mama, mom; female bar manager mast Sue stylish, slender [E., smart] yeast toast (bread) note: The symbols [—] and horizontal writing, [ | ] I ] indicate long vowel sounds (i.e., /aa/, , /uu/, lee/, and /oo/). [—] is used in in vertical writing. i I-i-1-1 I-1-1-1 I list; Liszt _1 |_|___ , fashion stylist Chris I _| I______ | star (performer) pet trimmer | _I_I_I I_|_I_I 1 start lease; wreath (movie) screen (baseball/bowling) strike rink; link , class intern air conditioner [E., cooler] illustration stunt man 100 lettuce thrill (psychological) stress recruit TV personality [E., talent] crystal muffler, winter scarf loan (ski) lift Rome [lt., Roma] (airplane) flight Rolls-Royce inflation Ejj^ En L* I £3 IEÜ3 Read the following katakana words and match each with its English equivalent from the box below. 0) » % « # Í ' « © «3 r ( ) 5. 7-7>X ( ) 6. O —V ( Wr7> ( ) 8. ( ) 9. u-y ( ^71/ ( ) 11. OX ) 12. X ^ X ( ( ) 14. h A V ( ) 15. 7o>i- ! € # m # i a. toilet b. restaurant c. tomato d. loan e. list f. Rome g. Iran h. France i. Switzerland j. rental k. rule I. intern m. Christmas n. inflation o. front desk Below is an ad for a somewhat unusual rental store. You need to rent a Rolls-Royce, a microphone, and a screen. Can you find these items at this store? Write your order vertically in Japanese, paying attention to the direction of the long-vowel line. : a. « : b. o - a x o i x : c. 9 — 7- j d. X^'J-> a i e.~? 1 9 f. 7Vi/- h Your order 2. 1. Ll° ramen (noodles in hot soup) [Ch., lámián] time; thyme _I_I_I_I I_I_I_I_I classmate complaint (for damages etc.) [E., claim] i-- _I_I _I I_I I_I_I_I_I_I ; e-mail full time ice cream car rental [E., rent-a-car] _I_I_I_I I_I_I_I__I America calorie I- _I_I_I_I I_I_I_I_I Italy [It., Italia] skirt i-1- Africa curry with rice [E., curry rice] Alaska manners towel sweatshirt; (animal/sport) trainer lion narrator chameleon trio [It] all-night (usually referring to movies) sticker [E., seal] taxi (cash register) receipt assistant cocoa, hot chocolate ■"""3* chorus concrete (cement) 2 signature, autograph; signal [E., sign] terrorist concert stereo curtain male white-collar worker [E., salary man] interior decoration E\tT C™ rn> r™» I |2 CT" Your teacher has collected money for a party. People with an X before their names have not paid. Who hasn't paid yet? Circle their names. LESSON * •»«»•*»«>*«> Who hasn't paid? xt>>- X /; U > X V - 7 I » Alan Alice Ann Carl XX- o— IJ — Chris Ian Karen Larry C7 — 7 'J y a Laura Laurie Lucy Lynn T'JX x -i Tv • : Mark Mary Mike Nancy X h A Sam Sue Terry Thomas X T> Tom /!✓-■>- ■7 'J — XT7> * i * & # # # The following schedule shows Mr. Noda's business trip itinerary. * # © a # * # # ; Destination Dates » T / ])J] 4/17-4/21 : h7'j7 # I 7 7 > 7 # 1) What country is he in on May 5th? 2) After Italy, where does he go? ill safe play (baseball); just in time celery sensor nonsense wool sauna virus (biological/computer) [G.] counselor mint Mexico mass media [E., mass communication] Christ [Port., Christo] airport/bus) terminal steak READ AND WRITE READ AND WRITE escalator air conditioner —— team coach - lunch waist centimeter stalled engine [E., engine stop] i ' I I " I I I I I I (cooked) chicken elite (person) [Fr., elite] inch READ AND WRITE / \ "'5 / handsome man / \ &1V v handkerchief roast ham rehearsal sexual harassment high tech 1 40 READ AND WRITE near midair collision [E., near miss] an/me, animation ——- fanatic (e.g., car freak) [E., mania] macaroni [It.] tennis court wa •«. > • READ AND WRITE wine Hawaii tower vaccine [G., Vakzin] teamwork Li? ho READ AND WRITE hotel (aluminum) foil (train) platform; (baseball) home plate home run privately owned home [E.