Pbllcry Neolithic B fhc Apoitcry.eonstsiingofvesscMsdceoralcdwiih burnished chevron pattern* in red. and aUoofcxiremcl* coarse, straw ■tempered vessel*,correspond*with iti.it a sen bed to stratum IX by Garstang The H pottery, consistingof jars with bow nmi.jarsand bnwlv with herring hone decoration, and vessel* wnh 'i nia! red dip. correspond* with lhat ascribed to stratum VIII The former MM believed lo appear as .111 indigenouv development oui of the Prc-Poltcry Neolithic A reexamination of (iarstang's trench and fresh evidence from other pail* of the mound. Kimcm-i make it quite dear lhal this 1* not mi ll wasa conclusion armed al only hecauve the jvis containing the pottery were nol observed, and it wa» believed lhat (lie pollers belonged lo the latest plastered-llnoi houses uislead of being iniru-sivc. With the appearance of pottery there was a change m the (lint industry, mosi noticeably the use of coarse, instead of line.denliculation for the uvklc blade* By far. the greatest amount of finds from the penod came from the pit*. Above the pits, however, there were some scanty remain* of building*. Too little was found to establish any houM plan*, bin iheir charaetcnslie feature was the round and the plano-convex brick*, not found at any other period. The relation of the two types of pottery lo thc*iicces*ivc*lagcsi* not yet char.
Scattered example* of the characteristic Neolithic A pottery have been found at a number of local *tlc*- I.achi*h, Mcgiddo. and Tclultyot Ba-lash-but usually only in mixed groups found a( the lowest level*, with a range from (he Neolithic lo ihe Earls Hron/e Age Such finds indicate lhal the people who used thi* pollers were fairly widespread in the country at thi* time, hut leD. link? about ihcm
Objects comparable wiih the finds ol IVtlcry Neolithic H arc found over a wide area Poller* and Hints. particularly the former, can hcclosely paralleled alSha'arha-Ciolanon the Varmuk Kivei Similar pollerv is also found in the I-neolithic) uc A al Byblos. with the adthtiorul link of incised pebble*, so common at Sha*ar ha-Oolan It would appear, therefore, lhal this element in the Potlcry Neolithic of Jencho had Syruin or at least northeaster 11 connections However, thisperiod in thehfcMifthcsiicisatprcxcni rather obscure
Between ilie lottery Neolithic and the next stage at Jericho there it another gap. perhaps covering the penod of ihe (•hassulian culture The gap ■* indicated by the u*ual erosion stage and hy a complete b*eak in the artifact*, p.ir'i, ui.if 1. ibe pottery.
ntC EARI x BRONZE AGE. Toward the end of the fourth millcmmiiii. a completely new people arrived in Ihe country. It is pmhable lhat some ol ihe curliest evidence of their arrival isio be found al Jencho Bolh group* of Pre-Pottery Ncohihrc people buried I heir dead beneath the Door* of the house* There 1* no evidence for how the Pottery Neolithic people buncd their* The new comers, for thelirsl time, buned in iiKk-cul tombs.. practice lhal «a* 10 become standard al least unlil the Roman period. They hiougln with ihcm poiiery in simple forms bug-shaped |iigletsaiid round-based bowl* Ihcsc vevsels had been found in earlier excavations al Ai. Tell cl-Ear'ahl North I. and Mcgiddo logethcr with vessels more elaborate in form or decoration The Jericho tomb* showed that *uch combinations rcprcsenlcd a later stage because al Jericho the components could he shown as separate cntilies The Jencho evidence suggested I hat ihe newcomer* could he divided inio A, M jndC. gn>ups I he A group with Ihe bag-shaped jugtcl* and the round-based howl*, w-a* Ihe first to arrive at Jencho Tpon thi* group the B group *u-pervened. which decorated vessel* in cUbonilc pattern* of grouped line* I lscwhcrc.it IcIlcl-far'.ihiNorthjand Mcgiddo.foi instance, the A group
TrllnSilian pin*,uul
was mingled with a C group nol found at Jencho. with vessel* characteristically grav burnished and known as Esdraclon ware.
