THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO * ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS JOHN ALBERT WILSON & THOMAS GEORGE ALLEN EDITORS ELIZABETH B. HAUSER & RUTH S. BROOKENS. ASSISTANT EDITORS oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu PRE-SARGONID TEMPLES IN THE DIYALA REGION oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW YORK THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS VOLUME LVIII PRE-SARGONID TEMPLES IN THE DIYALA REGION BY PINHAS DELOUGAZ AND SETON LLOYD With chapters by Henri Frankfort and Thorkild Jacobsen THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS . CHICAGO . ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu THIS VOLUME IS ONE OF A GROUP PLANNED TO PRESENT AS A WHOLE THE WORK OF THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE'S IRAQ EXPEDITION IN THE DIYALA REGION * THE PROPOSED TITLES ARE: FOUR ANCIENT TOWNS IN THE DIYALA REGION PRIVATE HOUSES AND GRAVES IN THE DIYALA REGION THE TEMPLE OVAL AT KHAFAJAH (OJP LIII) PRE-SARGONID TEMPLES IN THE DIYALA REGION (OIP LVIII) THE GIMILSIN TEMPLE AND THE PALACE OF THE RULERS AT TELL ASMAR (OIP XLIII) OLD BABYLONIAN PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN THE DIYALA REGION SCULPTURE OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM B.C. FROM TELL ASMAR AND KHAFAJAH (O0P XLIV) MORE SCULPTURE FROM THE DIYALA REGION CYLINDER SEALS FROM THE DIYALA REGION POTTERY FROM THE DIYALA REGION WEIGHTS FROM THE DIYALA REGION MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS FROM THE DIYALA REGION COPYRIGHT 1942 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO * ALL RIGHTS RESERVED * PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 1942 * COMPOSED AND PRINTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS * CHICAGO * ILLINOIS * U.S.A. oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE In the presentation of the pre-Sargonid temples of the Diyala region we have used the description of the Sin Temple at Khafajah as a paradigm. Its history is known to us through a longer stretch of time than that of any of the other temples, and several of the features which occur throughout can thus be discussed once and for all in the description of this structure. It will be seen that our historical perspective is limited by the subsoil water table at Khafajah and the comparatively late foundation date of the temples there and at Tell Asmar. Nevertheless, two general conclusions can be drawn. In the first place, our series of successive buildings shows that the Early Dynastic temples continue an earlier tradition much more strictly than we had reason to suspect and suggests for the first time the unbroken story of Mesopotamian sacred architecture. Our Old Babylonian Public Buildings will supply the continuation of this story. In the second place, a comparison of the Temple Oval of Khafajah (OIP LIII) with the material presented in this volume reveals a difference which can be explained in only one way: the oval form of the fortified temple complex must be an innovation of the Early Dynastic period, since it occurs in the one sanctuary which had no earlier ante- cedents. A synchronistic table found at the end of the volume should enable the reader to keep the simultaneous developments at the various sites before him. The location of our sites and their relation to the country as a whole may be studied on the map, which is the work of Mr. Walter W. Romig and is based on the most accurate surveys available. To Mr. Romig should also be given credit for the drawing of Plates 5 B, 7, 13, and 24 B and Figure 203. These were prepared in Chicago after Mr. Hamilton D. Darby and Mr. Seton Lloyd, who are responsible for the other drawings, had finished their work. It is but fair to state that Mr. Lloyd was prevented by his war duties from reading proofs. Miss Mary A. Chubb, secretary of the Iraq Expedition, and Mrs. Ruth S. Brookens, assistant editor at the Oriental Institute, have spent unending care on the preparation of our material for the press. To them and to Dr. T. George Allen, for the final editing of this work, the authors owe, once again, a very considerable debt of gratitude. H. F. vii oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . .. . . xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............... . xvii I. THE KHAFAJAH TEMPLES. PinhasDelougaz . . . . . . .. . . . . 1 Preliminary Remarks............... 1 Location of the Temples . .. ...... . 1 Damage by Illicit Digging ..... . . . . 2 Stratigraphic Terms .. . 3 Dating of Objects ............ 4 The Sin Temple .. .. . . .. . 6 Excavation . . . . . . 6 The Name of the Temple . . . . . 6 Sin Temple I .............. 8 Sin Temple II ............. . 14 Sin Temple III.......... . 18 Sin Temple IV . . . . . 21 Sin Temple V . . . . . . 31 Sin Temple VI . . . . . 40 Sin Temple VII .. . . . . 44 Sin Temple VIII . . . . . 52 Sin Temple IX . . . . . 61 Sin Temple X . . . . . . 71 The Smaller Temples at Khafajah ......... . 79 The Nintu Temple ........ ... . 79 The Small Temple in O 43 . . . . . . 104 The Small Single Shrine in S 44 . . . . . 113 Comparative Stratification and Dating ......... . 117 Stratigraphy of the Sin Temple . . . . . .. 117 Correlation and Dating of the Smaller Temples . . 123 Tentative Estimates of Length and of Absolute Dates of the Early Dynastic and Proto-literate Periods . ................ . 125 Catalogue of Objects Found in the Khafajah Temples . . . . . . 136 Objects from the Sin Temple Grouped by Periods and Loci . . . . . . 136 Objects from the Nintu Temple Grouped by Periods and Loci . . . . . 148 Objects from the Small Temple in 0 43 Grouped by Periods and Loci . . . . 151 Objects in Order of Field Numbers with Indication of Loci and Periods . . . . . 153 II. THE ABU TEMPLE AT TELL ASMAR. Seton Lloyd. .. ... . . 156 Excavation ............... . 156 The Earliest Shrine ............... 159 The Archaic Shrine ............... . 162 The Square Temple .............. . 172 The Single-Shrine Temple ........... . 192 Catalogue of Objects Found in the Abu Temple . . .. . . .. 