Barbara Helwing Feasts as a social dynamic in Prehistoric Western Asia - three case studies from Syria and Anatolia In: Paléorient. 2003, Vol. 29 N°2. pp. 63-85. Abstract Commensal feasting is a social practice that allows the constant negotiation and manipulation of social relations as well as a reconfirmation of power structures. Feasting is therefore regarded as an important tool in the creation of inequality and in the emergence of social complexity. The identification of feasting events in the archaeological record has become possible and provides valuable hints at the social organisation of the societies involved. This article aims at identifying feasting residues from three sites in Syria and Anatolia, chosen in order to provide a diachronic perspective from the 6th to the 4th millennium ВС, and to link these observations to our current knowledge on the emergence of complex societies. Résumé Le festin est une pratique sociale qui permet aussi bien de négocier et de manipuler ce qui relève du domaine des relations sociales que de confirmer les structures de pouvoir. Aussi le festin peut-il être considéré comme un moven important pour créer des inégalités et pour favoriser l 'émergence de sociétés complexes. La reconnaissance par l 'archéologie de ces manifestations festives est devenue possible et permet de jeter un certain éclairage sur l 'organisation des sociétés concernées. Cet article vise à identifier les résidus de festin provenant de trois sites localisés en Syrie et en Anatolie, retenus parce qu 'ils offrent des perspectives diachroniques sur la période allant du 6e au 4e millénaire avant J.-C, et parce qu 'ils permettent d'ajouter ces informations à ce que nous connaissons actuellement Citer ce document / Cite this document : Helwing Barbara. Feasts as a social dynamic in Prehistoric Western Asia - three case studies from Syria and Anatolia. In: Paléorient. 2003, Vol. 29 N°2. pp. 63-85. doi : 10.3406/paleo.2003.4765 http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2003_num_29_2_4765 Feasts as a social dynamic in Prehistoric Western Asia three case studies from syria and anatolia B. HELWING Abstract : Commensal feasting is a social practice that allows the constant negotiation and manipulation ofsocial relations as well as a reconfirmation ofpower structures. Feasting is therefore regarded as an important tool in the creation ofinequality and in the emer gence ofsocial complexity. The identification offeasting events in the archaeological record has become possible andprovides valuable hints at the social organisation ofthe societies involved. This article aims at identifyingfeasting residues from three sites in Syria and Anatolia, chosen in order to provide a diachronic perspective from the 6lh to the 4 5 <> I о 14- |0 - - 45 <> 14 14ВСс 27Ч 10 FD 14 1 и 14 8 •о )$• 1<> \О 20» 34 i 24- 240 1 GK 35 <> ЕЕ 40 EL - ~ i 450 Seals 1 • 2-4 • >4 i FC ■ J ; \ | | ' FD • • • • Ш : G г- — i - — , L - — , j — Ф . '■ ЕЕ . • 1 ^ EL j Fig. 3 b : Degirmentepe. Plan ofsettlement showing distribution ofsealings according to relative amount ofsealings (after ESIN, 199H : fig. I). Period VIII postdates the final Ubaid related layers from nearby Degirmentepe. Period VII consists of several building layers dating to the middle of the 4th millennium and can roughly be correlated with Gawra XI-IX and the Nors/untepe westslope, 35-3 173. Period VIA marks the final stage of the Chalcolithic and can be equated with the so-called "Late Uruk" period in Northern Syria. While monumental building structures of period VIA have been known for some time, evidence for public building struc- 73. Dl NOCERA. 2000a. b : GÛLÇLR. 2000 : SCHMIDT. 1996. tures and administrative features of Period VII have only recently been brought to light. Due to the preliminary charact erof the reports, discussion of the Period VII remains has to keep to a very general evaluation. • Architecture of Period VII Evidence for exceptional architecture stems from two areas on the western part of the mound, where the highest por tion of the site must have been located at that time. In the northern part, a large building was exposed that stands out against contemporary domestic structures because of its size Paléorient. vol. 29/2. p. 63-S6 < CNRS EDITIONS 2003 Illustration non autorisée à la diffusion 76 В. HELWING and architectural elements such as internal columns added to the walls74. Despite its monumental character, the building is not considered an religious or administrative building but an elite residence and is not further discussed here. In the southwestern part of the mound, immediately north of the later VIA public structures, another large building was exposed (fig. 4) : building XXIX has a bipartite layout with a large central hall and narrow side rooms added at one side. This apparently original Anatolian ground plan75 remains in use as a standard for public buildings during the VIA period, and is also found in Uruk sites south of the Anti-Taurus, e.g. at Tell Sheikh Hassan76. Building XXIX stands on a rectangul arplatform erected from stones and mudbrick. It must have been visible from far and at the same time overlooked the Period VII settlement. Access to the main room was from four doors in the long walls, one in each corner of the room. The short sides of the central hall are equipped with symmetrically arranged niches. The walls are plastered white and bear sev eral layers of wall paintings in red and black. One motif, painted onto the northern wall of the central hall A900 shows a standing long object with lines attached to its upper part. The preservation state precludes a detailed interpretation, but it may represent a vase with a liquid flowing out of it. In the middle of the central hall, a rectangular podium of mudbrick held residues of a fireplace. • Finds from building XXIX The floor in the southern part of the central hall A900, markedly the area around the rectangular podium, was cov ered by the scattered remains of mass produced bowls with flint scraped or string cut bases. In the narrow side room A932, however, bowls were stacked upside down as if stored ready for future use. In this same side room lay numerous clay lumps with the impressions of stamp seals. Those sealings stem from the closing of containers, vessels, and baskets, while no door sealings were found. Their find situation indi cates that some of the sealings were lying on the floor, while a second