Greetings Ohayoo. Good morning. Ohayoo gozaimasu. Good morning, (polite) Konnichiwa. Good afternoon. Konbanwa. Good evening. Sayoonara. Good-bye. Oyasuminasai. Good night. Arigatoo. Thank you. Arigatoo gozaimasu. Thank you. (polite) Sumimasen. Excuse me.; I'm sorry. lie. No.; Not at all. Ittekimasu. I'll go and come back. Itterasshai. Please go and come back. radaima. I'm home. Okaerinasai. Welcome home. Itadakimasu. Thank you for the meal. (before eating) Gochisoosama. Thank you for the meal. (after eating) H ajirnernashite. flow do you do? ? X o L < o Doozo yoroshiku. Nice to meet you. - mms—s Expression 35li<£-3/55D£ii£p3^ Oluiyoo is used between friends and family members, while ohayoo gnzaima.su is used between less intimate acquaintances, similarly with arigatoo and arigatoo gozaimasu. The rule of thumb is: if you are on a first-name basis with someone, go for the shorter versions. If you would address someone as Mr. or Ms., use Ihe longer versions. To give a concrete example, the social expectation is such thai students are to use (he longer variants when they speak with a professor. ci'cfco&fcb^ There are several good-bye expressions in Japanese, the choice among which depends on Ihe degree of separation. Sayoonara indicates that the speaker does not expect to see the person spoken to before she "turns a page in her life"; not until a new day arrives, or until fate brings the two together again, or until they meet again in the other world. U ¥ . You come to class in the morning. Greet your teacher. Greet your friends. I. Oil a crowded train, you stepped on someone's foot. ■r>. You dropped your book. Someone picked it up for you. 6. It is eight o'clock at night. You happen to meet your teacher at the convenience store. 7. You are watching TV with your host family. It is time to go to sleep. 8. You are leaving home. 9. You have come back home. 10. You are going to start eating. 11. You have finished eating. l\L\/L^ He is primarily "No," a negative reply to a question. In the dialogue, it is used to express the English phrase "Don't mention it," or "You're welcome," with which you point out that one is not required to feel obliged for what you have done for them. Uor6ol^lVl\or£Sf/fc£l\£/;fc#;*9&£U^ Ittekimasu and itterasshai is a common exchange used at home when a family member leaves. The person who leaves says ittekimasu. which literally means "I will go and come back." And the family members respond with itterasshai, which means "Please go and come back." Tadaima and okaeri are used when a person comes home. The person who arrives home says tadaima (I am home right now) to the family members, and they respond with okaeritiasai (Welcome home). m 1 is l e s s 0 n.............. ...............1 © £11 Ho # , felt L : SfcbUl \bt>tz£ New Friends frUfo Dialogue ts Mary, an international student who just arrived in Japan, talks to a Japanese student. o 1 / f ') - : Mearii Sumimasen. [ma nanji dcsu ka. 2 feIt L : Takeshi ftp i i:L'iJt/vt:-r„ fuuniji nan desu. 3/TV—: Mearii Arigatoo gozaimasu. 4 feIt L : Takeshi V>vv£„ lie. Takeshi 2 5f'V Mearii a felt I Takeshi Mearii ryuugakusee desu ka. He. Arizona daigaku no gakusce desu. * t -et #\ -a-A i /at i/v-ct*>, Soo desu ka. Senmon wa nan desu ka. i:li/vC*-üT0 ^1 life/u-ä-vMT-l-o Nihongo dcsu. Ima ninensee desu. © Mary: Excuse me. What time is it now? Takeshi: It's half past twelve. Mao': Thank yon. Takeshi: You're welcome. © Takeshi: Urn . . . are you an international student? Mary: Yes. I am a student at the University of Arizona. Takeshi: I see. What is your major? Mary: Japanese. I am a sophomore now. mm tc fa c a b u £ ? £ "3 w >— ~L'/v h° a - 7 - l: A,-^V< " f v T- x Occupations Amerika Igirisu Oosutoraria Kankoku Sueeden Chuugoku kagaku ajiakenkyuu keezai kokusaikankee konpyuutaa jinruigaku seeji bijinesu bungaku rekishi U.S.A. Britain Australia Korea Sweden China science Asian studies economics international relations computer anthropology politics business literature