206 Objects Grouped by Periods and Loci . . . . . . . . . 206 Objects in Order of Field Numbers with Indication of Loci and Periods . . . . . . 215 III. THE SHARA TEMPLE AT TELL AGRAB. Seton Lloyd . . . . .... . . 218 Excavation . . . ................ . 218 The Main Level . . ............... . 228 The Intermediate Foundations . . ............. . 252 The Earlier Building . . . ................ . 253 ix oi.uchicago.edu x TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE The Earliest Remains . .. . . . . . . . . 260 Comparison of the Southern Rooms in the Main Level with "House D" at Khafajah and Resulting Restoration of the Shara Temple. PinhasDelougaz ... . . .261 Catalogue of Objects Found in the Shara Temple and at the Town Wall 266 Objects Grouped by Levels and Loci . . ....... 266 Objects in Order of Field Numbers with Indication of Loci and Levels .. . . 285 IV. THE INSCRIPTIONS. Thorkild Jacobsen . .... .. . . . . 289 V. CONCLUSIONs. HenriFrankfort . .... 299 The Early Dynastic Temples. ... . . . . . .. . 300 The Sin Temple at Khafajah and the Basic Temple Plan of Mesopotamia. . .. 304 INDEX OF Loci . ... 313 Khafajah .. .. 313 Tell Asmar . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Tell Agrab . . . 314 GENERAL INDEX .... . 315 oi.uchicago.edu LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES 1. CONTOUR MAP OF MOUND A AT KHAFAJAH, SHOWING EXCAVATED AREAS 2. A. PLAN OF SIN TEMPLE I AT KHAFAJAH. B. PLAN OF SIN TEMPLE II 3. PLAN OF SIN TEMPLE III AT KHAFAJAH 4. PLANS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND OCCUPATION LEVELS OF SIN TEMPLE IV AT KHAFAJAH 5. A. PLAN OF SIN TEMPLE V AT KHAFAJAH. B. PLAN OF SIN TEMPLE V SUPERIMPOSED ON THAT OF SIN TEMPLE I 6. PLAN OF SIN TEMPLE VI AT KHAFAJAH 7. PLAN OF SIN TEMPLE VI SUPERIMPOSED ON THAT OF SIN TEMPLE V 8. PLAN OF FIRST OCCUPATION LEVEL OF SIN TEMPLE VII AT KHAFAJAH 9. PLAN OF SECOND OCCUPATION LEVEL OF SIN TEMPLE VII AT KHAFAJAH 10. PLAN OF FIRST OCCUPATION LEVEL OF SIN TEMPLE VIII AT KHAFAJAH. INSET SHOWS ENTRANCE OF SECOND OCCUPATION LEVEL 11. PLAN OF SIN TEMPLE IX AT KHAFAJAH 12. PLAN OF SIN TEMPLE X AT KHAFAJAH 13. PLAN OF SIN TEMPLE X SUPERIMPOSED ON THAT OF SIN TEMPLE VI 14. A. SECTION A-A' THROUGH SIN TEMPLE AT KHAFAJAH. B. SECTION B-B' THROUGH SIN TEMPLE 15. PLAN OF PART OF THE WALLED QUARTER EAST OF THE TEMPLE OVAL AT KHAFAJAH, SHOWING WALLS OF EARLIER HOUSES AND OF THE NINTU TEMPLE 16. PLAN OF THE NINTU TEMPLE AT KHAFAJAH DURING SIXTH BUILDING PERIOD OF Q 45:4 17. PLANS OF THE SMALL TEMPLE IN ( 43 AT KHAFAJAH 18. SECTION THROUGH THE SMALL TEMPLE IN 0 43 COMPARED WITH PARTIAL SECTIONS OF THE TEMPLE OVAL AND SIN TEMPLE AND THE HOUSES IN THEIR IMMEDIATE VICINITY 19. A. PLAN OF THE EARLIEST SHRINE OF THE ABU TEMPLE AT TELL ASMAR. B. PLAN OF ARCHAIC SHRINE I OF THE ABU TEMPLE 20. A. PLAN OF ARCHAIC SHRINE 11 OF THE ABU TEMPLE AT TELL ASMAR. B. PLAN OF AR(HAIC SHRINE III OF THE ABU TEMPLE 21. A. PLAN OF ARCHAIC SHRINES IV A-B OF THE ABU TEMPLE AT TELL ASMAR. B. PLAN OF ARCHAI( SHRINE IV C OF THE ABU TEMPLE 22. PLAN OF THE SQUARE ABU TEMPLE AND ITS IMMEDIATE PREDECESSOR AT TELL ASMAR 23. PLANS OF THE SINGLE-SHRINE ABU TEMPLE AT TELL ASMAR 24. A. WEST-EAST SECTION THROUGH THE ABU TEMPLE AT TELL ASMAR. B. SUPERIMPOSED PLANS OF THE THREE MAIN PERIODS OF THE ABU TEMPLE 25. CONTOUR MAP OF TELL AGRAB, SHOWING EXCAVATED AREAS 26. PLAN OF THE MAIN LEVEL OF THE SHARA TEMPLE AND THE TOWN WALL AT TELL AGRAB 27. A. PLAN OF THE INTERMEDIATE FOUNDATIONS OF THE SHARA TEMPLE AT TELL AGRAB. B. PLAN OF THE EARLIER SHARA TEMPLE 28. SECTIONS ON AA AND BB THROUGH THE SHARA TEMPLE AT TELL AGRAB MAP MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF MAJOR SITES IN MESOPOTAMIA. SITES EXCAVATED BY THE IRAQ EXPEDITION ARE SHOWN IN LARGER CHARACTERS . . . . following Plate 28 TABLE CORRELATION OF PRE-SARGONID TEMPLES AT KHAFAJAH, TELL ASMAR, AND TELL AGRAB at end TEXT FIGURES PAGE 1. PLAN SHOWING LOCATIONS OF THE TEMPLES ON MOUND A AT KHAFAJAH . . . . . . . 1 2. TUNNEL BELOW THE LOWEST BRICKWORK OF THE SIN TEMPLE ..... . . 7 3. NORTH END OF THE SANCTUARY AREA OF THE SIN TEMPLE .. . . . 10 xi oi.uchicago.edu xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 4. THE ALTAR OF SIN TEMPLE I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5. PERSPECTIVE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NORTH END AND ALTAR OF THE SANCTUARY OF SIN TEMPLE I . 11 6. Two STONE PENDANTS FROM SIN TEMPLE I AND A GOLD CRESCENT FROM SIN TEMPLE III . 13 7. ROOM Q 42:47 SEEN FROM NORTH . . . . 13 8. PAINTED POT FROM Q 42:47 . . . .. 14 9. NORTH WALL OF THE SANCTUARY OF SIN TEMPLE II . . . . . . . . . . 15 10. PERSPECTIVE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NORTH END AND ALTAR OF THE SANCTUARY OF SIN TEMPLE II . 15 11. CYLINDER SEALS WITH SUSPENSION LOOPS . . . . . . . . .. . . . 16 12. SMALL ALTAR IN Q 42:46 AT THE LEVEL OF SIN TEMPLE II. . . . . .. . . . 17 13. PERSPECTIVE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SMALL ALTAR IN Q 42:46. .... . . . 17 14. POTTERY LIBATION VASE IN THE SHAPE OF A BIRD (KH. VI 333) FROM SIN TEMPLE III . 18 15. STAIRWAY AGAINST THE NORTH WALL OF THE COURT OF SIN TEMPLE III . . . . . . . 19 16. A GROUP OF SMALL JARS in situ ON A SHELF CUT INTO THE WALL OF THE SMALL ROOM Q 43:17 AND ACCESSIBLE THROUGH A WICKET . . . . . . . . . .. . 20 17. STAIRWAYS LEADING FROM THE COURT OF SIN TEMPLE IV INTO Q 42:20 AND 13 . . . . 22 18. KILNS IN COURT Q 42:21 OF SIN TEMPLE IV, SEEN FROM SOUTH . . . . . .22 19. SOUTHWEST PART OF COURTYARD Q 42:16 DURING THE SECOND OCCUPATION OF SIN TEMPLE IV . 24 20. STAIRS INTO Q 42:20, SHOWING TWO STAGES, THE LATER OF WHICH WAS THE RESULT OF UNEVEN REPLASTERING .... . . . . . . . .. 25 21. A. THE KILNS IN Q 42:21 SEEN FROM NORTHEAST. B. THE SAME KILNS AS REBUILT AT A LATER STAGE, WITH THE BURNED PLASTER OF A HIGHER FLOOR REMOVED TO REVEAL THE WAY THE BRICKS WERE LAID 25 22. GENERAL VIEW OF THE EARLIER STAGES OF THE SIN TEMPLE FROM THE NORTH . . . . 27 23. SMALL FEMALE STATUETTE (KH. VI 325) FROM SIN TEMPLE IV . . . . . 28 24. "HUT SYMBOLS" (KH. VI 243 AND 242) FROM SIN TEMPLE IV . . . . . . . 