group was retrieved from a superimposed dump that also contained more bowls, and that may have fallen from the roof or from a high shelf. — <>/ /<> 1 5 m О sealing dump <> coarse bowls — wall decoration Fig. 4 : Arslantepe. Plan ofperiod VII architecture with distribution offinds indicated (after FRANGIPANE, 2001a : fig. 3, no absolute numbers indicated). • Results for building XXIX Building XXIX is extraordinary, both in terms of its archi tectural features, and of the find material preserved. The equipment - podium with fire place — may have served for the processing of food, and hundreds of scattered bowls on the floor may result from meals distributed among the commun ity.M. Frangipane has already pointed out that a ceremonial form of redistribution might offer the best interpretation of this evidence77. The wall painting, albeit not completely clear, might depict a vessel for the distribution of drinks. The numerous sealings clearly indicate that the exchange of goods happened in this building on a regular basis. Accordi ngto the containers used, food contributions to whatever event took place in the central hall are the most likely goods exchanged here. A scenario, where sealed containers with food are brought to a central place for communal consumpt ion,where the containers are brought to the side rooms and the seals are then broken and the content handed out in mass produced bowls78, to be finally consumed in the central hall together with additionally lavish amounts of beverages, can well be imagined. The Arslantepe building XXIX record would hence fulfill all requirements for the identification of a feast in the archaeological record. Compared to the case stud iesdiscussed above, however, the scale of the event has radi cally changed and by far exceeds the household level. 74. Frangipane, 1993c 2002 : fig. 75. FRANGIPANE, 2002 : 124. 76. BOESE. 1995. 77. FRANGIPANE 2001a : 3, 2002 : 124. 78. FRANGIPANE. 1997 : 69 points out that the mass produced bowls in use during the following period VIA seem to have served rather for handing out goods than for collecting them -the same may apply to he period VII coarse bowls. Palčorient. vol. 29/2. p. 63-X6 "' CNRS EDITIONS 2003 Feasts as a social dvnamic in Prehistoric Western Asia - three case studies from Svna and Anatolia 77 Hundreds of bowls have been in use. and hence hundreds of participants may have attended the feast. • Architecture of period VTA Archaeological evidence for period VIA in Arslantepe is much better than for period VII. Large exposures on the southern slope of the tell have revealed an agglomeration of large scale architecture held to represent public buildings of the later 4th millennium ВС79. A detailed description of the architecture and an analysis of its associated find material, including find distribution tables and charts, is available and provides the base for the following discussion80. The data pre sented there derives from 4 different building units, numbered MV. While data quality is extraordinary, only limited parts of the settlement have been excavated. The exposed area may not be representative for the whole settlement because it cons ists largely of public buildings (fig. 5). Domestic houses, workshops, and off site areas are lacking in the record. Since one aim of the study was to single out specific areas set apart from everyday life, one must be aware that the data situation already provides a selection for these areas. A second obstacle results from the superposition of the building layers. A stratigraphie sequence of at least partially superimposed buildings could be established, with building I forming the latest addition, and the street cutting into remains of the older buildings IV and 1IT. Find material from the lower layers may only be partially preserved and hence not fully comparable to the contents of the latest building 1. Period VIA public buildings are arranged at two sides of a paved street that climbs uphill from a gate at the south of the settlement towards the northeast. The buildings form a loosely connected complex, with the main buildings surrounded by several smaller room units, siderooms, or storage rooms. In contrast to period VII, where building XXIX seems to have been freestanding and accessible from all four corners, the VIA buildings are much more secluded and access is medi ated through courtyards and siderooms before reaching the main rooms. The four large house units of the complex allow one to single out building I as bipartite building, comparable in principal layout to the larger building XXIX of period VII, and building IV as a bipartite building forming part of a larger building complex with a courtyard. As is the case in earlier building XXIX, the bipartites consist of one large rectangular main room and two smaller siderooms, and contain platforms, hearths, and niched internal facades. The older building III is not well enough preserved to assign it to any type, but a small platform, a hearth and storage bins are preserved as well. All buildings in this part of the mound show white wall plaster and in general a careful finish. Niches as interior dec oration of the walls exist in buildings I (rooms A42, A46) and IV (main room A450). Building III originally had niches as well in the main room (A127). More elaborate wall decoration was observed in building I with geometric stamped wall pat terns in the anteroom (A46) and in building IV (painted deco ration in chamber A364). More stamped wall decoration has been exposed on the eastern walls facing the street ( A796). Installations such as platforms and hearths were present in all the main rooms of the large buildings (I/A42 ; IV/A450) and also in some side rooms (Ш/А111 ; III/A113). Storage bins and jars were usually kept in the smaller siderooms of buildings I and III (I/A46 ; III/A1 1 1). • Finds Finds from the period VIA public buildings are abundant and have, at least for the larger part of the excavation, been listed in detail81 . Building I enjoyed best conditions for in situ preservation and hence provides the most complete picture. As is evident from the distribution map of pottery types for buildings I82, the large main room (Г/А42) had been kept largely empty, with the exception of several stemmed dishes and some coarse bowls standing close to a small square pede stal. More bowls and another stemmed dish stood in the southwestern corner of the room. In contrast to this, the two small anterooms (Г/А36 ; I/A46) were crammed full with pot tery of different shapes, among them both coarse bowls and stemmed dishes, but also large storage vessels and a singular droop spout bottle considered an import. In contrast to build ingI, building IV yielded a collection of different jars and pithoi in the northwestern corner of the main room (A450), some of them reminiscent of Uruk prototypes, and a few stemmed dishes were set next to the bank along the southern wall. The small anterooms A809 and A800 were, however, practically empty of pottery. Room A800 held a mill and a mortar, indicating that food preparation must have taken place somewhere in the immediate neighborhood. In the row of 79. Dl Noc HRA. 2000a : 335-336. 