TRANSPORTATION
Passenger service began in 1872, with a
steam locomotive that linked Shimbashi
station, in Tokyo, to the nearby city of
Yokohama, thereby setting the stage for what
was to become a nationwide rail network. It
took 17 more years to link by rail the main
cities along the old Tokaido (Eastern Sea
Route), so that in July 1889 one could travel
the entire way from Tokyo to Osaka by train.
A single departure per day made the 515kilometer
(320-mile) journey in 20 hours. The
successive introduction of diesel and electric
trains shortened the time on this heavily
shortened the time on this heavily traveled
Speed and efficiency through technological advancement
route to under 7 hours, and the Shinkansen
(bullet train) eventually reduced the journey to
under 3 hours.
Until it was privatized and split into
separate regional companies in 1987, the
Japan National Railways (JNR) operated a
nationwide passenger and freight rail network.
Successors of JNR presently include the six
passenger railway companies of the JR
(Japan Railway) group, a freight railway
company, and several affiliated companies.
The total rail system, including the JR
group and other railway companies,
comprises 27,603 operation kilometers. In
2013, the system transported 23.04 billion
passengers.
Railways
Web Japan
http://web-japan.org/
1 TRANSPORTATION
The Shinkansen bullet
train
The “Hayabusa” bullet
train, which runs between
Tokyo and Aomori, has a
top speed 320km/hr.
(Photo courtesy of
Railman Photo Office)
The Shinkansen is a high-speed railway
system consisting of six regular lines: the
Tokaido Shinkansen, Sanyo Shinkansen,
Tohoku Shinkansen, Joetsu Shinkansen,
Hokuriku Shinkansen (currently travels as far
as Nagano), and Kyushu Shinaksen, for
which trains run only on special Shinkansen
tracks; as well as two lines usually referred to
as “mini-Shinkansen” lines, where the trains
run both on Shinkansen tracks and standard
local tracks: the Akita Shinkansen and
Yamagata Shinkansen. This extensive
network of high-speed trains exceeding 300
kilometers per hour (186 MPH) connects
Japan’s major cities, stretching from Aomori
on the northernmost point of the island of
Honshu all the way down to Kagoshima on
the southernmost point of Kyushu. The
addition of several other Shinkansen lines has
been planned since 1973, and construction
continues on some sections of those lines.
The Tokaido Shinkansen serves the 500kilometer
(311-mile) Tokyo-Osaka corridor
that has long been considered the main artery
of Japan. This line runs at a maximum speed
of 270 kilometers per hour, and the minimum
trip time between Tokyo and Osaka is now 2
hours 25 minutes. Since it was inaugurated in
1964, the Shinkansen has had a remarkable
record of high-speed operation, safety,
volume of transport, and punctuality. As many
as 14 trains every hour run in each direction
on a single line, while train delays average
between just 0.6 and 1.0 minutes. Moreover,
not a single fatal accident has occurred from
a collision or derailing on a Shinkansen line
since operations began, setting an amazing
record for safety.
Development has also been proceeding
on a new type of Shinkansen based on linear
motor technology. This train levitates above
its track using magnetic energy and is
capable of reaching maximum speeds over
550 kilometers per hour (342 MPH).
Japan’s four main islands were at last joined
by railway in 1988 when the undersea Seikan
Tunnel linked Honshu to the northern island
of Hokkaido and the Seto Ohashi Bridge
linked Honshu to the island of Shikoku.
Along with the development of automobile
and air transportation, important railway
services have gradually shifted to longdistance
intercity transport, such as the
Shinkansen, and commuter lines. Commuter
lines carry people from their homes in the
suburbs back and forth to work and school.
Because of high land prices, many people
have moved to the suburbs in search of
affordable housing. More than 70% of office
workers now commute aboard trains, and
those trains are often packed to overflowing,
although the level of congestion at peak
commuter hours on the principal lines in the
Tokyo area has fallen to 180% of normal
capacity since peaking in 1965.
