546 yo
Male Speech
{Adj stem (na) / NJ \da I datta) yo
Exs. ffifrtz'       <fc0   (It's quiet, you know.) Shizukada yo.
$frtz<>tz «fc0 (It was quiet, you know.) Shizukadatta yo.
tz <£0   (He's a teacher, you know.) Sense/ da yo.
5te^ tz-otc <fcQ (He was a teacher, you Sense/ darta   yo know.)
n da (yo)
Exs. If-f      A/ tz («fc)„   (I'll talk, you know.) Hanasu n da {yo).
tiLtc h tz (<fc)„ (I talked, you know.) Hanashita n da (yo).
JHjl^ A/ /i* (<£)„ (It's expensive, you know.) TaA-a/ n da (yo).
-j fc Ay  ft: (J;)0    (It was expensive, Takakatta n   da (yo).    you know.)
^/4>ft A, tz (<fc)D (It's quiet, you know.) Shizukana n da (yo).
ffifrtz o fc Ay tz (<fc)0 (It was quiet, you Shizukadatta n da (yo). know.)
ft Ay fc' (<£)„   (He's a teacher, you Sense/ na n da (yo). know.)
tz-otc h tz (<£)„   (He was a teacher, Sensei datta   n da (yo). you know.)
Female Speech
{Adj (na) stem / N) {c/a / c/affa) wa yo
(tz *>) <t0
Shizuka (da wa) yo.
föfrtz^tz to J:„ Shizukadatta wa yo.
%*k (tz to) «t„ Sensei (da wa) yo.
9üSL tzitz to <fc0 Sensei datta   wa yo
no (yo)
Hi- <r> (<£)„ Hanasu no (yo)
iLfc CO («fc)0 Hanashita no (yo).
iSi^ <0 (J:)o 7"a£a/ no (yo).
Takakatta no (yo).
fäM>ft co {*)„ Shizukana no (yo).
Wfrtzntc co (J0o Shizukadatta no (yo).
ft co («fc)0 Sensei na no (yo).
tz-otZ  CO («fc)0
Sensei datta no (yo).
Ne, the Japanese tag guestion marker, is another frequently used sentence-final particle. (<=> ne) Yo should not be confused with ne. In contrast to yo, ne is used when the speaker and the hearer share some specific information. For example, if the speaker is looking at a delicious-looking piece of cake with his friend, he would say (5b) instead of (5a).
yo / yoda 547
(5) a.   •*3^L-t 5T-r«fco
*Oishisodesu yo.
(Looks delicious, I tell you.)
b. ii^Lt5T'tfe. Oishisddesu ne. (Looks delicious, doesn't it?)
On the other hand, if he is eating some delicious cake which his friend has not tasted, he would say (6a) rather than (6b).
(6) a. H^L^^X'-f-^o
Oishiidesu yo.
(It's good, I tell you.)
b. ^^L^T'-ffco *Oishiidesu ne (It's good, isn't it?)
yöda     z> ti      aux. adj. (na)
an auxiliary na-type adjective which expresses the likelihood of s.t. / s.o. or the likeness of s.t. / s.o. to s.t. / s.o.
look like; look as if; be like; appear; seem
[REL. dard; rashii; soda1; ~sdda2]
+ Key Sentences
(A)
Topic (subject)			(V / Adj (/)} inf	
#fJU£ Ay Sugiyama-san	Ii wa	T * <J * ~-Amerika e	n< iku	L ■> tz 1 .t v X")-0 yöda J yödesu.
(It appears that Mr. Sugiyama is going to America.)				
548 yöda (B)
Topic (subject)		Adj (na) stem		
_hffl £ h   \ !±				X   ' '   '"-   /     t   ' 1          "i 0
Ueda-san \ wa	bokushingu ga	suki	na	yoda 1 y öd csu.
(Mr. Ueda appears to like boxing.)				
(C)
Topic (subject)	Noun		
hn A   ! (±			X r> X. I X-~i 'C- j o
Ano hito \ wa	Tanaka-sensei	no	vöda / yódesu.
(That person looks like Prof. Tanaka.)			