2000b. 80. FRANGIPANE and PALMIER] (eds). 1983: PALMIERI. 19X5. 1986: Frangipane. 1989: Palmieri and Frangipane. 1989; frangipane. 1993a. b. 1995. 1997. 1998. 2000. 2001a. 81. Frangipane and Palmieri. 1983 : Frangipane. 1997. 82. FRANGIPANE and PALMIERI (eds). 1983 : Fig. 19. and charts in table 13 : FRANGIPANE. 1997 : fit;. 6. Paleorient. vol. 290. p. 63-XfS < CNRS EDITIONS 2003 Illustration non autorisée à la diffusion 78 В. HELWING 1 * О и ♦ ♦ 1 ■ I 5 m animal bone concentrations sealing dump minor sealing concentrations coarse bowls high stemmed dishes « Uruk ■» bottle storage vessels wall decoration building I = temple A i building A46 \ << <>* ♦:♦ ♦ v i: i é buildin III O \ A3 m m ♦ building IV temple В у % Lili ;1 mortar О А Fig. 5 : Arslantepe. Plan of period VIA architecture with distribution offinds (after FRANGIPANE, 2001a : fig. 3, no absolute numbers indicated). smaller siderooms south of building В and not directly con nected with it, storage vessels are found in the northernmost room A365, while coarse bowls are plentiful in the small southern room A340. This may indicate a different function of the two, with an emphasis on storage for room A3 65, and on distribution in A 340, as has already been suggested by M. Frangipane83. In the only partly preserved building III, the side room (III/A113) contained a group of coarse bowls, while next to a small platform in what was preserved of the main room (III/A127) stood a collection of stemmed dishes. Next to these, a small narrow space (III/A206) was apparently used as a dump area, filled with layers of garbage that held numerous coarse bowls besides sealings and animal bones. Sealings are the second large find group in the Arslantepe VIA public buildings. Sealings have been dumped preferably in the small narrow spaces that belong to buildings I and III (I/A77 ; III/A206). Those spaces may have been reserved for the deposition of garbage, but they could also well have been unused areas, e.g. below staircases, as the shape of the rooms would suggest. A third sealing dump is found in the corner of the only partially exposed room A430 east of the courtyard of building IV. Minor concentrations of sealings were also found in two small rooms A340 and A364 separating the courtyard of building IV from the alley, before the entrance to the main room A450 of building IV, and a few pieces also inside that room. The sealings had been applied to different types of transportable containers such as bags and pottery vessels, and also to doors84. It seems that some have been in use only for a very short span of time, even as short as a few hours only85. Sealings had been applied both from stamps and from cylin derseals. However, so far no seals have been found that would correspond to the seal impressions from period VIA. They must have been stored or discarded in other places. The sealings prove clearly that the exchange of different goods occurred regularly in Arslantepe. The reason why some of the sealings were in use only for a short span of time is not known. If we think about a staple economy, this is the opposite of what one would expect - a staple economy would need to keep hold of goods and to store 33. FRANGIPANE, 1997. 84. FERIOLI and FlANDRA, 1983 : fig. 81. 85. Ibid. : 468. Paléorient. vol. 29/2. p. CNRS EDITIONS 2003 Feasts as a social dynamic in Prehistoric Western Asia - three case studies from Svria and Anatolia 79 them away safely for a while. It seems hence that short term safeguarding and the controlled flow of goods was behind the Arslantepe sealings. If we hypothèse a short term redistributive event, consisting of a food and drink delivery to the loca tion of the event, the collection of contributions in one single place and finally the consumption of these goods on the occa sionof a feast in the main room, nothing would contradict the archaeological record. This proposition may be further supported by the results of the botanical and faunal analysis. Residues of vine were recorded in the small sideroom A340, while cereals were largely absent in the storerooms - another argument against large scale and long term agricultural surplus storing as Marcella Frangipane herself has pointed out86. Animal bones were abundant in the main room of building I (A42) and in the garbage dumps in buildings I and III (I/A77 ; III/A206). The samples seem to be void of extremity bones, as if only the meat bearing parts had found their way into this area87. Also, in comparison to domestic debris, the amount of wild game was conspiciously high, and it is stated that especially the wild animals may have been reserved for consumption or sacrifice (or both) in those buildings88. Noteworthy is also a singular human skull that was retrieved next to the northern wall of the main room of build ingI89. • Results Arslantepe VTA hence provides a sequence of non-domest icbuildings that seem to have served different purposes. The buildings themselves are extraordinary in terms of furniture and decoration, they are set apart from the domestic settl ement, and they follow each other in an area clearly disti nguished from the rest of the settlement. Their layout keeps to the bipartite plan that is already familiar from period VII although the overall spatial layout has now changed comp letely. Much in contrast to Period VII building XXIX, a high degree of seclusion is now evident from the fact that the main rooms can only be entered via the mediation of smaller siderooms and courtyards and emphasized by the application of wall decoration in crucial passageways. The main rooms now 86. FRANGIPANE. 1997 : 69. 87. BÔKÔNYI. 1983 : 596-597. 