28 25. POTTERY LIBATION VASE IN THE SHAPE OF A BULL (KH. VI 411) FROM SIN TEMPLE IV 29 26. STONE BOWL WITH INLAID DECORATION (KH. VI 373) FROM SIN TEMPLE IV 30 27. STONE, SHELL, AND MOTHER-OF-PEARL INLAY STUCK TO A LUMP OF CLAY FOUND IN FRONT OF THE ALTAR OF SIN TEMPLE IV . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 30 28. NORTH END OF THE SANCTUARY OF SIN TEMPLE V, SHOWING THE ALTAR, THE OFFERING-TABLE IN FRONT OF IT, AND THE DOUBLY RECESSED NICHES IN THE NORTH AND EAST WALLS . . . . . . 32 29. PERSPECTIVE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NORTH END OF THE SANCTUARY OF SIN TEMPLE V, WITH ALTAR AND OFFERING-TABLE . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 32 30. NORTH END OF COURTYARD Q 42:16, SHOWING THE REMAINS OF THE STAIRWAY OF SIN TEMPLE V . 33 31. ISOMETRIC RECONSTRUCTION OF SIN TEMPLE V AS VIEWED FROM SOUTHEAST . . . . . . 36 32. A STRING OF BEADS WITH AN ANIMAL PENDANT AT EACH END (KH. V 260) in Situ IN ROOM Q 42:19 OF SIN TEMPLE V . . . . .. . . . .. . 37 33. FRAGMENT OF A CARVED STONE VASE (KH. V 272) FROM SIN TEMPLE V . . . 37 34. GENERAL VIEW OF THE SIN TEMPLE FROM THE SOUTH, SHOWING BRICKWORK OF THE FIRST FIVE BUILDING PERIODS ... . . . . . . . . .. .39 35. THE SANCTUARY OF SIN TEMPLE V SEEN FROM THE SOUTH BEFORE ALL TRACES OF LATER BRICKWORK HAD BEEN REMOVED . .. . . . . . . . . . . 39 36. THE SANCTUARY OF SIN TEMPLE VI VIEWED FROM THE SOUTH, WITH THE BRICKWORK OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF SIN TEMPLE VIII AT a . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 37. THE NORTH END OF THE SANCTUARY, SHOWING THE ALTAR OF SIN TEMPLE VI STILL STANDING, WHILE THE REST OF THE ROOM HAS BEEN EXCAVATED BELOW THE FLOOR OF SIN TEMPLE VI . . . 41 38. THE BOXLIKE ALTAR OF SIN TEMPLE VI ABOVE THE SMALLER ALTAR OF SIN TEMPLE V . . . 42 39. TRACING THE OUTLINE OF THE STAIRWAY INTO SIN TEMPLE VI BY CUTTING INTO THE FOUNDATIONS OF SIN TEMPLE VII . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 44 40. STAIRWAY, TERRACE, AND BUTTRESSES AT THE ENTRANCE OF THE FIRST OCCUPATION LEVEL OF SIN TEMPLE VII, SEEN FROM EAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 41. THE STAIRWAY OF SIN TEMPLE VII 1 FROM NORTHEAST, SHOWING THE PECULIAR SHAPE OF THE PARAPET 47 42. PERSPECTIVE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NORTH END AND ALTAR OF THE SANCTUARY OF THE SECOND OCCUPATION LEVEL OF SIN TEMPLE VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 43. GENERAL VIEW OF COURTYARD Q 42:9 FROM NORTHWEST, SHOWING REMAINS OF SEVERAL PERIODS . 49 44. ISOMETRIC RECONSTRUCTION OF SIN TEMPLE VII DURING ITS FIRST OCCUPATION, AS SEEN FROM THE SOUTHEAST . ....... .. . . 51 oi.uchicago.edu LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii PAGE 45. SANCTUARY Q 42:1 OF SIN TEMPLE VIII, SHOWING THE PAVEMENT OF LARGE, UNBAKED PLANO-CONVEX BRICKS AND THE ALTAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 46. NORTH END OF SANCTUARY Q 42:1, SHOWING THE ALTAR OF SIN TEMPLE VIII PARTLY COVERED BY BRICKWORK OF THE ALTAR OF SIN TEMPLE IX AND TRACES OF A ROBBERS' HOLE WHICH PENETRATED BELOW THE FLOOR OF SIN TEMPLE VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 47. SANCTUARY Q 42:1 OF THE SECOND OCCUPATION LEVEL OF SIN TEMPLE VIII, SEEN FROM NORTH . 54 48. FRAGMENTS OF APOTTERY CULT WAGON (KH. IV 476) in situ . . . .. 56 49. CULT WAGON KH. IV 476 AFTER RESTORATION . . . . . . . . . . 57 50. THREE SHALLOW STEPS LEADING INTO THE ENTRANCE OF THE FIRST OCCUPATION LEVEL OF SIN TEMPLE VIII . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .58 51. TWO ROWS OF SQUARE HOLES IN THE FACE OF THE EAST WALL OF SIN TEMPLE VIII . . . 59 52. HOLES IN THE FACE OF THE NORTH WALL OF SIN TEMPLE VIII . . . . 60 53. THE ENTRANCE OF THE SECOND OCCUPATION LEVEL OF SIN TEMPLE VIII . .. . . 61 54. SANCTUARY Q42: 1 SEEN FROM NORTH .. . . . . . . . . . . . 62 55. DETAILED VIEW OF THE BRICKWORK OF THE ALTAR OF SIN TEMPLE IX AND OF THE NORTH WALL OF THE TEMPLE . . . . . . .. 63 56. PERSPECTIVE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ALTAR (Q 42:32) AND OFFERING-TABLES IN THE COURTYARD OF SIN TEMPLE IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 57. THE ABLUTION PLACE IN THE COURTYARD OF SIN TEMPLE IX AND THE OPEN DRAIN LEADING FROM IT TOWARD THE OUTSIDE OF THE TEMPLE . . . . . . . ... 65 58. SEVERAL STAGES OF THE DRAIN RUNNING FROM THE COURTYARD OF SIN TEMPLE IX . . . 66 59. GENERAL VIEW OF THE COURTYARD (Q 42:3) OF SIN TEMPLE IX FROM THE NORTHWEST . . . 67 60. THE AREA OF COURTYARD Q 42:3 SEEN FROM NORTHWEST, SHOWING THE LATEST OCCUPATION FLOOR OF SIN TEMPLE IX, THE ABLUTION PLACE, AND TRACES OF NUMEROUS ROBBERS' HOLES . . . . 67 61. A GROUP OF BROKEN AND PARTLY BURNED STATUARY AND OTHER STONE OBJECTS ON THE LATEST FLOOR OF THE COURTYARD OF SIN TEMPLE IX . . . . . . . . .. . 68 62. A GROUP OF STATUES in situ ON THE FLOOR OF ROOM Q 42:7 OF SIN TEMPLE IX. . . . 68 63. TWO FRAGMENTS OF A CARVED STEATITE VASE (KH. IV 156) . . . . .. 69 64. ISOMETRIC RECONSTRUCTION OF SIN TEMPLE IX AS SEEN FROM THE NORTHEAST . . . . . 70 65. PART OF THE WEST WALL OF SIN TEMPLE X, SHOWING A BUTTRESS ABOVE AN ASH LAYER WHICH COVERED THE DEBRIS OF EARLIER PRIVATE HOUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 66. THE WEST WALL OF SIN TEMPLE X SEEN FROM THE NORTH AFTER THE LOOSE SOIL FROM THE ROBBERS' HOLES HAD BEEN CLEARED AND THE REMAINING BRICKWORK TRACED . . . .. 73 67. THE EAST SIDE OF THE TEMPLE SEEN FROM NORTH. . . . . . . . . . 75 68. TWO ROWS OF OFFERING-TABLES AT THE SOUTH END OF ROOM R 42:18 OF SIN TEMPLE X . . . 76 69. PERSPECTIVE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SOUTH END OF SANCTUARY R 42:18 OF SIN TEMPLE X, WITH ALTAR AND OFFERING-TABLES .. .. . . . . . .. 76 70. ISOMETRIC RECONSTRUCTION OF SIN TEMPLE X AS SEEN FROM THE NORTH . . . . . . 77 71. THE SOUTHEAST INCLOSURE WALL OF THE WALLED QUARTER AND THE SOUNDING OUTSIDE IT WHICH LED TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE NINTU TEMPLE . . .. ... 79 72. STATUETTE OF A COW WITH ATTACHED BEARD (KH. IX 123) . . . . . . 81 73. THE NORTHWEST END OF Q 45:4, SHOWING THE FIRST OCCUPATION FLOOR OF NINTU TEMPLE VII . 