( my home] interphone, intercom LESSON EXERCISE The following sign at a supermarket shows what's on sale today. You need to buy cauliflower, celery, salami, and kiwi. Write your shopping list in Japanese—vertically. Shopping List \s9 7 -fen? ij / D V 77 'J 777- The following is a list of full-time job openings. Jobs that have already been taken are marked with an X. You want to apply to be a counselor. Is that job still available? 7)19 4L X T -> x > h • 3— f- X h ux 77 y-tr-7 — x x y > h v > I 44 N > \ .* N ••. ..* • . « . • READ AND WRITE READ AND WRITE necktie sonar mineral solo ....if cinema [Fr.] neon Seoul; soul music tunnel honeymoon marathon I 46 / software / seesaw izJ Honolulu lemon norm, (assigned) production quota [Russ., norma] (TV) monitor; consumer tester remote control no comment Moscow [Russ., Moskva] 49 READ AND WRITE cake skating [E., skate] Michael orchestra questionnaire [Fr., enquéte] [so tsu m ■ft IP • • • • S • V. ^ READ AND WRITE (canned) tuna tour twin (bed) fruit(s) suitcase 51 j READ AND WRITE (shoe) heel coffee [D., koffie] heater filet [Fr.] hint hysteria [G., Hysterie] j 52 READ AND WRITE yak the Himalayas earphone hired taxi wireless tire 53 j hairstyle U-turn unique [Fr.] healthy hernia [Lat.] humor Afro hairstyle UNICEF I Helen UNESCO 55 j lumammm coyote Ainu people (native Japanese) _I_I_I I_I_I_I j Toyota note: Onomatopoeic and mimetic words, which represent sounds or describe actions or conditions (such as 7/17/1 slimy), are usually written in katakana. For more of these words, see pp. 94-95. DOUBLE CONSONANTS The basic (regular-sized) katakana "V is pronounced as /tsu/, but a small y does not have its own pronunciation. Rather, it indicates a double consonant. When you see a small y in a word, it's a signal to hold your breath for one beat in the position where the small y is. In romanized transcription, a small y is indicated by a series of two consonants (kk, ss, tt, hh, gg, zz, jj, dd, bb, pp, cch, or ff). For example, E7 >y y is written as rokku, where the underlined letter represents the small y . The small y stands for a full beat. The word /ro-k-ku/ ("rock" or "lock"), for example, has three beats. When pronouncing such a word, hold the first consonant of the double consonant (the underlined letter) for a full beat. If you don't give the small y a full beat, it could change the meaning of the word. If /ro-k-ku/ were pronounced with only two beats, as in /ro-ku/, it would mean "six" instead of "rock" (or "lock"). To get an idea of what is meant here, note the difference in the length of the k sounds in the English word "placard" (where it is spelled with a "c") and in the phrase "black card." The pronunciation of the latter resembles the double k sound in rokku. Practice reading the words in "Read and Write" on the next page, keeping in mind the following rule: The small y takes one full beat. One must also remember that the exception is the double n sound. It is written with the syllabic nasal /n/ character V, followed by a katakana from the n column: j~ /na/, — /ni/, /nu/, ^ /ne/, or / /no/. A small y is never used to create a double n sound. For example, rannaa ("runner") is written as 7 yi~ — , not "7 y i~ —. Small y is written the same as regular-sized '7. However, in horizontal writing, it is written in the lower half of its real or imaginary square, while in vertical writing it is written in the right half of the square. Pay attention to the position of small y when writing vertically and horizontally. In horizontal writing, you write the small y in the lower half of the square, while in vertical writing you write it in the right half of the square. I 58 READ AND WRITE nut(s) soccer rock (music); lock hotcake, pancake Now try writing vertically. Start here, and move left. CD "P_ CD m o r+ n zj-5-c/>' D CD 0 5ľ 01 o CD CD (/) cn_ n' SL 3 c Í2. n' 1 O n 7T CD 59 j Ifcn......... I Vnrii I fca* Wmrnm %mm3 S3 O The following world times are displayed on a series of clocks in a hotel lobby. 