88. Ibid. : table 5. A similar preference for wild game has recently been reported from Tell Brak. area TW. layer 18 (EMBERLINO and MCDONALD. 2001 : 30). The building exposed there and its associated finds may equally represent an ancient feasting area. 89. FRANGIPANE and PALMIERI (eds). 1983 : 392. seem to be reserved for some kind of offering rituals, while redistributive events seem to have moved to the siderooms such as A340 where many coarse bowls that may have served as distribution containers are found. The concentration of spe cial pottery, sealings and other find material in some other rooms indicates continuous exchange and consumption events at a scale way above the household level. The debris from collective meals and their preparation seem to have been collected orderly in the garbage areas. This may partly reflect a different situation at the time of deliberate abandonment in contrast to the in situ situation to be expected if a building is lost to a sudden destruction as was the case for level VII. The denomination "temple" chosen by the excavators pays respect to all these extraordinary aspects. In these buildings, short term exchange seems to have taken place under close scrutinity, alongside continuous storage keeping in the siderooms. The subsequent distribution and consumption of selected food is indicated by the animal bone assemblages from the garbage areas and may indicate that some type of feasting, although of a different sort than the one in building XXIX, may have taken place. Checking for indicators of feasting, there are indices for all three aspects to be investigated : 1 . The area of the period VIA public buildings is clearly set apart from the ordinary settlement. Furnishing and finish of the buildings themselves indicate the status above the ordi nary. Installations for the storage and preparation of meals are found. 2. Platforms and small pedestals may have served as altars or offering places. Stemmed dishes seem to occur in a regular association in the vicinity of these altars and underline the character of an offering place. 3. Coarse bowls, animal bone debris and sealings all dumped together into small spaces within these buildings seem to represent residues of past consumptive events, begin ningfrom the delivery of food and ending with the clearingaway of dishes. According to these indices, the southern slope of Ars lantepe during period VIA seems to have been an area where exchange and consumption - hence feasting - took place at a regular scale. Apparently, feasts were by then hosted in a spe cial building and were open only to certain members of the community, and the delivery of food and other supplies hap pened under close scrutinity. Therefore, in a diachronic perspective, important changes have occurred since period VII when large scale redistribution during public feasts could be observed. In period VIA, access to the feasting stage is strictly regulated, and both the conPaléorient. vol. 29/2. p. 63-S6 ■< CNRS EDITIONS 2003 80 в. helwing struction of these special buildings and the close control of goods flow can only be imagined when central institutions acknowledged by all members of the community existed. We can therefore conclude that the Arslantepe VIA public build ingsmay have provided the stage for restricted and most prob ably ritually motivated feasts hosted by a central institution and its personnel, most probably a temple. CONCLUSION The importance of feasts as an opportunity for the recur rentnegotiation of social relations has been outlined above. Despite the high potential of the approach to illustrate mech anisms of social and historical changes, the archaeological evidence attesting feasts has in the past not yet been fully rec ognized, at least systematically analyzed. The case studies presented here intend to define and detect traces of feasts in the archaeological record, and to place this evidence into a wider perspective. Traces of feasts were evident in all three case studies albeit to a different degree. The data from the burnt village at Sabi Abyad, the earliest of the three sites under investigation, yielded no direct residues of feasting. However, glyptic ev idence proves the controlled flow - exchange or storage - of goods. Prestigious items have been accumulated in certain rooms, and ritual activity such as the breaking of figurines can be suggested. Those are interpreted as indirect evidence for feasting, the direct evidence of which is lacking due to the fact that social activities seem to have been confined to the roof tops that are not directly attested. We therefore lack the basis for any further interpretation regarding the scale or purpose of feasting. One millennium later, evidence for feasting is widespread in Degirmentepe. Almost every building unit there has at least one representative room that is suitable as a reception room. Sealing and seals indicate a controlled exchange or storage of goods, and pottery assemblages as well as animal bone accu mulations can be interpreted as residues of special meals that were hosted in almost every household on the site. Hence, feasts seem to have been a regular event in the different households at Degirmentepe. These feasts may also have allowed for competition between the different households that would welcome the opportunity to display prestige and to establish alliances and obligations between the hosts and the guests. In this sense, the context of feasts could have provided emerging elites with a stage suitable for the recurrent re-negot iationof their social relationships. Lastly, in 4th millennium Arslantepe, feasts were evidently hosted in special buildings and by far exceeded the household level. The buildings are constructed according to a general canon around a central main room and held installations such as platforms and offering places. Within the area occupied by these special buildings, the controlled flow of goods is evident from the sealings kept in store. Animal bone assemblages point at the selection of particular animals and of prime quali tymeat consumed or sacrificed there. Large amounts of coarse bowls may have functioned as one-way containers for the distribution of food and beverages. A wall painting per haps showing a large vessel with liquid flowing from its mouth may possibly be interpreted as the depiction of a vessel used for the distribution of beverages, e.g. beer. It is therefore highly likely that the goods collected in the special buildings