I heve combination* .mil perniulalion**uggc*l iiilimgrant groups arming successively and mixing differently in Ihe various area*. Nowhere 1* there evidence ilui they were responsible for true urban dcxeloprnenl. (or abno* all the evidence concerning them come* from tomb* However, at *ne» when there ivevidcnccofiheiii.urhandcvelopinenisuhseuucntlyti>.>k place 1 unlike lhc*ilc* at which ihe peoplcof iheGliassulian culture are found I It is for ihw reason lhal the classification Prolo-f'rhan 1* suggested
Ihe Proto-l rhan phase at Jericho, with Ihe combination of the A and B elements, developed into the urban civilization of Ihe Karl* Bron/e Age The process w.i» clearly a gradual one. and other immigrant group* may have piovidcd Ihe impetus toward urbanization. Fnim Ihe amalgamation of in-ihierRcscmcrgedaeuliure responsible for ihewalled lownsthai ,il Jericho.as elsewhere, are ihe country '* characteristic feature for the greater part of the third millennium w t Jencho at thi* stage had grown into a weep-uded mound beside the spring responsible for its continued existence Around its summit can he traced the line of mud-brick walls by which ihe Karl) Bron/e Age lown was defended Ihe line 1* uncertain only on the east side, due lo the intrusion of the modem road I his line w-a* traced in the earlier excavation* Sections cut across and inio it during the l«52 195* c&cavafion* showed thai ihe history i>f ihe wall* w-a* complex Ihe section lhat w»*cul coinplctclv through the wall* on ihe we*t provided evidence of seventeen stages The walls' were completely destroyed, by eaiihiiuakcs. hy enemies, or merely through neglect It is impossible loc*limalca lime scale for ihe successive event*, and it 1* impossible locorreblc Ihe succession ooscrved in one area with thai in another, for one length of wall might havccollarnedor have been destroyed while other sections remained intact ll w.i* also impossible to relate ihe detailed history of the defense* with the successive building stage* within Ihe town In the areas in which the interior of the town has been investigated, there was j sequence of building period*, although not the same number of destruction* found in ihe defense* The remains, however. *howed a succession of solidly built and spacious structure* thai confirms the impression that this was a penod of full urhan devd-opmcni.
A numbcrof 10m b* was found cosenng Ihe same period. All were brge and rockcut .ind contained numerous burial* The interpretation of ihe evidence was complicated by the fact that in almost every cave erosion had removed ihe roof ol the chamber and the greater pan of the shaft by which the chamber presumably was approached, ll iseleai, howevci. thai in each tomb there were multiple successive burials (about a hundred skull* were found in one of the lombxt Al intervals the tombs wen: cleared, and in many case* mo*i of the bones were discarded, leaving mainlv the skulls and the pottery vessels and other object* that had accompanied them Many successive hunalt were therefore made in the tombs, hul 11 is nol known whether Ihey represent family vault* covering u long period, or simply the currcnl burial site for all ihe members of the community.
The end of Early Bron/e Age Jencho was sudden A final stage of Ihe lown
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«i« l III  H.'l II
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680 jericho
A', 'd.i.'-.-. ní a ihalr and IIa ttiimurutlkm, fnm an MB IIB <otnf>.
Anikii-punuTpliH iriv/. tum G'urx.,>i     r\caianiw. HB II
This final Middle Bronze Age building phase, and several of ihe preceding ones, is later than ihe town wall described abovc.andcxicndsoveriisiopiothccast.whcrcilistruncatcd by ihe modern mad and the water installations beyond. It is reasonably certain, however, lhai these building phases belonged to the new lype of defenses thai appear at Jericho, asal many other sites in the country the type in which Ihe wall stands on top of a high glacis. The surviving portion ut Jericho consists of a revetment wall at the base (wilhoui the external ditch found at s.>mc sjtes(,anartiIkinlglacisoverlying the original slope of the moundantl steepening (he slope to an angle of 35 degrees, and the face of the glacis surfaced with hard lime plaster. On ihe summit ol'lhis glacis was(he cuilaui wall, at a height ofl 7m ahowlhcexicriorground level 3iul set hack 26m from it. Inside the wall was a lesser slope down to the interior of the lown. Only in one place, at Ihe northwest corner ofthc town, did Ihe glacis survive to its full height, with the foundations of the wall above it. F.lscwhere. erosion hud removed some 6 m of it and. with them, all lraces of the previous Middle Bron/c Age walls. Those walls are presumed lo have existed bcnealh the glacis and can probably be identified beneath its surviving high point
Three stages of this glacis can be iraced. The final one had a very massive revel ment wall placed in fronlofcarlicrand kssmassivcwalls. This wall can be traced around nearly two-thirds of the circuit of the mound, swinging out at the north end well 10 the cast ofthc present road Here, the glacis had lefl the cres of ihe sloping edge of the mound and must have formed a freestanding rampart on level ground, as ildocsal souk other sites with such defenses at '.'.ii ...i and Tell cl-Yahudiyeh. for example
Evidence of the Middle Bronze Age at Jericho was considerably supplemented by that from the tombs. Once more there was the practice of multiple burials, additional evidence of u break with Ihe preceding period. From the cvidcnccofa succession offortitsofpoltcry and olhcrobjects, it is possible lo establish a scries covering the whole period ofthc Middle Bron/c Age II. The normal practice wasto provide each burial with food, furniture, and personal toilet articles As new burials were made, the skeletal remains and associated offerings of previous ones were pushed lo one side, ihus creating a heap of bones and objects in the rear of (he chamber. Some property in the Jericho lombs arrested ihclotal decay of the organic material, and objects of wood and basketry often survived in recognizable form. In the pushing-aside process, many of the larger objects were broken. However, a number of tombs were found in which groups of simultaneous lm.il burials remained undisturbed. Most of Ihcse belonged to the lates! stage of Middle Bron/c Age Jericho. They are probably evidence of a period of high mortality so soon before the final destruction of the town thai the lombs were never reused.