83 74. STRUCTURES IN COURTYARD Q 45:12 BEFORE THE ENTRANCE INTO SANCTUARY Q 45:4 OF NINTU TEMPLE VI . . . . . . .. . . .. .. 83 75. THE STRUCTURES IN COURTYARD Q 45:12 OF NINTU TEMPLE VI SEEN FROM NORTHWEST . . . 84 76. FRAGMENTS OF THE SMALL STATUE KH. VIII 45 FROM NINTU TEMPLE VI, AS FOUND .. 85 77. COPPER GROUP OF TWO WRESTLERS (KH. VIII 117) FROM NINTU TEMPLE VI . . . . . . 86 78. SANCTUARY P 45:51 OF NINTU TEMPLE VI SEEN FROM SOUTH, SHOWING THE ALTAR OF THE SECOND OCCUPATION . ... ... . . .. . . . .. . 87 79. ALTAR OF THE FIRST OCCUPATION OF NINTU TEMPLE VI IN P 45:51 . . . . . . 88 80. PERSPECTIVE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NORTH END OF SANCTUARY P 45:51, WITH THE ALTAR OF THE FIRST OCCUPATION OF NINTU TEMPLE VI. . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 81. PERSPECTIVE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NORTH END OF SANCTUARY P 45:51, WITH THE ALTAR OF THE SECOND OCCUPATION OF NINTU TEMPLE VI . . . . . . 88 82. THE ALTAR IN SANCTUARY P 45:52 OF NINTU TEMLPE VI . . . . . . . 90 83. GENERAL VIEW OF NINTU TEMPLE VI FROM THE WEST . . . . . . 90 oi.uchicago.edu xiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 84. ISOMETRIC RECONSTRUCTION OF NINTU TEMPLE VI AS VIEWED FROM THE NORTH .91 85. THE PARTLY CLEARED FLOOR OF THE SANCTUARY OF NINTU TEMPLE V 93 86. THE UPPER LAYER OF THE HOARD OF STATUES FOUND IN FRONT OF THE ALTAR IN SANCTUARY Q 45:4 OF NINTU TEMPLE V . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . 94 87. THE ALTAR IN SANCTUARY Q 45:4 OF NINTU TEMPLE V, WITH A BITUMEN-LINED GROOVE ENDING IN A STEPLIKE SURFACE. . . . 95 88. Two PHASES OF AN OVAL STRUCTURE WITH A GROOVE IN ONE END . . . . . . . .96 89. AN OVAL EARTHEN STRUCTURE FACED WITH SHERDS OF A LARGE POTTERY VAT IN THE COURTYARD OF NINTU TEMPLE V . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 90. THE BOXLIKE ALTAR OF NINTU TEMPLE IV WITH ADDITIONAL BRICKWORK IN FRONT OF IT AND TRACES OF A CIRCULAR PEDESTAL ON TOP OF THE LATTER... . . . . . . . . .97 91. BITUMEN-LINED ABLUTION PLACE IN THE SANCTUARY OF NINTU TEMPLE IV, WITH TRACES OF A SIMILAR STRUCTURE OF THE FOLLOWING PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 92. THE BITUMEN-LINED ABLUTION PLACE OF NINTU TEMPLE IV, WITH A BASIN-LIKE DEPRESSION AND A CHANNEL ALONG THE WALL. IN THE FOREGROUND AND SLIGHTLY BELOW THE FLOOR OF THIS STRUCTURE IS A LARGE HORN LAID ON FRAGMENTS OF BAKED PLANO-CONVEX BRICKS ... .98 93. SANCTUARY REMAINS OF NINTU TEMPLES II AND III . . . .99 94. GENERAL VIEW OF THE COURTYARD OF NINTU TEMPLE III FROM SOUTHEAST. . . .100 95. LARGE POTTERY DISK IN THE WEST CORNER OF THE COURTYARD OF NINTU TEMPLE III 101 96. VIEW OF THE SANCTUARY IN Q 45 FROM THE NORTHWEST, SHOWING REMAINS OF NINTU TEMPLES I-III 102 97. THE SANCTUARY OF THE SMALL TEMPLE IN 0 43, WITH THINNER WALLS OF A PRIVATE HOUSE BELOW IT, SEEN FROM NORTH . . . . . . . . . . . 103 98. CARVED STONE VASE (KH. V 14) FROM THE SANCTUARY OF THE SMALL TEMPLE IN 43 . . . . 104 99. BIRD-SHAPED LIBATION VASE (KH. V 173) FROM THE SANCTUARY OF THE SMALL TEMPLE IN 0 43 . . 05 100. THE EARLIEST SANCTUARY (0 43:35) OF THE SMALL TEMPLE SEEN FROM NORTH . . . . . 106 101. BRICKWORK OF THE SEVENTH BUILDING PERIOD OF THE SMALL TEMPLE IN 0 43 ABOVE THAT OF THE SIXTH BUILDING PERIOD . . . . . . .. . . . .. . 109 102. SOUTH END OF SANCTUARY 043:11, SHOWING A CIRCULAR HEARTH ON THE FLOOR OF THE SEVENTH BUILDING PERIOD AND THE ALTAR OF THE EIGHTH BUILDING PERIOD 1 10 103. SANCTUARY OF THE NINTH BUILDING PERIOD OF THE SMALL TEMPLE IN O 43 112 104. REMAINS OF A DOMED OVEN IN COURTYARD 43: 16 OF THE NINTH BUILDING PERIOD OF THE SMALL TEMPLE.. ... . . . 13 105. PLAN OF THE SMALL SINGLE SHRINE IN S 44. . . . . . .. . . . . 114 106. THE SMALL SINGLE SHRINE IN S 44 SEEN FROM SOUTHEAST . . . . . . . 115 107. THE SMALL SINGLE SHRINE IN S 44 SEEN FROM WEST . . . . . . . . . . . 115 108. THE SOUTHWEST CORNER OF THE SIN TEMPLE, SHOWING THE ACCUMULATION OF DEBRIS FROM WATER LEVEL TO THE LATEST REBUILDING. .. .. . 119 109. UNBAKED BRICKS FROM SIN TEMPLES IV-V . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 110. SOUTH WALL OF THE SANCTUARY, SHOWING BRICKWORK OF SIN TEMPLE III AND OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF SIN TEMPLE IV ...... . . . . . . . 120 111. MAIN ENTRANCE INTO SIN TEMPLE VII, SHOWING REMAINS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND OCCUPATIONS . 126 112. SUCCESSIVE LAYERS OF MUD PLASTER ON THE OUTER WALL NEAR THE STAIRWAY OF SIN TEMPLE VII ACCUMULATED DURING THE SECOND OCCUPATION OF THIS BUILDING PERIOD . 127 113. DIAGRAM REPRESENTING ESTIMATES OF DURATION OF SIN TEMPLES VI-X . . . . 130 114. DIAGRAM CORRELATING USABLE ESTIMATES OF DURATION OF SIN TEMPLES I-X . . . . 131 115. DIAGRAM SHOWING TENTATIVE DATES OF THE PROTO-LITERATE AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS AND OF BUILDINGS AT KHAFAJAH BELONGING TO THOSE PERIODS.. . . 134 116. AIR PHOTOGRAPH OF TELL ASMAR . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 117. PROJECTED PLAN OF THE EARLIEST SHRINE OF THE ABU TEMPLE . . . 158 118. THE EARLIEST SHRINE OF THE ABU TEMPLE, SEEN FROM WEST . . . . 160 119. ALTAR IN THE EARLIEST SHRINE OF THE ABU TEMPLE . . . . . . . 161 120. COURTYARD D 17:35 WEST OF ARCHAIC SHRINE II, SEEN FROM SOUTHWEST . . . 161 121, ARCHAIC SHRINE III SEEN FROM WEST . . . . 162 122. CELLA OF ARCHAIC SHRINE III SEEN FROM NORTH . . . . . .. . . 164 123. ARCHAIC SHRINE III SEEN FROM EAST . . . . . . . . . . . 164 124. "SCARLET-WARE" VASE (As. 34: 147) FROM A ROOM ADJOINING ARCHAIC SHRINE III . . . 165 oi.uchicago.edu LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xv PAGE 125. BROKEN POTTERY CALICES LAID OUT IN ROOM D 17:26 OF ARCHAIC SHRINE III, WHERE THEY WERE FOUND . . . . . . . ... . .. . . 166 126. REMAINS OF PERIODS III B AND IV A IN THE CELLA OF THE ARCHAIC SHRINE . . . . . . 168 127. EXPOSED BRICKWORK OF ARCHAIC SHRINES III AND IV; IN BACKGROUND, BRICKWORK OF THE SQUARE TEMPLE . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 169 128. EXPOSED BRICKWORK IN DOORJAMB AND WEST WALL OF ARCHAIC SHRINE III . . .. 