were redistributed at the occasion of feasts and were con sumed on the spot. Although these observations apply to the archaeological remains of Period VII and VIA in Arslantepe and a cultural continuity can be stated, important changes especially in architectural layout indicate that the Arslantepe community underwent some crucial transformations. The transition from VII to VIA seems to relate to the period when the local elite, already existent during period VII, managed to monopolize access to material and spiritual resources and to turn into a central institution. This central institution seems to have found wide acceptance within the community and hosted feasts at regular intervals over a longer timespan, probably at the occasion of recurrent rituals with restricted access. The stratigraphie sequence of special buildings for period VIA indicates an unbroken continuity for these activities in the same area. Arslantepe VIA therefore illustrates a new level of social organization, with institutions accumulating power and an established elite, in contrast to the competing elites exist ingat Degirmentepe one millennium earlier. As this study intended to show, feasting residues from late Neolithic and Chalcolithic communities in Northern Mesopot amiaand Southeastern Anatolia allow one to identify singul arand recurrent events that may have played a significant role in the transformation of basic village communities into hierarchically organized complex polities. Instead of abstract processes of centralization and hierarchization, the dynamics set off by human agency and interaction have become visible as one of many factors responsible for this crucial step in human history. Paléorient. vol. 29/2. p. 63-86 «:■ CNRS ÉDITIONS 2003 Feasts as a social dvnamic in Prehistoric Western Asia - three case studies from Svria and Anatolia ACKNOWLEDGEENTS The study has profited largely from extended discussions - some of them in a truly stimulating feasting atmosphere - with several col leagues and their comments, among them Olivier Nieuwenhuyse and Gebhard Selz, for which I want to express my sincere thanks. I also wish to acknowledge further suggestions that were raised by the four Paléorient reviewers. All remaining errors and shortcomings remain, evidently, my personal responsibility. Barbara HELWING Deutsches Archaologisches Institut Eurasien-Abteilung ImDol2-6 14195 Berlin bhCweurasien. dainst. de BIBLIOGRAPHY BOKÔNYI S. 1983 ADAMS R.M. 2001 ALGAZE G. 1993 Complexity in archaic states. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20 : 345-360. The Uruk World System. The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. AKKERMANS P.M.M.G. (ed.) 1996 Tell Sabi Abyad. The Late Neolithic Settlement. Publicat ionsde l Institut historique-archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul 76. Leiden : Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch [nstituut te Istanbul. AKKERMANS P.M.M.G. andDUISTERMAAT K. 1997 Of Storage and Nomads : The Sealings from Late Neolithic Sabi Abyad, Syria. Paléorient 22, 2 :1 7-44. AKKERMANS P.M.M.G. AND VERHOEVEN M. 1995 An Image of Complexity : The Burnt Village at Late thic Sabi Abyad, Syria. American Journal of Archaeology 99 : 5-32. ARSEBÛKG. 1986 An assemblage of microlithic engravers from the Chalcolithic Levels of Degirmentepe (Malatya). Anadolu Aratrmalar 10 (Prof. Dr. U. B. Alkim Hatira Sayisi) : 131-136. BLOCHF.R F. 1992 BOESE J. 1995 Gaukler im Alten Orient. In : HAAS V. (éd.). AuBenseiter und Randgruppen. Beitràge zu einer Sozialgeschichte des Alten Orients. Xenia. Konstanzer Althistorische Vortrage und Forschungen 32 : 79-112. Konstanz : Universitatsverlag Konstanz. Ausgrabungen in Tell Sheikh Hassan I. Vorlàufige Berichte uber die Grabungskampagnen 1984-1990 und 1992-1994. Schriften zur Vorderasiatischen Archaologie 5. Saarbruc- ken : Saarbriicker Druckerei und Verlae. Late Chalcolithic and early Bronze I Animal Remains from Arslantepe (Malatya) : A Preliminary Report. Origini 12 : 581-598. BOURDIEU P. 1972 Esquisse d 'une théorie de la pratique, précédée de trois étu des d 'ethnologie kabyle. Genève : Droz. C'ARNEIRO R.L. 1987 1992 CAVALLOС 1996 2000 Further Reflections on Resource Concentration and its Role in the Rise of the State. In : ManZANlLLA L. (éd.). Studies in the Neolithic and Urban Revolution. The V. Gordon Childe Colloquium. Mexico, 1986. BAR int. Ser. 349 : 245- 260. Oxford. Point counterpoint : ecology and ideology in the develop mentof New World civilizations, in : DEMAREST A. A. and CONRAD W. (eds). ideology and Pre-Columbian Civiliza tions : 175-203. Santa Fe : School of American Research Press. The animal remains — a preliminary account. In : AKKER MANSP.M.M.G. (éd.), Tell Sabi Abyad. The Late Neolithic Settlement. Publications de l 'institut historique-archéologi quenéerlandais de Stamboul 76 : 475-520. Leiden : Neder landsHistorisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. Animals in the steppe. A zooarchaeological analysis of Later Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria. BAR Int. Ser. 891. Oxford. CHILDE V.G. 1948 (1936) Man makes himself. London : Watts. 1950 The urban revolution. Town Planning Review 21 : 3-17. 1952 Stufen der Kultur. Collet P. 1996 The figurines, in : AKKERMANS P.M.M.G. (éd.), Tell Sabi Abyad. The Late Neolithic Settlement. Publications de l 'ins titut historique-archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul 76 : 403-414. Leiden : Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. Collet p. and Spoor R.h. 1996 The ground-stone industry. In: AKKERMANS P.M.M.G. (éd.). Tell Sabi Abyad. The Late Neolithic Settlement. Publi cations de l 'Institut historique-archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul 76: 415-438. Leiden: Nederlands HistorischArchaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. COLLON D. 1992 Banquets in the Art of the Ancient Near East, in : GYSELEN R. (éd.), Banquets d'Orient. Res Orientalis 4 : 23-30. Groupe pour l'Étude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient, Bures S/Y. Dl NOCF.RA G. M. 2000a C-14 datings at Arslantepe and Bronze Age Chronology in the Upper and Middle Euphrates. In : MATTHIAE P., ENEA A.. PEYRONEL L. and PlNNOCK F. (eds). Proceedings of the first International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East : 333-348. Roma. 2000b Radiocarbon Datings from Arslantepe and Norçuntepe : The Fourth-Third Millennium Absolute Chronology