From these lombs, therefore, it was possible to obtain evidence of ihe lull normal equipment in lombs ofthc period. Almost without exception there wasa long narrow table, usually found laden wiih food. The structure of ihe lablc. with mo legs at oncend and one at the olhcr. presumably was designed loenablc il lo stand on an uneven floor. Stools and beds were also found, bul (hesc were rare and only occurred in tombs of apparently important persons In other tombs, ihe dead person lay on rush mats, leading to ihe conclusion thai beds and stools wen: luxury articles Most adults were provided wilh baskets containing (oilel articles, alabaster vessels, wooden combs, and boxes with applied bone decoration. Wooden vessels—from huge planers to small bowls, cups, and botllcs—clearly supplemented the pottery vessels In most cases. Ihe dead were buried clothed. The garments were not well preserved, but lextile fragments, usually of a rathcrcoarse texture, were found extending ut least toihcknccsand held in place by toggle pinsonthcshoulder. chest, oral the waist. Personal ornaments were not numerous. From Ihe position of a number of wooden combs, n appears thai they were worn in the hair. There were a few heads (hat in some cases may have belonged lo necklaces. A considerable number of scarabs were found, sometime* worn on linger rings bul more often apparently as pendants. It is reasonable lo assume that ihe equipment provided foradead person ina tomb wastries;) me
cquipmcm to which he or she was accustomed in life.
The final Middle Bron/c Age buildings al Jericho were violently destroy© by lire Thereafter, the site wasabandoned. and ihe ruins of two buildmgso (he lwerp.ii i of (he slope gradually becamccovered with rain-washed debris Thedaleofihehurned buildings would seem lobe Ihe very endof the Middl
It ■.....Age. and Ihe destruction may be asvnbahle to Ihe disturbances ttu
followed the expansion of ihe 111'- from Egypt in about 156(1 Acs. Till: LATE BHON/.E \t.I The site was abandoned during most of Ih second half of (he sixleenlh ccnlury and probably most of the fiftccntt The conclusion formed during the 19341-19.16 excavations thai there wa continuous occupation in this period wasduc lo a lack of knowledge of ih pollcry from the beginning ofthc Lale Bron/c Age. The significance of il complete absence was not appreciated
Only very scanty remains survive of the town that overlieslhe layers of ran washed debris These include the building described by Garslang us th middle building, the building he called the palace fullhough there i\ n-published dating evidence and it could be Iron Agel. and fragments of floor and wall in the area excavated from 1952 lo 1958. Everything els disappeared in subsequent denudation ITic small amount of pollcry recot ered suggests a fourtcenlh-ccnlury hi t date This date is supported by th evidence from rive tombs excavated by (iarstang that were tensed in (hi period. Il is probable lhat the site was rcoccupied soon alter 1400 w:i. an abandoned in the second half of ihe fourteenth ccnlury. The pottery on th mound and in Ihelombsiscertainly later than 1400 lo 1380 W i: Acalculatio based on biblical evidence led Garsiang to suggest ihis date for the dcstrut tionof the rife. It is probably nut as lale as ihe thiricenlh century, which isih date supported byolher scholarsfor ihe cnlryofihclsraelilcs into the counir afler the Exodus.
Of the defenses of ihe period, nothing al all survives. The double wj ascribed lo ihe Late Bron/c Age in the I930 1936 excavations is compose-in part of two successive walls from Ihe Early Bron/c Age. For most of th circuit, only st umps survive. Even of these walls and ofthc Middle Bron/e Ag glaclsthaibunedihcm.onlyiriepartonilieslopesoflhemoundwasinlact.A ihe highest preserved point of ihe mound, the northwest corner, ihe glacis wa iniaci. but of the wall (ha! crowned it. only the bare foundaiions were still i postlion. There is noi (he slightest trace of any later wall.
Jericho, therefore, was destroyed in the Lale Bronze Age II. Il is ver possible that ihis destruction is truly remembered in the Book of Joshu: although archaeology cannot provide Uie proof. The subsequent break i occupation dial is proved by archaeology is. however, in accord with Ui biblical story. 1 Tiere was a period of abandonment, during which crosio removed most of Ihe remains of ihe Lale Bron/c Age (own and much of ih earlier ones. Rainwater gulleys thai cm deeply inlo the underlying levels ha* been found
THE IRON AGE AND PERSIAN PERIOD. According to the biblical k count, Hicl Ihe Belhchic was responsible for the first rcoccupalion of Jcnch in ihe lime of Ahab (early ninih century KB), No Irace of an Iron Ag occupalion as early as this has so far been observed, bul it may have bee a small-scale affair. In the seventh century set, however, (here was an ex (ensivvoccupationofthcancienl site. Evidence of i his docs noi survive on (h summit of the mound bul is found as a (hick deposit, wilh several succcssiv building levels, on its flanks. On the eastern slope, a massive building froc this period was found, wilh a tripartite plan common in the I inn Age II. I li pottery suggests lhai this stage in I he historyof ihe silc lasted unlil (hcnenoi