Nine cities in Japan currently operate
subway systems. The total length of Japan’s
subway lines in operation stood at 857 km as
of March 2011. The first to be constructed, a
section of Tokyo’s Ginza line, began
operation in 1927. There are 13 subway lines
in Tokyo, and they currently carry more than 7
million passengers per day. Many of the
subway lines also link up with commuter lines
and extend their service to the suburbs.
Japan continues to recognize the many
advantages of rail transport, including its
convenience, energy efficiency, low pollution,
and safety. In large metropolitan areas
railways play a major transportation role and
have an extremely large passenger
population. Consequently, JR and the private
railway companies continue to build new lines
and increase capacity by adding tracks to
existing lines. Railway system expansion is
also being promoted through system
diversification, with the addition of monorails
and other types of railway technology.
Railway companies are making a strong effort
to increase the convenience of transfers and
to improve station access for elderly and
handicapped persons through the installation
of elevators and escalators.
2 TRANSPORTATION
Shinkansen's
N700A
The first new model
in five years
The Shinkansen
Construction of expressways (toll roads)
began in the 1960s. The first to be completed
was the Meishin Expressway, linking Nagoya
to Kobe, in 1965. It was soon linked to Tokyo
via the Tomei Expressway.
The Kan’etsu, Tohoku, Joban, and other longdistance
expressways have followed over the
past several decades. A 162 km expressway
portion between the Gotemba and Mikkabi
junctions was opened to traffic on April 14,
2012. It was the longest stretch opened to
traffic at one time in Japanese road history.
Tokyo and other major urban areas maintain
a comprehensive and ever-expanding
network of expressways linking downtown
areas to the suburbs.
Expressway construction in Japan has
faced many challenges: the nature of the
terrain, high concentrations of factories and
housing, high land prices along the routes,
and added reinforcement needed to withstand
earthquakes. Construction costs are the
world’s highest, and for this reason
expressway tolls are proportionately high.
Nevertheless, expressways are in extensive
use. During fiscal 2012, the average daily
traffic flow between Tokyo and Komaki (near
Nagoya in Aichi Prefecture), was 422,788
automobiles.
The frequent traffic jams on metropolitan
roads are a major problem. In Tokyo, an
extensive system of expressways and roads
radiates out from the center of the city, but
delays in the building of loop lines have
contributed to chronic traffic congestion.
Traffic safety has been a national issue
since the 1960s. In 1970, the year the Traffic
Safety Act went into effect, more than 16,000
people died in road-traffic accidents. However,
by 2012 the number had fallen to 4,411, less
than one-third of the 1970 total.
Air pollution from motor vehicle emissions,
including both exhaust gasses (nitrogen oxide,
etc.) and the particulate matter emitted by
diesel engines, is a serious problem in large
metropolitan areas. Consequently, the
government has placed strict legal controls on
vehicle emissions and the sulfur content of
fuels.
If completed sometime early in the twenty-first
century, such “mag-lev” trains can be
expected to make the journey between Tokyo
and Osaka in approximately 1 hour, about the
same time required by jet aircraft.
In 2012, the N700A-series Shinkansen
bullet train, an advanced car set featuring
automatic operation capabilities and a new
braking system, made its debut.
If completed sometime early in the twenty-first
century, such “mag-lev” trains can be
expected to make the journey between Tokyo
and Osaka in approximately 1 hour, about the
same time required by jet aircraft.
In 2012, the N700A-series Shinkansen
bullet train, an advanced car set featuring
automatic operation capabilities and a new
braking system, made its debut. Furthermore,
in August 2013, full-on test runs began for the
“L0 (L Zero) series” rolling stock (designed for
actual operating lines) at the 43 km-long test
Maglev test track in Yamanashi. Its unique
magnetic elevation allows it to run at top
speeds of about 500km per hour, taking about
10 minutes to travel the 43km.