170 129. EAST END OF THE CELLA, SHOWING A TYPICAL METHOD OF BONDING IN ARCHAIC SHRINE II . . . 171 130. REMAINS OF THREE REBUILDINGS OF THE ABU TEMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . 173 131. ALTAR IN SANCTUARY OF THE TEMPLE PRECEDING THE SQUARE TEMPLE BELOW ALTAR IN SHRINE I OF THE SQUARE TEMPLE . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 174 132. FRAGMENTARY WALL OF THE PREDECESSOR OF THE SQUARE TEMPLE STANDING ABOVE ALTAR OF THE LATEST ARCHAIC SHRINE . . . . . . . 175 133. PROJECTED PLAN OF THE SQUARE ABU TEMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . 176 134. WEST WALL OF SQUARE TEMPLE, SHOWING POINT WHERE kis0 STOPS AND, IN BACKGROUND, NORTH WALL OFD 17:13 .. ... . . . .. . . 177 135. NORTHEAST CORNER OF SQUARE TEMPLE, SHOWING kisb . . . . . . . 178 136. ENTRANCE VESTIBULE (E 16:40) OF THE SQUARE TEMPLE, SEEN FROM SOUTHWEST . . . . . 179 137. ABLUTION ROOM D 17:5 IN THE SQUARE TEMPLE, SEEN FROM WEST . . . . . . 180 138. SINK IN CORNER OF ABLUTION ROOM D 17:5 . . . . . . . . . . 181. 139. SINK IN CORNER OF ROOM D 17:5 AFTER CLEARING . ... . 182 140. BONE FIGURE OF IMDUGUD (AS. 33:294) FROM THE SQUARE TEMPLE . . . . . . . . 182 141. VIEW FROM NORTHEAST SHOWING COURTYARD, SHRINE I, AND SHRINE II OF THE SQUARE TEMPLE . 183 142. BEADS AND STAMP SEALS FROM SHRINE I OF THE SQUARE TEMPLE . . . . . . . . 184 143. STONE BIRD-VASE (As. 33:682) FOUND INSIDE ALTAR IN SHRINE I OF THE SQUARE'TEMPLE . 185 144. MOTHER GODDESS FIGURINE (As. 33:292) FROM SHRINE I OF THE SQUARE TEMPLE . . . . . 185 145. POTTERY VESSELS FOUND IN FRONT OF THE ALTAR IN SHRINE I OF THE SQUARE TEMPLE . 185 146. SHRINE II OF THE SQUARE TEMPLE AFTER ALTAR AND SOUTHERN PEDESTAL HAD BEEN REPAIRED 186 147. PLANO-CONVEX BRICKS USED IN THE SQUARE TEMPLE . . . . . . . ..186 148. HOARD OF STATUES IN SHRINE II OF THE SQUARE TEMPLE IN PROCESS OF EXCAVATION . . 187 149. STATUES FROM SHRINE II OF THE SQUARE TEMPLE . . . . . . 188 150. THE LAST THREE STATUES IN THE HOARD . . . . . . . 189 151. CLOSE-UP OF STATUE HOARD WHEN FIRST EXPOSED . . . . 190 152. ALTAR IN SHRINE III OF THE SQUARE TEMPLE . . . . . 191 153. THE SINGLE-SHRINE ABU TEMPLE, SEEN FROM SOUTHWEST . . . . . . . . 192 154. THE SINGLE-SHRINE TEMPLE, SEEN FROM NORTHEAST . . .. . . . 193 155. ANNEX TO SINGLE-SHRINE TEMPLE I . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 156. KILN OR FORGE OUTSIDE AND NEAR THE NORTHWEST CORNER OF SINGLE-SHRINE TEMPLE I . . . 195 157. INTERIOR OF SINGLE-SHRINE TEMPLE I AFTER THE ALTAR HAD BEEN REPAIRED AND A STATUE BASE PLACED ON TOP OF IT . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 196 158. ALTAR OF SINGLE-SHRINE TEMPLE I DURING EXCAVATION. ABOVE ARE BONES AND HORNS DEPOSITED DURING A LATER OCCUPATION .. ... . . ... 197 159. RECONSTRUCTION OF CELLA OF SINGLE-SHRINE TEMPLE I . . . . . . . . . n198 160. REMAINS OF THE FIRST THREE BUILDING PERIODS AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE SINGLE-SHRINE TEMPLE . 200 161. ENTRANCE TO SINGLE-SHRINE TEMPLE III . . . . . . . . . . . . .11201 162. INTERIOR OF SINGLE-SHRINE TEMPLE III, SHOWING DIVISION OF THE SHRINE INTO TWO PARTS . .202 163. EAST JAMB OF ENTRANCE DOORWAY IN SINGLE-SHRINE TEMPLE III, SHOWING HOLE LINED WITH SHERDS ABOVE PIVOT STONE....... . . . 203 164. CYLINDER SEAL As. 32:738 FROM SINGLE-SHRINE TEMPLE IV . . . . . 203 165. COMPARATIVE LEVELS IN THE ABU TEMPLE AND NEIGHBORING AREAS . . . . . . . . 204 166. PERSPECTIVE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SINGLE-SHRINE TEMPLE AS SEEN FROM NORTHEAST . . . 205 167. VIEW OF TELL AORAB FROM SOUTHEAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 168. VIEW OF TELL AGRAB FROM EAST, SHOWING THE "AMPHITHEATER" WHERE EXCAVATIONS BEGAN . . 220 169. A SEMICIRCULAR BUTTRESS OF THE TOWN WALL AT TELL AGRAB . . . . . . . . . 221 170. SECTION OF THE TOWN WALL IN P 12-13 SEEN FROM NORTHWEST . . . . . 221 171. SKELETON FOUND BESIDE THE TOWN WALL IN 0 11 . .. . . . . . 222 172. BURIAL FOUND SOUTHEAST OF THE SHARA TEMPLE IN A SOUNDING IN Q 13 . . . . 223 oi.uchicago.edu xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 173. GENERAL VIEW OF EXCAVATIONS IN THE SHARA TEMPLE FROM NORTHWEST . . . . 224 174. THE MAIN LEVEL OF THE SHARA TEMPLE, SEEN FROM SOUTHEAST. . . . . . . 225 175. WELL IN COURTYARD M 13:1 AT THE MAIN LEVEL OF THE SHARA TEMPLE . . . . . 229 176. PLAN AND SECTIONS OF SANCTUARY M 14:2 IN THE MAIN LEVEL OF THE SHARA TEMPLE . . 230 177. PROJECTED PLAN IN PERSPECTIVE OF SANCTUARY M 14:2 AT THE SECOND OCCUPATION LEVEL . 230 178. SECOND OCCUPATION LEVEL OF SANCTUARY M 14:2, WITH LATER REMAINS ON TOP OF ALTAR, SEEN FROM SOUTHEAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 179. FIRST OCCUPATION LEVEL OF SANCTUARY M 14:2 AND, IN FOREGROUND, WALLS OF EARLIER BUILDING, SEEN FROM SOUTHEAST . . . .. . . . . . 232 180. CYLINDER SEAL (AG. 35:614) FOUND IN VESSEL BESIDE ALTAR INM 14:2 . . . . . . 233 181. ALTAR AND PEDESTAL IN M 14:2 BEFORE REMOVAL OF LATER REMAINS . . . . . . 234 182. SECOND OCCUPATION LEVEL OF SANCTUARY M 14:2 SEEN FROM SOUTHEAST . . . . . . 235 183. STONE TROUGH AND BOWL IN PLACE BESIDE THE ALTAR AT THE SECOND OCCUPATION LEVEL IN M 14:2 . 236 184. HOARD OF OBJECTS HIDDEN INSIDE ALTAR IN M 14:2 . . .. . . . . . .237 185. MACEHEAD DECORATED WITH FOUR LIONS' HEADS (AG. 36:191), FOUND IN ALTAR IN M 14:2 . . . 238 186. FEMALE HEAD (AG. 35:550) FOUND ON TOP OF ALTAR PEDESTAL IN M 14:2 . . . . 239 187. THREE TYPES OF BAKED BRICKS FROM SANCTUARY M 14:2 . . . . .. . . . 240 188. RooMs M 14:4 AND L 14:1 SEEN FROM SOUTH . . . . . . . .. . . . 241 189. SCULPTURED VASE AG. 35:674 . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . 242 190. FOUNDATIONS OF THE INTERMEDIATE BUILDING PERIOD BENEATH THE WALLS OF L 14:1 . . . . 243 191. STONE BOWL AND COPPER OBJECTS in situ JUST BELOW THE SURFACE IN M 14:4 . . . . 244 192. PART OF THE FOOT OF A COPPER STATUE, NEARLY LIFE-SIZE (AG. 35:988) . . . . . . . 244 193. SCULPTURED VASE (AG. 35:200) AND MACEHEADS in situ INM 14:4 ABOVE THE SECONDARY OCCUPATION LEVEL . . .. . . . . . . . . 