KöRTIK TEPE Kortik cover PPNA sites-1 Kortik sites map Kortik Tepe •In the Upper Tigris drainage close to other important PPNA sites •Excavated from 2000, now halted •6 architectural phases of PPNA •Circular houses 2.5 to 3.5 m diameter •Smaller round structures with pebble floors •Walls are thin lines of stone Other information •Tombs under floors of houses •Some170 tombs excavated so far •Richest assemblage of grave goods in any PPNA site •Suggest social differentiation •Site is pre-agricultural •A lot of fishing •Lithics similar to other sites in Anatolia, including obsidian • Kortik finds Kortik hse tombs Kortik houses and sub-floor tombs Kortik beads bowls Kortik engraved stone Kortik stone bowls Hallan Çemi •Upper Tigris drainage •Excavated by Michael Rosenberg, 1991-1996 •Sedentary site in rich ecotone •Hunting, no agriculture,pig domestication? •9700-9200 cal BC • HC level plans Three levels of architecture at Hallan Çemi HC 14C dates Hallan Cemi radiocarbon dates for three levels HC level I plan Structures around bone pit in center of site Plant Remains •Pulses such as lentil and bitter vetch arecommon •Almond and pistachio •How to process toxicity? •Sea club rush and Gundelia - oil plants? •Lots of wood charcoal from local trees Fauna •2 tones of bones from central pit •Sheep 6:1 over goats; also red deer, fox, beaver, bear, hare, stone marten, wild cat, hedgehog •Horns of wild cattle •Lots of catfish and carp •Birds, many turtles •Pigs, possibly tamed •Stiner and Starkovich Archaeozoologica 44/1: 47-61 (2009) • HC biomass values Average biomass value assigned to each species HC biomass by taxon Biomass by taxon Pigs •Fecund, excellent source of protein, little labor to keep, easy to tame when young, imprint on humans •Ideal to domesticate by taming neonates •Hard to control, compete with humans for food (especially cereals) •Slaughtered young HC pig survivorship Suvivorship curve for pigs Halan C lithics-1 Hallan Cemi and Demirkoy Lithics Food Strategies •Sought high quality large animals •May have had feasts •Some articulated skeletons in bone pit •Intensive use of plant food •Unusually high quality food sources allowed permanent settlement and rich diets • GroundStone •Sandstone mortars, pestles, querns •Variety of manos,nutting stones,pestles •Some pestles carved in animal form •Trough querns, some of which had the bottoms deliberately punched out S-14-27 S-14-29 S-14-33 S-14-32 HC ground stone Grinding stones with bottoms broken out Conclusions •Sedentism without agriculture or dependence on grasses •Carbohydrates supplied by tree fruits •Year-round occupation •Possible taming/domestication of pigs •Capriovids predominate, but wild