9 pm /))/)]/ • 11 pm -y- 7 7 7 7 ■> X » 2 am 7 7 7 b 7, hc7>h • • 8am 77>77^K o —v • 9 am 77 -f C7 ■■■■( «!■ % ' 10 am -ErX 7 7 4 pm 7 7 /!/ 1) What time is it in Moscow? & äS @ & -a ■! 2) In which city is it.9 pm now? 3) In Tokyo it's 4 pm. In which other city is it also 4 pm? 4) What time is it in Washington, D.C.? Q Advertisements for the following Japanese companies are shown on the pages listed. * 7—— ............................. 49 : • t>3- 52 • : -Ms- ........................ 64 : i 77 7 7f ........................... 66 | # © ; -V'v^n ........................... 85 ♦ * # I h37 ........................... 91 : I SO 1) On which page is the Casio ad? The Nikon ad? 2) Which companies are listed on pages 49, 52, and 85? 3) What page is Toyota on? The following chart summarizes what might be found on each floor of a department store. 5F 4F 3F 2F 1F X-rU^\ T4&>. 77/7 7-k M77--K *#-k -b-^-, r- A V X77-7, V77-, *-y7UX, 7-y 7 7 1) a. Which floors have a restroom (toilet)? b. Where can you find a raincoat? c. On which floor can you find an Internet connection? d. Where are the coin-operated lockers? e. Which floor has an interior decoration consultant? 2) You plan to buy a sweater, necklace, and socks. Write your shopping list in Japanese. You are at a restaurant with a somewhat unusual selection of dishes. Look at the following menu and translate it into English. , / d y 3 -t- (*y h/7M X) : 7^ > JiHlilliiSiili ■ •fit • •••<• •■• • • • • •'• • i * ^••■•••■••1 ■::V: 1111 ""'*""'""„■■ * mi IfflllMf # i : / : f ■ « 3* ga : e e o o • i • gi »9009099 : gu : i 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 ge ; 9 9 9 9 9 9 9' • go » 9 9 9 9 9 » : X : -t? : » za : ji 1 zu ; ze : zo : ^ f :7"j ■ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ► — Vs :"'F da : di 1 9 • O • 9 9 C : du ; i 9 O O 9 9 9 9 1 de i 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 : do » 9 9 9 0 9 / \ ; ť : -/ : : ^ : : * ba : bi I bu : I be bo 0 / \ 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 : ť » 19 9 9 9 9 0 9 0 : y 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 : K » 1 9 0 9 9 0 » pa : pi ', pu ; pe ! po * ■ éiIíéíI VOICED AND SEMI-VDICED CONSONANTS Katakana of the k, s, t, and h rows can be turned into voiced sounds by adding a [* ] diacritic mark after the character. The katakana of the h row (ha, hi, fu, he, ho), meanwhile, can be turned into both voiced and semi-voiced sounds. The semi-voiced h row is indicated with the diacritic [ ° ]. r 4 X a i u e 0 H + ka ki ku ke ko "f V X -fe sa shi su se so y f- 7 f- h chi tsu te to — / na ni nu ne no h t ■7 -\ * ha hi fu he ho -7 A 7 ma mi mu me mo ■v .3. ya yu yo ■7 'J /U CI ra ri ru re ro 7 wa wo n 0" ga gi gu ge g° -» +F X -t" V" za ji zu ze zo -> 7* 7* X F da di du de do —> / \ t* 7" ba bi bu be bo f 7° -< # When the voicing diacritic is added to the basic katakana '/ or -f" (giving i/or "f), the same sound results: /ji/, although we write as di in keyboard Japanese. Likewise, when the voicing diacritic is added to the basic katakana X or 7 (giving X or 7), the sound produced is /zu/, although 7 is typed du. However, Xand X are much more widely used than and 7, so I've omitted the latter from this workbook. I gasoline margarine yoga United Kingdom [Port., Inglez] allergy [G., Allergie] catalog yogurt X-ray [G., Röntgen] videogame rubber [D., gom] READ AND WRITE laser (cabin) cruiser cash register radio message cheese jeans one size fits all [E., free size] neurosis, nervous breakdown [G., Neurose] zone resort salad the Netherlands [Port., Olanda] calendar key chain [E., key holder] data dessert digital designer dollar Germany [D., Duitsch] (student's) part-time job [G., Arbeit] hamburger (all-you-can-eat) buffet [E., "Viking" style] television video game table elevator seat belt robot volleyball READ AND WRITE bread [Port., päo] personal computer pierced earring(s) aspirin printer program privacy pet food part-time E^^^r Haaasa BpsWj tf^8^ 5 f^*% a^^ra m*a^ jC r" Imp I ■ 1 r""! r" f™"! dr Hraarai H ^fet vgb^) m vmmséf mssm %mmäi Read the following names and match each with its English equivalent from the box below. 1. Eil 6. x k ! 0 e Ô íS # * # í í * * * # * í 2. d^<- h 4. ľ-7- 5.^-/1/ 7. ,t*Ľ- 8. xijHfKx 9. io. yMry 14.XĽ- a. Ed b. Robert c. Bill d. Douglas e. Paul f. Bobby g. Peter h. Susan i. Peggy j. Paula k. Elizabeth I. Diane m. Debbie n. Barbara You and your friends are planning to participate in some Sports Day events. Look at the list below and sign up your friends. Write both the person's name and the sport he or she wishes to play in katakana. I 2. r i x,t. ••/ y- I 4. =ľ/l7 : 6. ]) y 7" l 7. y?M — : 8. t'ytfy Name a. Bobby b. Douglas c. Ed d. Barbara e. Paula f. Elizabeth Sport. bowling rugby basketball ping-pong volleyball golf sports passport I 74 The following buttons are found on a soda/coffee vending machine. : • y-i'xu—t— J : o 7-7 ■/ 7 : : ® 7*7 -y 7 0 # * : : ©71) — a : i ®^'J-a 1 ! 0yo77' • j © *>$t (satou = sugar) : • o > o •/ -/+ 9 n -a : • © 7 'j - a 0tb> •>' ! # # * $ g= f Which button(s) would you press to get the following drinks? a. Hot coffee with cream b. Iced coffee, black c. Iced coffee with syrup d. 7-Up e. Grape soda | 76 LESSON ! ^iw1* vSSS** ' ''MK^' ' * * ***** ^Js^i * * * * ^b^S** * * * * *!^sjSij*> * * * * *J| ■ mm 0••• i + -y ~y + 3 kya • ••••••• I kyu : ioo0ooooooo1 kyo • ••••••• » "» 1 ; Va ; sha I shu ; sho Ty" •f* 3 cha 00000000 : chu : • 0000000000« cho - y • —- ZL nya I nyu : »0000000009« nyo OOOOOOOO b ; t a ; hya 00999900 1 hyu : • ••••••••••< hyo 10009000« ^ y » ^ l C ZL 9 « • ^ 3 mya ! myu ! myo 'j +• • 'j rya ryu ryo i I I I *&SW* • ■ ■ * \ Y » %r ; $c 3 gya ! 009009004 gyu : 0090909909« gy° I99O99O09 % « V Y ' » ■% 0 « ; V 3 ja : ju : jo 0 9 0 0 0« i CONTRACTED SOUNDS When you see a small t, ^ ,or a after a katakana of the i column of the Basic Katakana chart (i.e. + , "7, -f", — etc.), it indicates a contracted syllable. A list of these contractions is given below. Ilia T Á 7 x a i u e 0 77 y7 7- ka ki ku ke ko -> X Hz v sa shi su se so ■J y ^ -y 7 h ■ ta chi tsu te to — 7" / Mlna ni nu ne no t --\ * ha hi fu he ho -7 7 7 -Tr m ma mi mu me mo 1" 3 y ya yu yo 7 'J /U r ra ri ru re ro 7 ? w wa wo n ■4 4- 7 kya kyu + 3 kyo ^ 7 gya gyu **3 gy° :s 7 sha ~S =L shu V 3 sho* 7 7 ja 7 =L ju 7 3 jo* f-7 cha f-i chu f-3 cho* — 7 nya -- a. nyu — 3 nyo tf hya ti hyu t 3 hyo Ľ> bya Ľa byu e 3 byo t°7 pya ťa. pyu t°3 pyo ^ 7 mya ^ 3. myu ^ 3 myo 'J 7 rya 'J a. ryu 'J 3 ryo fa dhu* *ln some cases, the combination is such that the pronunciation is more clearly indicated in romanization with an "h" or no additional letter, rather than with a "y." **The combination T /dhu/ is exceptional in that it is not a native-Japanese sound, and is not a character from the / column, f 1 is a newer addition to the list, a sound that has been contrived by the Japanese in an effort to transcribe foreign words as accurately as possible. Note the sound of f a in f7 I 7 h on the next page. Although the above contracted sounds are written with two katakana characters (one regular-sized and one small), they each represent only one beat, just like single katakana