246 194. NORTHWEST CORNER OF THE MAIN LEVEL OF THE SHARA TEMPLE VIEWED FROM SOUTH .247 195. SHRINE L 13:6 SEEN FROM NORTHEAST . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 196. ABLUTION ROOM N 15:3 SEEN FROM NORTHWEST . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 197. CYLINDER SEAL AG. 35:81, FOUND INN 13:1 . ... . . 254 198. BLACK AND WHITE DOUBLY PIERCED DIAMOND-SHAPED BEADS FOUND INN 13:1 . . . . . 254 199. SHRINE M 14:15, OF THE EARLIER BUILDING, SEEN FROM NORTHEAST . . . . . 256 200. COPPER QUADRIGA (AG. 36:150) . . . . . . ... 257 201. THREE COPPER STATUETTES (AG. 36:140, 141, AND 70) FROM M 14:12.. . . 258 202. INTRUSIVE BURIAL INN12:1. . . . . . . . . . . .259 203. RECONSTRUCTED PLAN OF THE MAIN LEVEL OF THE SHARA TEMPLE AT TELL AGRAB 263 204. A LION-HEADED BIRD (KH. V 68) INSCRIBED IN ARCHAIC CHARACTERS . . . . . . . . 289 205. INSCRIPTIONS ON OBJECTS FOUND IN OR NEAR THE PRE-SARGONID TEMPLES AT KHAFAJAH, TELL ASMAR, AND TELL AGRAB .. . . . . . . . . ... . . 291 206. RESTORED PLAN OF LEVEL H OF THE ARCHAIC ISHTAR TEMPLE AT ASSUR. . . . 301 207. PLAN OF ONE SANCTUARY OF THE ISHTAR TEMPLE AT MAERI . .... . 301 208. PLAN OF THE EARLY DYNASTIC TEMPLE SOUTHEAST OF THE URNAMMU ZIGGURAT AT UR . 303 209. PLAN OF STAGE E OF THE TEMPLE ON THE ARCHAIC ANU ZIOGURAT AT WARKA . . . . . 306 210. PLAN OF TEMPLE C IN STRATUM IV OF THE EANNA PRECINCT AT WARKA . . . . . 307 211. TEMPLE OF LEVELS XIX-XVIII AT TEPE GAWRA . . . .. . . . . 307 212. PLAN OF TEMPLES OF LEVEL VIII C AT TEPE GAWRA . . . . .. . . . 309 213. PLAN OF TEMPLES OF LEVEL XIII AT TEPE GAWRA . . . .310 oi.uchicago.edu LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AS Chicago. University. Oriental Institute. Assyriological studies (Chicago, 1931- ). AS No. 11 JACOBSEN, THORKILD. The Sumerian king list (1939). CT British Museum. Cuneiform texts from Babylonian tablets, &c., in the British Museum (London, 1896- ). GSG POEBEL, ARNO. Grundzlige der sumerischen Grammatik (Rostock, 1923). ILN The illustrated London news (London, 1842- ; New York ed.). JAOS American Oriental Society. Journal (Boston etc., 1849- ). LAK DEIMEL, ANTON. Die Inschriften von Fara. I. Liste der archaischen Keilschriftzeichen (WVDOG XL [1922]). M VAG Vorderasiatisch-aegyptische Gesellschaft, Berlin. Mitteilungen (Berlin, 1896-1908; Leipzig, 1909- ). OIC Chicago. University. Oriental Institute. Oriental Institute communications (Chicago, 1922--) OIC No. 13 FRANKFORT, HENRI, JACOBSEN, THORKILD, and PREUSSER, CONRAD. Tell Asmar and Khafaje. The first season's work in Eshnunna, 1930/31 (1932). OIC No. 17 FRANKFORT, HENRI. Iraq excavations of the Oriental Institute, 1932/33. Third preliminary report of the Iraq Expedition (1934). OIC No. 19 FRANKFORT, HENRI. Oriental Institute discoveries in Iraq, 1933/34. Fourth preliminary report of the Iraq Expedition (1935). OIC No. 20 FRANKFORT, HENRI. Progress of the work of the Oriental Institute in Iraq, 1934/35. Fifth preliminary report of the Iraq Expedition (1936). OIP Chicago. University. Oriental Institute. Oriental Institute publications (Chicago, 1924--). OIP XLIII FRANKFORT, HENRI, LLOYD, SETON, and JACOBSEN, THORKILD. The Gimilsin Temple and the Palace of the Rulers at Tell Asmar (1940). OIP XLIV FRANKFORT, HENRI. Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C. from Tell Asmar and KhafTjah (1939). OIP LIII DELOUGAZ, PINHAS. The Temple Oval at Khaffrjah (1940). OLZ Orientalistische Literaturzeitung (Berlin, 1898-1908; Leipzig, 1909--). RA Revue d'assyriologie et d'arch6ologie orientale (Paris, 1884--). SAK THUREAU-DANGIN, F. Die sumerischen und akkadischen Kinigsinschriften (Vorderasiatische Bibliothek I 1 [Leipzig, 1907]). SAOC Chicago. University. Oriental Institute. Studies in ancient oriental civilization (Chicago, 1931--). SAOC No. 7 DELOUGAZ, P. I. Plano-convex bricks and the methods of their employment. II. The treatment of clay tablets in the field (1933). 4,L DEIMEL, ANTON. ;umerisches Lexikon (2. Aufl.; Roma, 1930--). UE Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania to Mesopotamia. Ur excavations (London, 1927--). UET Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania to Mesopotamia. Ur excavations: texts (London, 1928--). UET I GADD, C. J., and LEGRAIN, L. Royal inscriptions (1928). UET II BURRoWS, ERnc. Archaic texts (1935). UVB Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Berlin .... Vorliiufiger Bericht fiber die von der Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft in Uruk-Warka unternommenen Ausgrabungen (Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.-hist. Klasse [Berlin, 1930-- ). W VDOG Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, Berlin. Wissenschaftliche Veroffentlichungen (Leipzig, 1900- ). WVDOG XLIII DEIMEL, ANTON. Die Inschriften aus Fara. II. Schultexte aus Fara (1923). WVDOG XLV DEIMEL, ANTON. Die Inschriften aus Fara. III. Wirtschaftstexte aus Fara (1924). ZA Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete (Leipzig, 1886--). xvii oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu THE KHAFAJAH TEMPLES By PINHAS DELOUGAZ PRELIMINARY REMARKS LOCATION OF THE TEMPLES In another volume of this series' the reader will find a detailed description of Khafajah and the various mounds constituting this site. In the present volume, however, we are concerned only with Mound A, where architectural remains of a town dating to pre-Sargonid times were Fla. 1.-PLAN SHOWING LOCATIONS OF THE TEMPLES ON MOUND A AT KHAFAJAH. SCALE, 1:1.500 discovered near the surface. Plate 1 is a general plan of Mound A showing the portions excavated, where five groups of remains could be identified as temple ruins. They were all located in a comparatively small area in the middle of the town, toward its west side and in the vicinity of one of the town gates. The general outlines and the relative positions of these temples, which vary greatly in size and importance as well as in general plan and equipment, are shown on a larger scale in Figure 1. The largest and apparently the most important among them was the Temple Oval (1), which is fully discussed in a separate volume of the series." The four remaining shrines, described in the present volume, were the Sin Temple (3), the Nintu SFour Ancient Towns in the Diyala Region, to appearlater. SPinhas Delougaz, The Temple Oval at Khafajah (OIP LIII). 