in the Upper Euphrates and Transcaucasian Region. In : MARRO C. et HaUPTMANN H. (éd.). Chronologies des Pays du Caucase et de TEuphrate aux IVe-Í IIe millénaires. Varia Anatolica 1 1 : 73-93. Paris : De Boccard. Paléorient. vol. 29/2. p. 63-86 ■< CNRS EDITIONS 2003 82 В. HELWING DlAKONOFF I. M. 1974 Structure of ancient society and state in Early Dynastic Sumer. Vol. 1(3). Malibu, CA : Undena Press. DIETLER M. 2001 Theorizing the feast : Rituals of consumption, commensal politics, and the power in African contexts. In : DŒTLER M. and HAYDEN B. (eds), Feasts. Archaeological and ethno graphic perspectives on food, politics, and power : 65-1 14. Smithsonian Series in Archaeological Inquiry. Washington — London : Smithsonian Institution Press. DIETLER M. and HAYDEN B. 2001 Digesting the feast - Good to eat, good to drink, good to think : An introduction. In : DIETLER M. and HAYDEN B. (eds), Feasts. Archaeological and ethnographic perspecti veson food, politics, and power : 1 -20. Smithsonian Series in Archaeological Inquiry. Washington - London : Smithso nianInstitution Press. DIETLER M. and HAYDEN B. (eds) 2001 Feasts. Archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on food, politics, and power. Smithsonian Series in Archaeolog icalInquiry. Washington — London : Smithsonian Institu tionPress. DIETLER M. and HERBICH I. 2001 Feasts and labor mobilization : Dissecting a fundamental economic practice. In : DIETLER M. and HAYDEN B. (eds), Feasts. Archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on food, politics, and power : 240-264. Smithsonian Series in Archaeological Inquiry. Washington — London : Smithso nianInstitution Press. DUISTERMAAT K. 1996 The seals and sealings. In : AKKERMANS P.M.M.G. (éd.), Tell Sabi Abyad. The Late Neolithic Settlement. Publicat ionsde l 'Institut historique-archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul 76: 339-401. Leiden: Nederlands HistorischArchaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. EMBERLING G. and MCDONALD H. 2001 Excavations at Tell Brak 2000 : Preliminary Report. Iraq 63 : 21-54. ENGLUND R.K. 1994 Archaic administrative texts from Uruk. Vol. 15. Mainz am Rhein : Philipp von Zabern. 1998 Texts from the Late Uruk Period. In : BAUER J., ENGLUND R.K. and KREBERNIK M. (eds), Mesopotamien. SpàturukZeit und Fruhdynastische Zeit : 15-233. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis : 160/1. Freiburg/Schweiz — Gôttingen : Universitâtsverlag - Vandenhoek & Ruprecht. ESIN U. 1980 1979 Degirmentepe Kazlar. Kazi Sonuçlan Toplantisi2:91-99. 1981 1980 Yili Degirmentepe (Malatya) Kazisi Sonuçlan. Kazi Sonuçlan Toplantisi 3 : 39-41 . 1982 Degirmentepe (Malatya) Kazisi 1981 Yili Sonuçlan. Kazi Sonuçlan Toplantisi4 : 39-48. 1983a Degirmentepe Kazisi. Kazi Sonuçlan Toplantisi 5 : 71-79. 1983b Zur Datierung der vorgeschichtlichen Schichten von Degirmentepe bei Malatya in der ôstlichen Tiirkei. In : BOEHMER R.M. und HAUPTMANN H. (Hrsg.), Beitràge zur Altertumskunde Kleinasiens : 175-190. Festschrift fur Kurt BitteI, Mainz. 1984 Degirmentepe (Malatya) Kurtarma Kazisi 1983 Yili Raporu. Kazi Sonuçlan Toplantisi 6:11 -29. 1985 Some Small Finds from the Chalcolithic Occupation at Degirmentepe (Malatya) in Eastern Turkey. In : LlVERANI M., PALMIER! A. and PERONI R. (eds), Studi di Palentologia in Onore di Salvátore Puglisi : 253-263. Rome : University of Rome. 1994 The functional Evidence of Seals and Sealings of Degirmentepe. In : FERIOLI P., FlANDRA E., FlSSORE G. and FRANGIPANE M. (eds), Archives before Writing, Pubhlicazioni degli Archivi di Stato 1 : 59-82. Torino : Sargraf. 1 998 Die Tempel von Degirmentepe wàhrend der chalkolithischen Obedperiode. In : XXXIV. Uluslararasi Assirioloji Kongresi, Turk Tarih Kurumu Yaymlari 24 Dizi, 3. Sa. : 659-676. Ankara : Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi. ESIN U. and HARMANKAYA S. 1985 1984 Degirmentepe (Malatya) Kurtarma Kazisi. Kazi Sonu çlan Toplantisi 7 : 53-85. 1986 1985 Degirmentepe (Malatya-lmamli Kôyii) Kurtama Kazisi. Kazi Sonuçlan Toplantisi 8 : 95-137. 1987 Degirmentepe (Malatya) Kurtama Kazisi 1986. Kazi Sonu çlan Toplantisi 9 : 79-125. EVANS-PRITCHARD E.E. 1937 Witchcraft, oracles and magic among the Azande. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Falkenstein a. 1954 La cité temple sumérienne. Cahiers d'Histoire Mondiale 1 : 784-814. FeinmaN G. M. and MARCUS J. (eds) 1998 Archaic States. Santa Fe Press. Schools of American Research FERIOLI P. and FlANDRA E. 1983 Clay Sealings from Arslantepe VI A: Administration and Bureaucracy. Origini 12 : 455-510. FLANNERY IC.V. 1999a Process and Agency in Early State Formation. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 9 : 3-21. 1999b Chiefdoms in the Early Near East : Why it's so hard to tify them. In : ALIZADEH A., MAJIDZADEH Y. and SHAMIRZADEH M. (eds), The Iranian World. Essays on Iranian Art and Archaeology presented to Ezat O. Negahban : 44-63. Tehran : Iran University Press. Forest J.-D. 1 996 Mésopotamie. L 'apparition de l 'Etat. VIIe-IIIe millénaires. Grandes Civilisations. Paris : Paris-Méditerranée. Foster B. 1981 A New Look at the Sumerian Temple State. Journal о j the Economic and Social History ofthe Orient 24 : 225-241 . FRANGIPANE M. 1989 Aspects of Centralization in the late Uruk Period in Mesopotamian Periphery. Origini 14 : 539-560. 1993a Excavations at Arslantepe-Malatya, 1992. Kazi Sonuçlan Toplantisi 15 : 211-228. 1993b Mel id. B. Reallexikon der Assyriologie 8 : 42-52. 1993c Local Components in the Development of Centralized eties in Syro Anatolian Regions, in : FRANGIPANE M., HAUPTMANN H., LlVERANI M., MATTHIAE P. and MELPaléorient. vol. 29/2, p. 63-86 .r CNRS ÉDITIONS 2003 Feasts as a social dvnamic in Prehistoric Western Asia - three case studies from Svria and Anatolia 83 LINK M. (eds). Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains. Archaeologica Anatolica et Mesopotamia Alba Palmieri Dedicata : 133-161. Roma : Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche Archeologiche e Antropologíche Dell Antichita Univers itadi Roma "La Sapienza". 1995 Arslantepe-Malatya. Results of the 1993 season. Kazi Sonuçlan Toplantisi 16 : 165-176. 1996 La nascita dello Stato nel Vicino Oriente. Quadrante 85. Bari : Editoři Laterza. 1997 A 4th millenium Temple/Palace Complex at ArslantepeMalatya. North-South Relations and the Formation of Early State Societies in the Northern Regions of Greater Mesopot amia.Paléorient 23,1 : 45-73. 