|
|
|
|
|
|
plicitly asserted. The presupposition deals with some idea of danger connected with the action in question. If there is no danger in performing a certain action, there is no reason to use dare. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dare: [DANGEROUS (Owjtj BECOME Ow0t0)]Sw0t0 CAUSE (Owjtj BECOME Ow0t0) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Condescend presupposes that at some previous time the Subject did not want to perform a certain action, and asserts that, at the speech time, he performs it. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
condescend: [Sw0t-1~WANT (Owjtj BECOME Ow0t0)Sw0t0 LET (Owjtj BECOME Ow0t0) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Refrain presupposes that at some previous time the Subject wanted to perform a certain action, and asserts that the Subject did not perform it. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
refrain: [Sw0t-1 WANT (Owjtj BECOME Ow0t0)]Sw0t0~CAUSE (Owjtj BECOME Ow0t0) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
discourage: [S2w0t-1 WANT (Owjtj BECOME Ow0t0)]Sw0t0 SAY S2 (~CAUSE (Owjtj BECOME Ow0t0)) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
prevent: [S2w0t-1 WANT (Owjtj BECOME Ow0t0)]S1w0t0 CAUSE (S2w0t0~CAUSE (Owjtj BECOME Ow0t0)) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.3.5. Verbs of Propositional Attitudes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Verbs expressing propositional attitudes (such as to know, to be aware of, to believe, and so on) are not usually listed among possible p-terms. In fact, many of them are not p-terms at all. For instance, believe can be represented, according to our model, as |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
believe: Sw0t0 THINK (Owjtj Ow0t0) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If S does not believe something, S does not think that the state of affairs representing the world of his propositional attitude corresponds to the actual state of affairs. On the contrary, know seems to be a p-term and can be represented as |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
know: [Ow0tj]Sw0t0 THINK Ow0tj |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
since "the speaker presupposes that the embedded clause expresses a true proposition and makes some assertion about this proposition. All |
|
|
|
|
|