1 oi.uchicago.edu PRE-SARGONID TEMPLES Temple (4), the Small Temple (2), and the Small Single Shrine (5). These four temples are all located within an area less than a hundred meters square, east of the Temple Oval and immediately north of the summit of Mound A. DAMAGE BY ILLICIT DIGGING Even from a single visit to the site, before excavations began, one gained the impression that buildings of some importance, rich in statuary and other valuable objects, must have existed in this area, for this was the part of the site which had suffered most at the hands of illicit diggers, who were not likely to concentrate their activities in a single area unless it proved exceptionally productive. The extensive marks of their activities3 explained the abundance of valuable objects of early Sumerian date which were known to be in the hands of Baghdad dealers in antiquities when our investigations began. The first objects found here by the natives must have been very near the surface and accidentally exposed either by some digging or, more likely, by detrition of the ruins due to the action of rain and wind. However, in the last decades the local inhabitants became aware of the commercial value of such finds, and, as the news spread that the inconspicuous low-lying mounds of Khafajah were rich in antiques, the place began to attract treasure-hunters even from comparatively distant places. According to our local workmen, the most enterprising among those "strangers" were a few men from the neighborhood of Hillah, some of whom had been employed at the German excavations of Babylon. Not only did they have the advantage of being more expert in handling their finds and in estimating their relative values than were the inhabitants of the poor village of Khafajah, but also, though living farther from Baghdad, they were much more familiar with the ways of the big city, including those leading to some official and unofficial dealers in antiquities. The nearness of Baghdad made the transporting and disposal of the objects a fairly easy matter; and the fact that the Diyala River lies to one side of the mounds and a network of irrigation canals to the other made it practically impossible for any regular inspection of the site to be carried out by car. In fact, not until the summer of 1930, when the Expedition had built an adequate road between Tell Asmar and Khafajah, enabling our agent to visit the sites unexpectedly, was the illicit digging finally checked. Most of the objects that fell into the hands of the dealers have been bought for various museums, and, although even now there are still a few important objects privately owned and not available for publication, none of them is unique. Our discoveries, now exhibited at the Iraq Museum, the Oriental Institute Museum in Chicago, and the University Museum in Philadelphia, include examples of every type found by the robbers. The damage done to the architectural remains by this treasure-hunting was, of course, very great. In view of the fact that all the building remains of this period consist merely of sundried bricks and that the art of tracing walls built of this material requires both patience and training, it is not surprising that, lacking both, our unofficial predecessors completely ruined all architectural remains in the holes made in the course of their indiscriminate burrowing. For several months after the Expedition was established, we kept on discovering more and more of these "robbers' holes," which could not at first be discerned, because of the practice of dumping the loose soil dug out from one hole into the next nearest one, until it was completely filled. In the meantime the Temple Oval had been discovered, and, since the first two seasons were mainly devoted to its excavation, it was not until the third season (1932 33) that some time could be spared for the clearing of the loose soil from the robbers' holes. This was done sporadically after heavy rainfalls when more productive work was impossible, 4 the purpose SSee OIP LIII, Fig. 1. COf. O1P LIII 10. oi.uchicago.edu THE KHAFAJAH TEMPLES: PRELIMINARY REMARKS being twofold: to ascertain the damage done by the robbers to the architectural remains and to recover such small objects as they might have missed. The extent of the robbers' activities as revealed by this investigation far exceeded our fears. Indeed, the effect was so discouraging that even at a later stage of the excavations, after we had traced some of the stumps of walls belonging to the latest Sin Temple (cf. Fig. 66), it was still considered that "the remainder of this building was so completely obliterated that its architectural .... arrangement will forever remain unknown."' However, the very irregularity with which the robbers had conducted their digging proved rather an asset, for finally we were able to obtain sufficient evidence from the intact remains between their holes for the reconstruction of the plan of even the latest building, immediately below the surface of the mound (cf. Pl. 12). Perhaps our experience here may be of some value in reconsidering the real extent of damage done by robbers at other sites. In the writer's opinion the loss of archeological evidence by such damage is seldom irreparable, in contrast to that caused by some so-called "scientific" excavations, whose very thoroughness may result in irretrievable loss if inadequate methods or insufficiently experienced men are employed. STRATIGRAPHIC TERMS The architectural remains of the Sin Temple, the Nintu Telmple, and the Small Temple in O 43 found near the surface of the mound represent only the latest stages of buildings which were founded at much earlier times. In the Sin Temple, for example, the earliest building remains were found at a depth of some 9 meters below the latest, and this accumulation of debris contained no less than ten clearly distinct strata, corresponding to the original building and nine successive rebuildings. Each such stratum, which represents a complete rebuilding of the same temple, is referred to in the following pages as a "building period," a term which applies both to the actual building remains and to the time during which the building represented by those remains was in use. Within most of the building periods there were traces of more than one occupation. The remains belonging to a single occupation of a building are designated as an "occupation level." An occupation level may include any changes in the plan of the building short of the actual rebuilding of the main walls, and, indeed, in some cases the changes observed in successive occupations within the same building period were so important as to require the drawing of separate plans. Again taking the Sin Temple as an example, we can see from the sections (P1. 