1998 Arslantepe 1996 : The Finding of an E.B. I "Royal Tomb". Kazi Sonuçlan Toplantisi 19 : 291-309. 2000 The Late Chalcolithic/EB I Sequence at Arslantepe. logical and Cultural Remarks from a Frontier Site. In : MARRO С et HAUPTMANN H. (éd.), Chronologies des Pays du Caucase et de l'Euphrate aux IVe-IlTe Millénaires. Varia Anatolica 1 1 : 439-471. Paris : De Boccard. 2001a The transition between two opposing forms of power at lantepe (Malatya) at the Beginning of the 3rd millennium ВС. TUВA-AR, Turkish Academy of Sciences Journal of Archaeol ogy4 : 1 -24. 2001b Centralization Processes in Greater Mesopotamia. Uruk expansion as the climax of systemic interactions among areas of the Greater Mesopotamia region. In : ROTHMAN M.S. (éd.), Uruk Mesopotamia and its Neighbors. Cross-cultural interactions in the era of state formations. School of Ameri canResearch AdvancedSeminar Series : 307-347. Santa Fe : School of American Research Press. 2002 "Non-Uruk" developments and Uruk-linked features on the northern borders of Greater Mesopotamia. In : POSTGATE J.N. and CAMPBELL S. (eds), Artefacts ofComplexity. Trac king the Uruk in the Near East. Iraq Archaeological Reports 5 : 123-148. Warm inster : Aris and Phillips Ltd. Frangipane M and Palmieri A. 1983 Cultural Developments at Arslantepe at the Beginning of Third Millennium. Origini 12 : 523-574. Frangipane M. and Palmieri A. (eds) 1983 Perspectives on Protourbanization in eastern Anatolia : lantepe (Malatya). An Interim Report on 1975-1983 Campaig ns.Origini 12 : 287-668. GLASSNER J.J. 1987-1990 Mahlzeit. A. In Mesopotamien. In : EDZARD O. (éd.), Reallexikon der Assvriologie 1 : 259-267. Berlin — New York : Walter de Gruyter. 2001 GULÇUR S. 2000 Nonjuntepe : Die chalkolithische Keramik (Elazjg/Ostanatolien). in : MARRO С et HAUPTMANN Fi. (éd.). Chronologies des Pays du Caucase et de FEuphrate aux ÍVe-fIíe millénaires : 375-418. Varia Anatolica 11. Paris : De Boccard. HALDAR A. 1957-1971 Fest. In: WEIDNER E. and VON SODEN W. (eds). Reallexikon der Assvriologie 3 : 40-43. Berlin - New York : Walt erde Gruyter. Hayden B. 1998 Practical and Prestige Theories. Journal o/'Archaeological Method and Theory 5 : 1-55. HEINRICH E. 1971 1982 HELWING В. 1999 2000 Fabulous feasts : A prolegomenon to the importance of feas ting. In : DlETLER M. and HAYDEN B. (eds). Feasts. Archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on food, poli tics, and power. Smithsonian Series in Archaeological Inquiry : 23-64. Washington — London : Smithsonian Institu tionPress. Herr Ernst Heinrich spricht iiber die Geburt der Architektur im Alten Orient. Archàologischer Anzeiger 86 : 584-602. Die Tempel und Heiligtumer im alten Mesopotamien. Denkmaler Antiker Architektur 14. Cultural Interaction at Hassek Hóyuk, Turkey : New Evi dence from Pottery Analysis. Paléorient 25,1 : 91-99. Regional Variation in the Composition of Late Chalcolithic Pottery Assemblages. In : MARRO С et HAUPTMANN H. (éd. ), Chronologies des Pays du Caucase et de l'Euphrate aux IVe-iïIe millénaires. Varia Anatolica 1 1 : 145-164. Paris : De Boccard. Johnson G.A. 1975 Locational Analysis and the Investigation of Uruk Local Exchange Systems. In : SABLOFF A. and LamBERG-KaRLOVSKY С (eds), Ancient Civilization and Trade : 285-339. Albuquerque : University ofNew Mexico Press. 1976 Early state organization in Southwestern Iran : Preliminary Field Report. In : BAGHERZADEH F. (éd.), Proceedings of the IVth Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran : 190-223. Tehran. Kilmer A. D. 1995 Music and Dance in Ancient Western Asia. In: SASSON M. (éd.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East 4 : 2601- 2613. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons. KRAMER S.N. 1963 The Sumerians. Chicago : Chicago University Press. Lambert W.G. 1993 Marx K. 2000 MAUSS M. 1968 Donations of Food and Drink to the Gods in Ancient Mesop otamia. In : QUAEGEBEUR J. (éd.). Ritual and Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 55: 191-201. Leuven : Uitgeverij Peeters en Department Orient al i stick. Das Kapitál. Kritik der politischen Ôkonomie. Kôln : Park land. Die Gabe. Form und Funktion des Austausches in archaischen Gesellschaften. Frankfurt am Main : Suhrkamp. LE MlÈRE M. and NlEUWENHUYSE О. 1996 The prehistoric pottery. In : AKKERMANS P.M.M.G. (éd.). Tell Sabi Abyad. The Late Neolithic Settlement. Publicat ionsde l 'Institut historique-archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul 76: 119-284. Leiden: Nederlands HistorischArchaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. MOORTGAT A. 1945 Die Entstehung der sumerischen Hochkultur. Vol. 43. Leipzig : Hinrichs. 1 949 Tammuz. Der Unsterhlichkeitsglaube in der altorientalischen Kunst. Berlin : De Gruvter. Paléorient. vol. 29'2. p. 63-X6 < CNRS EDITIONS 2003 в. helwing neu r. 2000 Verdienstfeste und Akephalie auf den Philippines In : KÔBLER R. and BEST G. (eds), Subjekte und Systéme. Soziologische und anthropologische Annaherungen. Fests chrift fur Christian Sigrist zum 65. Geburtstag : 103-115. Umbriiche der Modeme 9. Frankfurt am Main : Verlag fur interkulturelle Kommunikation. NISSEN H.J. 1988 The Early History of the A ncient Near East 9 000-2 000 b. с Chicago and London : The University of Chicago Press. 1989 The 'Ubaid Period in the Context of the Early History of the Ancient Near East. In : HENRICKSON F. and THUESEN Í. (eds), Upon this Foundation. The 'Ubaid reconsidered, CNI Publications 10 : 245-256. Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum Press. 1999 Geschichte Alt-Vorderasiens. Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte 25. Miinchen : R. Oldenbourg Verlag. Oates D. and Oates J. 1991 Excavations at Tell Brak \ 990- \ 99\ . Iraq 53 : 127-145. 1993 Excavations at Tell Brak 1992-1993. Iraq 55 : 155-199. 1 994 Tell Brak : A Stratigraphie Summary. Iraq 56 :1 67- 1 76. PALLIS S.A. 1 926 The Babylonian Akitu Festival. Copenhagen : Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri. PALMIER! A. 1985 1984 Excavations at Arslantepe. FCazi Sonuçlari Toplantisi 1 : 29-36. 