characters. So be sure to pronounce them with one beat, not two. Like small y, small -V , a., and H are written in the lower half of their real or imaginary square in horizontal writing, and in the right half of the square in vertical writing. READ AND WRITE cancellation dress shirt [E., white shirt] ketchup news duet schedule computer condominium [E., mansion] jogging chocolate Ľ.8 Eyr n n i c p c The following is a menu from an ice cream shop. Read it and write out the following orders in Japanese, as in the example. Vanilla ice cream, single scoop/cone Chocolate ice cream, double scoop/cup Raspberry sherbet, single scoop/cone Rainbow sherbet, single scoop/cup Caramel ice cream, double scoop/cone <-7"M 7 7 IJ _A r? — y The following chart on a music website shows the categories of music available. ■ @ & # m # í i ® # m « # : 1. 7 -7 ->y 7 : 2. í-<7A^x : 3. > ^ x' : 4. D y 7 S* # % tší If ;S * Ě S : 5. # y 7° 7 I 6. ; a.-;SÍl!\s ■■ -t» # * # sP i -y - i s s- s @ m i ! ® s s # íe s • x ij y h y, /M - r-AX h d y 7' ; š # # # * ä s # $ 9 & # 9 i > S # » # # i 7 y 7 i «s> í* © & « « í # m # a * » s 1) What are the categories? Match with the English below. a. Rock b. Opera/Ballet c. Musical d. Classical e. Jazz f. Pop 2) You wish to find the following artists/composers in the given category. Look at the chart and write the words in katakana. Category Classical Opera/Ballet Jazz Rock Pop Musical Artist/Composer Chopin Tchaikovsky Duke Ellington Elton John Ray Charles Cats [so Q You plan to order pizza for a party. 1) Tell people what toppings are available, based on the following menu. 2) The majority wants pepperoni, black olives, mushrooms, and double cheese. Write down the order in katakana. Everyone definitely is against ordering anchovies. Write that down in katakana, too. -n y v—t—i? -y-7 T>f 3Ľ 7"7v7^'J-7" ■3 —y Our pizza order—toppings: Definitely no anchovies Look at the following beauty shop price list. How much would it cost to get a shampoo/blow, perm, and manicure? c7 — ¥3,500 il ý- V — + o. T ¥10,000 ¥5,000 ¥4,000 ¥4,500 ¥3,500 I 82 \mmmumm LESSON f á*. '•#■* -1 . "-s „ ..t m. b> ^pr ^fir ™* ■•>••• »,yí *5k ••<■ • ».»^» • • • • • *«• ■jd p*- ^fK^ ^HMj^p' ^p ^ S*1 ■"^■•'í^-i&^-^N ^ p* • • • • • * * ■Hj i • • • • • • • ■ * ¥ÄW ■ • # • • *1 •A 4 a. r COMBINATIONS WITH SMALL-VOWEL KATAKANA Written small, the five vowels (T, A , ■/", Jf) are used after other katakana to transcribe sound combinations that do not exist in native Japanese (i.e., that cannot be transcribed with the katakana introduced so far). The chart below summarizes katakana combinations used exclusively for transcribing loanwords. These combinations have been contrived by the Japanese in an effort to transcribe foreign words so as to make the pronunciation as close to that of the original language as possible. For example, r /va/, V* 4 /vi/, r7" x /ve/, r7~ /vo/ are used to transcribe the "v" sound, which does not exist in Japanese. In virtually all cases, the katakana of the b row are just as acceptable. For example, "violin" could be rendered as ' ^-\ i\ 'J y /baiorin/ or ■/* r 4 ]) y /vaiorin/. Additional combinations continue to make their appearance for the transcription of loanwords and foreign names. While not covered in further detail in this book, the following combinations are listed for reference: 9 r /kwa/, 9 T /gwa/, 9 A /kwi/, 9 x /kwe/, 9 % /kwo/, b 7 /twu/, and K 7 /dwu/. As with small \, a., and 3, these vowels are written in the lower half of the real or imaginary square in horizontal writing, and in the right half in vertical writing. In practice, few words with small ■> exist, so none are included in this workbook. All the combinations are pronounced as one