history L Z'Z shigoto job; work; occupation n> v L * isha doctor kaishain office worker z ■) z ^-*v» kookoosee high school student L r> .1» shufu housewife daigakuinsee graduate student daigakusee college student bengoshi lawyer a m i 1 y okaasan mother J£ £ 1 $ X- otoosan father oneesan older sister oniisan older brother imooto younger sister otooto younger brother Grammar x ij y "It is 12:30." "I am a student." "My major is the Japanese language." These sentences will all be translated into Japanese using an appropriate noun and the word desu. V ~r3"o //«... L* vP i lz l* tä/vf-f o (It) is half past twelve. Juuniji han desu. Cakusee desu. Nihongo desu. (I) am, a student. (My major) is the Japanese language. Yamashita san wa sen see desu. Mearii san vva amerikajin desu. Mr. Yamashita is a teacher. Mary is an American. Wa is a member of the class of words called "particles." So is the word no, which we will turn to later in this lesson. Particles attach themselves to phrases and indicate how the phrases relate to the rest of the sentence. Note also that nouns like gakusee and seusee in the above examples stand alone, unlike their English translations "student" and "teacher," which are preceded by "a." In Japanese, (here is no item that corresponds to "a," nor is there any item that corresponds to the plural "-s" at the end of a noun. Without background situations, a sentence like gakusee desu is therefore ambiguous between the singular and the plural interpretations; it may mean "We are/you are/they are students," as well as "I am/you are/she is a student." Note that none of these sentences has a "subject," like the "it," "I," and "my major" found in their English counterparts. Sentences without subjects are very common in Japanese; Japanese speakers actually tend to omit subjects whenever they think it is clear to the listener what or who they are referring to. What are we to do, then, when it is not clear what is being talked about? To make explicit what we are talking about, we can say: ______(i l-l5/i/C"f"to__is the Japanese language. wa nihongo desu. Where____...... stands for the thing that is talked about, or the "topic," which is later in the sentence identified as nihongo. For example, ■tir/v fe A, li (- (5/v £*"C"J"„ (My) major is /he Japanese language. Senmc-n wa nihongo desu. Similarly, one can use the pattern X wa Y desu to identify a person or a thing X as item Y. Question Sentences It is very easy to form questions in Japanese. Basically, all you need to do is add ka at the end of a statement. Ryuugakusee desu. (I am) an international student. Ryuugakusee desu ka. (Are you) an international student? The above sentence, Ryuugakusee desu ka, is a "yes/no" question. Question sentences may also contain a "question word" like nan (what). In this lesson, we learn how to ask, and answer, questions using the following question words: nanji (what time), nansai (how old), uannensee (what year in school). Note carefully that the order of words in a sentence may be quite different from what you find in your language. Sermion wa nan desu ka. What is your major? (Senmon wa) eego desu. (My major) is English. X Ii Y r-To X is Y. As for X, if is Y. ht:Hi X - • *A-t"f„ Watashl wa Suu Kimu desu. / am Sue Kim. 'It is not customary to write a question mark at the end of a question sentence in Japanese. 'The Japanese question word for "what" has two pronunciations: nan and tiani. Nioi is used immediately before desu or before a "counter" like ji (o'clock). The other form, nani, is used before a particle. Nani is also used in the combination uanijin (person of what nationality). K»)|^^!S-5:;S«i Ima nanji desu ka. What time is it now? Mearii san wa nansai desu ka. How old are you, Mary? fr/vta/v-fr^-C"fa'o Nannensee desu ka. What year are you in college? X'Lb- o li t£AsX'jr*\ Deriwa bangoo wa nan desu ka. What is your telephone number? (v>i) <_Mx~r0 (Ima) kuji desu. It is nine o'clock. juukyuusai desu. /'/« nineteen years