1986 The 1985 Campaign at Arslantepe, Malatya. Kazí Sonuçlari Toplantisi 8/1 : 67-73. PAL.V1IERI A. and FRANGIPANE M. 1989 The 1988 Campaign at Arslantepe, Malatya. Kazi Sonuçlari Toplantisi 11/'1 : 191-201. PERODIE J.R. 2001 Feasting for prosperity: A study of Southern Northwest Coast feasting. In : DlETLER M. and HAYDEN B. (eds), Feasts. Archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on food, politics, and power. Smithsonian Series in Archaeolog icalInquiry : 185-214. Washington — London : Smithsonian institution Press. POLÁNYI K. 1957 The economy as instituted process. In : POLÁNYI K., ARENSBERG С M. and PEARSON H.W. (eds). Trade and market in the earlv empires. Economy in History and Theorv : 243-270. New York : The Free Press. POLLOCK S. 1999 Ancient Mesopotamia. The Eden That Never Was. bridge : Cambridge University Press. POSTGATE J.N. 1 972 The role of the temple in the Mesopotamian secular community. In : UCKO P., TRINGHAM R. and DlMBLEBY G. (eds), Man, Settlement and Urbanism : 81 1-825. London : Duckworth. 1 992 Early Mesopotamia. Society and economy at the dawn ofhis torv. London — New York : Routledge. Postgate J.N. and Campbell S. (eds) 2002 Artefacts of Complexity. Tracking the Uruk in the Near East. Iraq Archaeological Reports 5. Warminster : Aris and Phillips Ltd. RAPPAPORT R.A. 1999 Ritual and religion in the making ofhumanity. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Renfrew J.M. 1995 Vegetables in the Ancient Near Eastern diet. In : SASSON M. (éd.), Civilizations ofthe Ancient Near East 1 : 191-202. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons. ROBERTSON J.F. 1 995 The social and economic organization of Ancient Mesopota mianTemples. In : SASSON M. (éd.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East I : 443-454. New York : Charles Scrib ner's Sons. RÓLLIG W. 1970 Das Bier im Alten Mesopotamien. Berlin : Erich Blaschker. ROTHMAN M.S. (ed.) 2001 Uruk Mesopotamia and its neighbors : Cross-cultural raction and its consequences in the era of state formation. Santa Fe : School of American Research Press. SCHMANDT-BESSERAT D. 1992 Before Writing. Austin : University ofTexas Press. 1993 Images of Enship. In: FRANGIPANE M., HauPTMANN H., LlVERANJ M., MATTHIAE P. and MELLINK M. (eds), Between the Rivers and Over theMountains. Archaeologica Anatolica et Mesopotamia Alba Palmieri Dedicata : 201-219. Roma: Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche Archeologiche e Antropologiche Dell Antichita Universita di Roma "La Sapienza". 2001 Feasting in the Ancient Near East. In : DlETLER M. and HAYDEN B. (eds). Feasts. Archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on food, politics, and power. Smithsonian Series in Archaeological Inquiry : 391-402. Washington — London : Smithsonian Institution Press. SCHMIDT K. 1996 Nor^untepe. Kleinfunde I. Die lithische Industrie. Vol. I. Mainz am Rhein : Philip von Zabern (Archaeological Euphtratica, Band 1). SELZ G J. 1983 Die Bankettszene. Freiburger Altorientalische Studien 11 : 426-487. 1995 Untersuchungen zur Gôtterwelt des altsumerischen Stadtstaates von Lagas. Philadelphia : Samuel Noah Kramer Fund. (Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund, 13). Service E.R. 1 975 Origins of the state and civilization : the process of cultural evolution. New York : W.W. Norton. Spoor R.H. and Collet p. 1996 The other small finds. In : AKKERMANS P.M.M.G. (éd.), Tell Sabi Abyad. The Late Neolithic Settlement. Publications de l 'Institut historique-archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul 76 : 439-473. Leiden : Nederlands Historish-Archaeologish Institut te Jstanbul. Stein G.J. 1 998 Heterogenity, power and political economy : Some current research issues in the Archaeology of Old World Complex Societies. Journal ofArchaeological Research 6 : 1-44. 1 999 Rethinking World-Systems : Diasporas Colonies, and Inter action in UrukMesopotamia. Tuscon : University of Arizona Press. Paléorient. vol. 29/2. p. 63-86 i: CNRS ÉDITIONS 2003 Feasts as a social dynamic in Prehistoric Western Asia - three case studies from Svria and Anatolia 85 STROMMENGER E. 1980 Habuba Kabira. Eine Stadt vor 5000 Jahren. Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft am Euphrat in Habuba Kabira — Syrien. Sendschrift der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft 12. Mainz am Rhein : Philip von Zabern. SÛRENHAGEN D. 1978 Keramik-Produktion in Habuba Kabira-Sud. Berlin : Verlag Bruno Hessling. TURNER V. 1967 1989 1995 The forest of svmbols. Aspects of Ndembu ritual. Cornell Paperbacks. London : Cornell Press. Das Ritual. Struktur und Anti-Struktur. Théorie und Gesellschaft. Frankfurt- New York : Campus Verlag. Voin Ritual zum Theater. Vom Ernst des menschlichen Spiels. Frankfurt am Main : Fischer Verlag. VALLETR. 1996 Habuba Kébira ou la Naissance de l'Urbanisme. Paléorient 22.2 : 45-76. VANSTIPHOUTH.L.J. 1992 The Banquet Scene in the Mesopotamian Debate Poems. In : GYSELEN R. (éd.). Banquets d'Orient. Res Orientalis 4 : 9- 21 . Groupe pour l'Étude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient, Bures S/Y. VERHOEVEN M. 1998 An archaeological ethnography of a neolithic community. Space. Place and social relation in the burnt village at Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria. Publications de l'institut historiquearchéologique néerlandais de Stamboul 83. Leiden : Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Lstanbul. 2000a Death, fire, and abandonnment. Ritual practice at Late lithic Tell Sabi Abyad. Syria. Archaeological Dialogues 7 : 46-65. 2000b Excavated spaces, prehistoric places : Spatial Analysis at Tell Sabi Ayad.a neolithic settlement in Northern Syria. In : Milano L.. Martino S. de. Fales F. M. and Lanfranchi G.B. (eds). Landscapes, territories, frontiers and horizons in the Ancient Near East. Papers presented to the XLIV Ren contre Assyriologique Internationale. Venezia, 7-11 July 1997 : 233-242. Padova : Sargon. VERHOEVEN M. and KRANENDONK P. 1996 The Excavations: Stratigraphy and Architecture. In: AKKERMANS P.M.M.G. (éd.). Tell Sabi Abyad. The Late Neolithic Settlement. Publications de l'Institut historiquearchéologique néerlandais de Stamboul 76: 25-118. Leiden : Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch [nstituut te fstanbul. WEBER M. 1985 Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Crundriss der verstehenden Soziologie. Tubingen : JCB Mohr. ZEiST W. VANand WATERBOLK-VANROOI.IEN W. 1996 The cultivated and wild plants. In : AKKERMANS P.M.M.G. (éd.). Tell Sabi Abyad. The Late Neolithic Settlement. Publi cations de l 'Institut historique-archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul lb : 521-550. Leiden : Nederlands HistorischArchaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. Paléorient. vol. 29-2. p. 63-X6 < CNRS ÉDITIONS 2003