beat. a i e mem 7^ 7x 7* wi we who 7 T -/W 7> va vi ve vo "> X./Í? X she/je 7 t fx tsa thi/dhi che _/ T 7 a 7 x 7* fa fi fe fo READ AND WRITE •7*r. Vt. 7t violin ('M 'J y is also acceptable) Mozart file (of documents) sofa fashion alphabet fast food READ AND WRITE Vienna sausage [G., Wiener Wurst] video (tlT^ť is also acceptable) party volunteer tissue (paper) disk Disney comedian surfing READ AND WRITE 7 x N ^ x , V x , X x , -f" x , 7 aerial tramway [E., ropeway] skiwear wedding Venice (^ — X is also acceptable) chef project chess check-in ferry the Philippines caffeine [G., Kaffein] READ AND WRITE 7*. 7>, 7* walking (as exercise) mineral water vodka (7 t "/ 77 is also acceptable) [Russ.] fork; folk music remodeling (of a house); alterations (to clothing) symphony EXERCISES Look at the following program guide and see what's on TV tonight. 2 5 7 6:00 o — 77/1/-^- 3- — X X,t°-7-n.-X 7:00 +J- — 7 4 7 • X "< v -WU < K * =l / 7 7 U - > -ft 'J ŤM — • 77-t- h < 7 -f 7"> 7-71/ K- =l— X 8:00 7 r y 7 a 7 <7i-v77x7> ->77 *• T7- 9:00 7x-7X t*T • -> 'J -X" 'J 7t-A <-f75?e^--> Make a list of what people want to see. Write personal names and program choices in katakana. Name Program 1) Sophia (sofia) Fashion (Formal Wear) 2) Jennifer (jenifaa) 3) Patty (pathii) 4) Michelle (misheru) 5) Jane (jeen) Local News Variety Show Symphony Hour Shakespeare Series information (desk) 6) Philip (firippu) 7) James (jeemuzu) Remodeling (Interview) Chess Tournament 8) Steve (suthiibu) Surfing Special (Documentary) 88 89 9) Walter (whorutaa) Suspense Drama 10) William (wiriamu) Chanty Concert (Live) Your group is planning a fundraising event. Of the following events, which one do you prefer? Translate the list, and then write your preferences in order in katakana. : a. 7 r y -> 3 V • •> 3 - (XŤ-^xTor^xfVy/FI/X) • b. 5 km 7í-- h : f. -r ^ f — • •> 3 — * » B !S s? ® 1. I 90 I SIMILAR-LOOKING K ATAKANA Pay special attention to the following look-alike katakana. Distinguish . . ~f~ (p. 27) from X (p. 23). f" (p. 31) from "7 (p. 15). ■f" (p. 39) from 7" (p. 31). 7 (p. 42) from X (p. 11). V (p. 47) from > (p. 14) and 'J (p. 11). y (p. 51) from V (p. 28). 'Y (p. 53) from T (p. 25). (p. 54) from o (p. 29). X (p. 57) from X (p. 9) and z7 (p. 13). Now listen to the audio and select the correct character. 1.a) 7 b) 7 c) 7 4. a) > b) V c) 'J 7. a) X b) X c) X 10. a) b) "t c) t 2. a) "7 b) t c) 5. a) ^ b) 3- c) 8. a) X b) T1" c) f" 3. a) ^ b) i/ c) 7 6. a) y b) X c) 7 9. a) T b) "IT c) -fe I 92 | COMPUTER-RELATED TERMS For each exercise below, match the katakana words with their English equivalents. 2. fr — l*<—i/ 3. A yy-^y h 4. ^ 7 h/77x 5. /- b^ynx e.^yy 4 yf-i* 7. v x y-^ 4 h 9. 4? ^ =l ]) t A — io. yyy+r ii. 1. X — Jl T K U X 3. T70|J^-->3> 4. 7*C7 f s.^y kvu^—a 6. ^°X7- K 8. 7 K + -t* X h 9 x -7—x y -tr—y 10. ?*yy& — k a. Internet b. online game c. website d. laptop e. online shopping f. Internet cafe g. home page h. security i. web browser j. search engine a. application b. password c. e-mail address d. podcast e. error message f. mailing list g. "handle" (screen name) h. blog i. broadband j. download 93 j J S O U N D AND ACTION WORDS Many words that describe sounds, actions, or psychological states are written in katakana. See how many of the words in the following picture you can understand. Smiles: — Oy (smiling), t (lady's genteel laugh), 9 X 9 X (chuckle), — ~V l) (malicious grinning) Animals: U V 1 V bow-wow, — -Y' — — + — meow, ~7 77 — >' (bell clanging), rt~° 4 v (throwing something away), 9 — 9 — (snoring), (eating with relish), 9 ~3~ 9 (gulping), (clapping), ^-f \ 9 -f -Y (chattering), 7 — (being impressed), T y Oh, dear!, U—y (crying), + 3 D + 3 D (looking around restlessly)