(D)
A:	B:	Demonstrative	
-&#&/u \± t b my * t/i t\ Ishii-san wa mo kaerimashita ka.	!±V\ Hai.	sono	r •") 'X 1 0 yodesi/.
(Has Mr. Ishii gone home already?)	(Yes, it looks like it.)		
( i ) (V / Adj (/)) inf   X • .'-
yoda
I riSL/c}       I i ':      (It seems that s.o. (will) talk / talked.) \hanasu I hanashita] yoda
Irft^ / '{&■/)>-.>tc}   L ■'> /-      (It seems that s.t. is / was expensive.) {takai I takakatta] yoda
(ii) Adj {na) stem   {X I li ■ > X]   X ~> X-
[na I datta] yoda
IfM1^ IwfrfrFr.'->!'■-] ]:■')[£ (It seems that s.t. is / was quiet.) [shizukana j shizukadatta) yoda
(iii) N    {M I Ti- X.)  X •) X
[no I datta) yoda
yoda 549
I'Jc^t.     ;,) / X ■ X)   l ■'• t...    (It seems that s.o. is/was a teacher.)
[sensei no / sensei datta} yoda
(iv) Demonstrative    X. ■'<
yoda
ttco   l: -'> (It seems so.)
sono yoda
(a) *t'ti?/^li^C 9feg2rDc^fi± -) ft'0 Kimura-san wa kino o-sake o nonda yoda.
(It seems that Mr. Kimura drank sake yesterday.)
(b) Z<DfflMi£'¥4il^±1b X o ii$L<^± oti*
Kono mondai wa gakusei ni wa chotto muzukashii yoda. (This problem seems to be a little difficult for the students.)
(c) - r lifr^fictl o fc ± o tl0
Koko wa mukashi gakkd datta yoda.
(It seems that this place used to be a school.)
(d) ieo?gti7k<0± 0 tic
Kono sake wa m'izu no yoda. (This sake is like water.)
1. Yoda expresses the likelihood of s.t. / s.o., or the likeness of s.t. / s.o. to s.t. / s.o. In either case, when the speaker uses yoda, his statement is based on firsthand, reliable information (usually visual information).
2. Yoda can be used in counter-factual situations, as in Ex. (d). In this case, the adverb marude 'just' can be used for emphasis.
(1) /U±££T?g&:#:/uft:i v fc'„ Kimura-san wa marude sake o nonda yoda. (Mr. Kimura looks as if he had just drunk sake.)
(2) fcoABJ4t'0*Ao±-)ffc
Ano hito wa marude nihonjin no yodesu. (That person is just like a Japanese person.)
3. Yoda is a /la-type adjective and has the prenominal form yona and the adverbial form yoni.   (■=> yonP) Examples:
550 yoda
(3) ^-BH^/^J^fcASra^Lfco
Kyo Tanaka-san no yona hito o mimashita. (I saw a man who looked like Mr. Tanaka.)
(4) x JAyiiB*A^<fe5lcH*l&?:aSU*i-= Sumisu-san wa nihonjin no yoni nihongo o hanashimasu. (Mr. Smith speaks Japanese like a Japanese.)
4. The colloquial version of yoda is mitaida, which is also a ra-type adjective. The uses of mitaida are exactly the same as those for yoda. The formation rules are as follows:
(5) (V/ Adj (/)} inf ^fcWi
mitaida
(6) {Adj (na) stem / N]  |o//-ofc) frfc^tz
&   datta mitaida
[Related Expressions]
The conjecture expressions S daro, S rashii and S soda2 convey ideas similar to S yoda.   The differences are as follows :
(A) S daro expresses the speaker's conjecture, but it is not necessarily based on any information. In other words, S daro can be used when the speaker is merely guessing.
(B) S rashii usually expresses the speaker's conjecture based on what the speaker has heard or read. That is, the information his conjecture is based on is not firsthand.
(c) S soda2 expresses the speaker's conjecture about what is going to happen or the current state of someone or something. Although this expression is based on what the speaker sees or feels, it is merely his guess and the degree of certainty in his statement is fairly low. Only Vmasu or Adj (/" / na) stem can precede soda2.
(D) S yoda is also an expression which is usually based on what the speaker sees or saw. However, unlike S soda2, this expression involves the speaker's reasoning process based on firsthand, reliable information and his knowledge. Thus, the degree of certainty in yoda is tbe highest of the four expressions compared here.