old. Ninensee desu. /'mi *«< co -tf- sensee daigaku no nihongo no gakusee nihon no daigaku Takeshi's phone number a college professor a student of the Japanese language a college in Japan Observe that in the first two examples, the English and Japanese words are arranged in the same order, while in the last two, they are in the opposite order. Japanese seems to be more consistent in arranging ideas here; the main idea always comes at the end, with any further description placed before it. 3Herc is what we mean by the "main idea." In the phrase Takeshi san no deniva bangoo (Takeshi's phone number), the noun denwa bangoo (phone number) is the main idea, in the sense that if something is Takeshi's phone number, it is a phone number. The other noun Takeshi san is not the main idea, because Takeshi's phone number is not Takeshi. : I EM noun, © noun2 T t main idea further restriction A phrase of the form "fioufu no noun*" acts more or less like one big noun. You can put it wherever you can put a noun, as in the following example: I tz it L 3 Lv> \"z -? c ^ co -fr/lX'tc Takeshi san no okaasan wa kookoo no sensee desu. Takeshi's mother is a high school teacher. m mms—s Expression Notes <&©► Alio indicates that you have some reservations about saying what you are going to say next. You may be worried about interrupting something someone is currently doing, or sounding rude and impolite for asking personal questions, for example. lilVxx.^ Both hai and ee mean "yes" in response to yes-no questions. Compared to hai, ee is more conversational and relaxed. In more informal situations, un is used. /lai is also used to respond to a knock at the door or to the calling of one's name, meaning "Here," as follows. (Ee cannot be replaced in this case.) j Teacher: % X X § A, ? Sumisu san? Student: Hai Mr. Smith? Here. ■ZoTHtti't Soo desu ka acknowledges that you have understood what was just said. "Is that so?" ur "I see." Pronunciation of !£► The particle (i is pronounced "wet," not "ha." It should be written with Si. y\ll other instances of "wa" are written with h. fcfcL© T/UbUXr-5« 37-8667-C1-0 Watashi no denwa bangoo wa san nana no hachi roku roku nana desu. My telephone number is 37-8667. There are a few exceptions, such as konnichiwa (good afternoon) and konbanwa (good evening). They are usually written with i^f;%iJ and £ Numbers ► Many number words have more than one pronunciation. Refer to the table at the end of this book for a general picture. 0 -If n and tiv* are both commonly used. 1 Vife, but pronounced as V>-3 in V^o-S^ (one minute) and I'oS V> (one-year old). 2 K all the time. When you are reading out each digit separately, as when you give your phone number, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as EVv; 3 § ^ all the time. The part that follows it may change shape, as in instead of SA/AA,. 4 , but usually pronounced as (Jo in lio^A- and iio §V\ 9 § ig> •? is the most basic, but nine o'clock is < U. 10 U 8> but pronounced as C e> o in U w> o.£A/ and U 8) o § V». Giving one's telephone number ► The particle no is usually placed in between the local exchange code and the last four digits. Therefore, the number 012-345-6789 is zero ichi ni, san yon go no, roku nana hachi kyuu. liA/ttl^ The word sensee is usually reserved for describing somebody else's occupation. Watashi wa sensee desu makes sense, but may sound slightly arrogant, because the word sensee actually means an "honorable master." If you (or a member of your family) are a teacher, and if you want to be really modest, you can use the word kyooshi instead. S 1 PH particular as kun), rather than as san. Professors and doctors are usually referred to with the title sensee. San and other title words are never used in reference to oneself. Referring to the person you are talking to ► The word for "you," anata, is not very commonly used in Japanese. Instead, we use the name and a title like san and sensee to refer to the person you are talking to. Therefore, a