As of April 2012 Japan had 1,212,660
kilometers of roads. It was in 1899 that Japan
imported its first automobile. Motor vehicle
production by Japanese manufacturers began
in 1902. Although commercial vehicles and
public transport crowded the nation’s city
streets following their introduction, it was not
until the 1960s that private car ownership
began to increase rapidly. Three factors made
this possible: rapid growth in income brought
on by economic development, the emergence
of a domestic automotive industry geared to
the specific needs of the local market (smallsized,
fuel-efficient vehicles), and
improvement in roads. Between 1960 and
2000, the number of registered motor vehicles
grew from 1.9 million to over 52 million. Twocar
families have become common, and the
number of trucks in use by commercial
transport and delivery services has continued
to increase.
3 TRANSPORTATION
Kansai International Airport
(Photo courtesy of KANSAI
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT LAND
DEVELOPMENT Co., Ltd.)
Motor Vehicles
From the end of World War II until 1951, the
Japanese government was deprived of its
authority to permit passenger airlines by
SCAP (Supreme Commander of the Allied
Powers). International and domestic airlines,
therefore, didn’t start until 1953.
Currently, there are nearly 100 airports
nationwide, of which the Tokyo International
Airport, commonly referred to as Haneda
Airport, boasts of the greatest number of
passengers in Japan. Haneda Airport opened
in 1931 as Japan’s first commercial airport. It
served as both as a domestic and an
international airport until 1978, when the New
Tokyo International Airport opened in Narita.
From that time Haneda Airport was mainly
used for domestic flights, but in 2010, after a
fourth runway came into use, it began offering
a variety of flights to foreign destinations as
well, including not only Asian cities such as
Seoul, Shanghai, and Hong Kong, but also
major cities in Europe and the United States
such as Los Angeles, New York, and Paris.
New Tokyo International Airport, also
known as Narita Airport, is located some 66
kilometers (41 miles) east of Tokyo. Since its
opening in 1978, Narita Airport has been the
embarkation point for many overseas
passengers. The number of the airport’s
flights is set to increase after the extension of
a runway in 2010. And the airport is more
convenient than ever now that the new Sky
Access train makes it possible to travel from
Narita to the center of Tokyo in just 36
minutes.
Osaka International Airport is also called
Itami Airport. It handled most domestic and all
international flights to the Kansai region until
the opening of Kansai International Airport in
September 1994. It is now used mainly for
domestic flights.
Kansai International Airport is on an
artificial island in Osaka Bay. In addition to
providing expanded service and access by a
greater number of international carriers, this
airport is Japan’s first 24-hour facility.
4 TRANSPORTATION
The number of landings and departures
totaled 128,729 in 2012. The airport is
equipped with state-of-the-art technology,
including a system to automatically turn off air
conditioning when travelers are not in the
building, as well as a “jack-up system” that
gauges the settlement of the building and
then makes height adjustments to prevent
unequal settlement.
Chubu Centrair International Airport
opened in February 2005. Located on an
artificial island in Ise Bay, it is the principal
airport for the city of Nagoya. The airport is
designed to be easily accessible by everyone,
regardless of age or physical disability,
incorporating universal design elements such
as a design that allows travelers to proceed
from the train platform to the arrival or
departure lobby without changing floors.
In 2012, three Japanese low-cost carriers
(LCCs) began to operate domestic flights
after having operated international flights for
some time.
In order to boost the competitiveness of ports
in Japan, six ports (Tokyo, Yokohama,
Nagoya, Yokkaichi, Osaka, and Kobe) were
designated as “super-hub ports” in 2004.
Efforts are being made to improve services
and cut costs, while equipping the ports with
container terminals and innovative
logistics systems.
Ports in Japan are also focusing on
environmental measures, and in 2011, 22
ports nationwide have been designated
“recycle ports” with an aim to efficiently
circulate recyclable resources using bulk
transport ships that have a low impact on the
environment. The designated ports have
made it possible, in an integrated manner, to
receive recycled materials, process them, and
dispose of the residue.
Nine ports in Japan, such as the
Kagoshima and Beppu ports, have been
equipped with passenger terminals to attract
more international cruise ship lines.
Air Transportation
Maritime Transportation