The following examples demonstrate the differences among these four expressions. The sentences in [1] present examples with the adjective takai ' expensive' before the conjecture auxiliaries.
yoda 551
[1]   a. Z^^itM^tzhVo
Kono hon wa takai daro.
(This book is probably expensive.)
b. £ co^fiifiH^P)
Kono hon wa takai rashii
((From what I heard and / or read,) this book seems expensive.)
c. r:o*{ilft^-afc*o
Kono hon wa taka soda (This book looks expensive.)
d. C (n^lilSiv^ o tz„ Kono hon wa takai yoda
((Considering the prices of similar books,) this book seems expensive.)
Here, [la] is mere conjecture, [lb] expresses the speaker's conjecture based on what he has heard and / or read. (If the sentence involves little conjecture, it is almost like hearsay. (■=> soda1)) [lc] is also the speaker's guess, but in this case it is based on what he sees. [Id] expresses the speaker's judgment about the price of the book. Note that in [Id] the speaker knows the book's price; therefore, this is not a guess. [2] provides examples with the noun sensei ' teacher' preceding the conjecture words. The differences in meaning among the sentences here are the same as those explained in [1], except that [2c] is ungrammatical.
[2]  a. $><nA\t$G±tzh5o
Ano hito wa sensei daro. (I guess he is a teacher.)
b.   &oA{i5fc£?> LL\
Ano hito wa sensei rashii
((From what I heard,) he seems to be a teacher.)
*Ano hito wa sensei soda.
d. &«At±ft£o<fca/=o
Ano hito wa sensei no yoda
((Judging from how he looks,) he seems to be a teacher. / He looks as if he were a teacher.)
In [3], the verb furu ' fall' precedes the conjecture auxiliaries.
552 yoda
[3]  a. ^UteffifimZtiZOo
Kyo wa ame ga furu dard (I guess it will rain today.)
b.   ^Bi±[i^P$-5e> Ll\
Kyo wa ame ga furu rashii.
((From what I heard,) it seems that it will rain today.) Imanimo ame ga furi soda.
(It looks like it's going to rain at any moment.)
d.   rc9i2l2<fc <K/W*S*?fc\
Kono hen wa yoku ame ga furu yoda.
((Judging from the abundance of trees and moss,) it appears that it rains a lot around here.)
Here, [3a] is the speaker's guess. [3b] is the speaker's conjecture based on what he heard or it is almost like hearsay. [3c] is also the speaker's guess, but, in this case, he is probably looking at the sky. Like [3c], [3d] is based on what the speaker sees, but in this case the information is reliable, and involves the speaker's reasoning process.
The diagram in [4] summarizes the characteristics of the four conjecture expressions and sddax (hearsay).
soda1 (hearsay)
report
yôni1 553
yónľ £olc conj.
Do s.t. in such a way that
♦ Key Sentences
(A)
so that
Vinf-nonpast(potential)		
Vomer u	.1 •"> yôni	ji  o   kireini    kaite kudasai.
(Please write neatly so that I can read it.)		
(B)
	Vinf-neg-nonpast		
Kaze o	hikanai	X ■') i-yónt	% £ ottT 1^-5 / V^tto ki o tsukete   iru / imasu.
(I'm taking care of myself so that I don't catch cold.)			
(so that s.o. can talk / does not talk) (so that s.o. can eat / does not eat)
Vinf-nonpast(pot / neg}   .t j ;
yôni
(tg-tfr-5 to;.: [hanaseru / hanasanai} yôni
{&-<htvZ> I Ä-<&H .t ') !.: [taberareru / tabenai) yôni
Boku ga wakaru yôni Sumisu-san wa yukkuri eigo o hanashite kureta. (Mr. Smith spoke English slowly so that I could understand him.)
(b) mtitev^vicž í> -y-vfižt Lfc, Okurenai yôni takushi de ikimashita.
(I went there by taxi so that I wouldn't be late.)
(c) m%frmzi. ? KMttokti.
Byóki ga naoru yôni kusuri o nonda.
(I took medicine so that I would (lit. recover from illness) get well.)