sentence like "Ms. Hart, are you Swedish?" should be: It h b -fiiTA. Haato san wa sueedenjin desu ka. instead of ^-r £ A,, fc&fctt X<>i-f yUA-T"t7j>„ Haato san, anata wa sueedenjin desu ka. Japanese names ► When Japanese give their name, they say their family name first and given name last. Usually, they don't have middle names. When they introduce themselves, they often say only their family name. Here are some typical Japanese names. Family name Given name Men Women t>5L Satoo Hiroshi Yuuko -r-f § Suzuki Ichiroo Megurni A-U < &£ Takahashi Kenji Kumiko <®o § Tanaka Yuuki Naomi Itoo Masahiro Kyooko "tlhjV San is placed after a name as a generic title. It goes both with a given name and a family name. Children are referred to as chan (and boys in tl/uUKJö P r a c t ®"^"ÖL/ (Numbers) I c e 0 zero ree 1 11 U tp y^fe 30 3 A, U * -5 ichi juuichi sanjuu 2 C 12 L> T I: 40 «t A> IT * "9 ni juuni yonjuu 3 13 L* KÖ ") 3 A< 50 san juusan gojuu 4 J:A,/L/U) 14 L'*i i A,/ L>i L 60 ^> < Ütpn yon shi (yo) juuyon juushi rokujuu 5 15 70 & 4' L* yp 7 S° juugo nanajuu 6 h < 16 80 roku juuroku hachijuu 7 17 90 nana shichi juunana juushichi kyuujuu 8 life 18 L* * •) tffe 100 < hachi juuhachi hyaku 9 19 L* 1* 7 $ *P 1 / L' rj) 7 < kyuu ku juukyuu juuku 10 L* * 7 20 K\Z>p 1 juu nijuu A. Read the following numbers. @ (a) 5 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 1 (e) 10 (f) 8 (8) 2 (h) 6 (i) 4 (j) 3 B. Read the following numbers, (jjjjj) (a) 45 (b) 83 (c) 19 (d) 76 (e) 52 (f) 100 (g) 38 (W 61 (i) 24 (j) 97 C. What are the answers? © (a) 5 + 3 (b)9+l (c) 3+4 (d) 6-6 (e) 10 + 9 (f) 8-7 (g) 40-25 ®Ufrtu (Time) ichiji sanji yoji h < u rokuji IfeU sh ichiji lifeL* hachiji juuichiji juuniji V^feUtäA, ichiji han A. Look at the following pictures and answer the questions, (jjjjj) Example: Q:^J & A, L*"C"f*\, Ex. Ima nanji desu ka. A : ^feL*liA/-Cl-. Ichiji han desu. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) sei SM L* rp 7 U juuji 0 B. Answer the questions. © Example: Q : ^Jnli v>t & ^ L' X"tfr Tookyoo wa ima nanji desu ka. A : r-tf-X 5L\lX"t0 Cozen sanji desu. 1. London 6:00 p.m. 4. New Delhi D \30P'MJ^TOk"y" 3:00 am 5. Bangkok 5>3 1:00 a.m. 3. Nairobi 9:00 p.m. 6. Sydney H 4:00 am (*)71ht)\£h^.Z> (Telephone Numbers) A. Read the following people's telephone numbers. @ Example: "Piltz 283-9547 Yamashita ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana 1. / T 'J - Mearii 2. fett I Takeshi t i 3. X- Suu h If * £ 4. o/N*— |* Robaato 951-0326 362-4519 691-4236 852-1032 B. Pair Work—Read the dialogue below with your partner. @ A : X'Lh\lL~n (i K/iX-ffro Denwa bangoo wa nan desu ka. B : 283-9547-Ctc, Ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana desu. 2:i A : 283-9547-ttirao Ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana desu ne. B : tiv*, X'-fo Hai, soo desu. C. Group Work—Use the dialogue above and ask three classmates their telephone numbers. name telephone number ) ( ) ( ) ( Translate the following phrases into Japanese using (D (no). © Example: student of the Japanese language nihongo no gakusee 1. my teacher 3. my name 5. Mary's friend 7. teacher of the Japanese language 2. my telephone number 4. Takeshi's major 6. student of the University of London 8. high school teacher 0 35 0 U » 9 tf A. Look at the chart on the next page and describe each person using the cues in (a) through (e). @ 1. fcliL^ Takeshi san t i 2. X — Suu san 3. D/*— h Robaato san 4. Lf--ä•^-ä■v^ Yamashita sensee (a) nationality Example: * T ]) — 3 ^ Mearii san Mearii san wa amerikajin desu. (b) year in school Example: / T 'J — 5 ^ Mearii san Mearii san wa ninensee desu. (c) age Example: ^T'J-H Mearii san (d) school Example: ^ T V — 5 A/ Mearii san (e) major Example: /T'J-^A Mearii san Mearii san wa juukyuu sai desu. Mearii san wa Arizona daigaku no gakusee desu. /tv-sa,« -y-^t^lä kha^'f-f. Mearü san no senmon wa nihongo desu. Hart, Mary f^tstit: tt L Kimura Takeshi Kim, Sue Smith, Robert ^2 lfc* Yamashita sensee Nationality American Japanese Korean kankokujin British igirisujin Japanese Year 2nd year 4th year 3rd year 4th year Age 19 22 20 22 47 School U. of Arizona Tozai Univ. Seoul Univ. U. of London Tozai Univ. Major Japanese history I) rekishi computer konpyuutaa business (h'y*X) bijinesu (Japanese teacher) B. Pair Work—Ask and answer questions using the given cues. Example 1: / T -i L/T/ i] \ZL Mearii san amerikajin Q : / 7 'j — 3 /U2 v # L^tth Mearii san wa amerikajin desu ka. Alii, £7 -Cto Ee, soo desu. si an Example 2: / T'J - $ A//$ A,taA,-tf-^ Mearii san sannensee Mearii san wa sannensee desu ka. A : Uft/C-tf ^-T~f0 lie, ninensee desu. 1. J T ]) As/T >) V'l-tz'*^ < ;raA,-fc>^ Mearii san ichinensee 3. ^itL^A./ctJA.UA, Takeshi san nihonjin 4. felt L S A,/(-(5A,*:*v^*< ^*<-a-^ Takeshi san Nihon daigaku no gakusee 5. fc(tL5Av/U* 7 $*P 7* 3^ Takeshi san juukyuusai 6. x-e^/x<^-f-->uA, Suu san sueedenjin 7. X-5/l<7) *Itv^'v^ (economics) Suu san no senmon keezai h li' h t 1/ L' t 8. n/<-b$A<0 -tixt> A//t* Robaato san no senmon bijinesu 9. oA- I i L/lUL^i^ Robaato san yonensee 10. o/<—h ■? v^o 5^ Robaato san nijuuissai n. Lf:-a^^-y-v^/u(i^L"^ Yamashita sensee nihonjin 12. L^-£/l-^/A<7^ fc*^** < (?) -tiX-ti-^ Yamashita sensee Hawai daigaku no sensee A. Look at the chart below and describe each person with regard to (a) and (b). @ l. &frh*iL okaasan 2. oniisan 3. \.*t 7 £ imooto (a) occupation/school Example: £ £ ^ $ ^ otoosan Mearii san no otoosan wa kaishain desu. (b) age Example: ti Z 1 * ^ otoosan Mearii san no otoosan wa yonjuuhassai desu. Mary's host family H H ~7 i As otoosan (father) okaasan (mother) oniisan (elder brother) imooto (younger sister) Occupation/ School kaishain (works for a company) L yp ,1> shufu (housewife) daigakuinsee (graduate student) kookoosee (high school student) Age 48 45 23 16 Answer the questions using the chart above. 1. Otoosan wa an i $l Otoosan wa Okaasan wa Okaasan wa Oniisan wa Oniisan wa Imooto wa v»t •) t ti Imooto wa kaishain desu ka. nansai desu ka. sensee desu ka. (i 5e&3v*-ct*\ nansai desu ka. kaishain desu ka. nansai desu ka. daigakusee desu ka. nansai desu ka. Sgl «M (i)^ tlA/L- t5t>-5 (Review Exercises) A. Class Activity—Ask five classmates questions and fill in the chart below. Example questions: jo 0." i £ (i ? (What is your name?) Onamae wa? J 4 1/=*" Doko kara kimashita ka. L £ (occupation) %A/1?~fr&%a Shigoto wa nan desu ka. Nannensee desu ka. Nansai desu ka. Senmon wa nan desu ka. (Where do you come from?) Name Nationality Occupation/ School Age Major, etc. B. Self-introduction—Introduce yourself to the class. Example: /-- 7 V* li A C Mearii Haato desu. fiL'16-á L-Cc Hajimemashite. Arizona daigaku no gakusee desu. Ima ninensee desu. Senmon wa nihongo desu. L* * 7 í * 7 ív^-e-t. iíU' l % L < o Juukyuusai desu. Doozo yoroshiku. C. Class Activity—Ask your classmates what their majors are, and find someone who has the following major. Example: Q : A,l± %A,-?1ri\ Senmon wa nan desu ka. A : KllA,z"X"f0 Nihongo desu. Sill ISM 1. Japanese 2. economics 3. English 4. history 5. business Time / Age Time hours minutes 1 i ii U yp -) J»% ichiji ippun juuippun 2 cc 2 i2 L>1 KlUA, niji nifun juunifun 3 3 13 sanji sanpun juusanpun 4 J: L* 4 14 yoji yonpun juuyonpun 5 ru 5 rjx 15 goji gofun juugofun 6 % < u 6 ^> o A/ 16 rokuji roppun juuroppun 7 L £> L* 7 ft ft A/ 17 shichiji nanafun juunanafun 8 8 LA, 18 hachiji happun hachifun juuhappun 9 < l* 9 l* yp 7 lifeJX kuji kyuufun juuhachifun 10 10 19 juuji juppun juukyuufun 11 \ZrPl v^t I! 20 f - U ^ -5 J»°/v juuichiji nijuppun 12 30 juuniji sanjuppun Age (How old are you?) Nansai desu ka. Oikutsu desu ka. The counter suffix ~ < 5 v n is used to indicate ' -years old." 1 5 9 j yp •) $ v-n issai gosai ky jusai 2 f: $ v^ 6 h < 5V* 10 L>-2?^ nisai rokusai jussai 3 7 4 4: 5 v % ii L' ^ 7 -3 $ V ^ sansai nanasai juuissai 4 8 20 tifcfc* yonsai hassai hatachi *For 20 years old, li 7i *> (hatachi) is usually used, although Ic L* » -3 5 v > (nijussai) can be used.