14) that no less than twenty-four such occupation levels were recorded in it. Yet it should be noted that even this number does not include all the successive floors occupied at different times, when no other changes in the building occurred. Such floors could probably be recorded by the hundred, for the thickness between each two floors shown in our sections usually contained a great number of layers, in most cases only a few millimeters apart, produced either by periodic plastering or merely as a result of the earth's having been trodden down fairly evenly. The tracing and recording of all these floors, although technically not very difficult, could naturally not be seriously considered, for the time and labor spent on such a task would have been out of all proportion to the resulting useful information, if any. It is clear from the above that each of the floors recorded in our plans and sections as belonging to a particular occupation level is, to a certain extent, an abstraction representing a considerable number of actual floors as well as the time during which they were used. The various building periods of the temples which were completely excavated, that is, in which the earliest stratum was reached and recorded, are described in their historical sequence and are numbered accordingly (in Roman numerals); "Sin I," for example, denotes the earliest, original building of the Sin Temple, "Sin II" the first rebuilding, etc. Within each of the buildOIC No. 17, p. 71. oi.uchicago.edu PRE-SARGONID TEMPLES ing periods the occupation levels are likewise marked in their true chronological order (in Arabic numerals). It should be noted that a reverse numbering was used in our preliminary reports," which had, naturally, to follow the process of excavation from the upper, later, to the lower, earlier, strata. In our description of the Nintu Temple, of which only one of the later stages is completely recorded at present, we could not adhere to the chronological method adopted in describing the completely excavated buildings and had to be content with the less satisfactory method of describing the various stages of the building in accordance with the progress of the excavations (see p. 80). However, since one of the sanctuaries of this temple had been excavated down to its earliest phase, we were able to number its various building periods from earlier to later (I-VII). Only in private houses, the earliest strata of which have not yet been reached, did we retain the method of numbering used in the field (see P1. 18). DATING OF OBJECTS The objects found in the temples can practically all be assigned to definite building periods or occupation levels. But, since our plan of publication provides for separate volumes for objects and for recording the architectural remains, we limit ourselves here to mentioning and illustrating only such objects as are of value in comparative dating or, either by their character or by the circumstances of their discovery, clarify the architectural functions of certain parts of the buildings. This limitation is compensated, however, by the full catalogues of objects recovered from the buildings described in this volume (pp. 136-55, 206-17, and 266-88). These provide the necessary information concerning the distribution of the finds through the different buildings at the various periods and give references to the volumes in which the various classes of objects are fully discussed and illustrated. As for the dates of the objects enumerated in the catalogues, it should be made clear that in the present publication we are concerned merely with recording their find-spots and that their attribution to definite building periods does not automatically reveal their age. Strictly speaking, the date of an object is the date of its manufacture rather than that of its use, and obviously most objects survive some time after having been made. When the objects in question were fragile and of no intrinsic value, as is ordinary pottery, for instance, it is unlikely that they survived very long; the difference in time may then in most cases be disregarded and the objects and building remains in which they were found be considered as contemporaneous. However, more durable objects, especially those the intrinsic value of which is not in their material but in their craftsmanship, may be used for a considerable length of time. Such objects, even when found in their proper context, that is, at the occupation level at which they were last used, may often be considerably older than the stratum in which they were found and must necessarily be dated by the earliest known occurrence of identical types.' Much rarer are objects found in building strata earlier than the date of their manufacture, for such a situation can arise only from some disturbance in the accumulated layers of building debris. To this category belong, of course, all objects found in graves and such objects as might have been purposely buried for safety or accidentally dropped while wells, trenches, graves, etc. were being dug. It is not always easy to recognize such disturbances, and, indeed, in some cases the only evidence that they have occurred is provided by the very presence of well dated objects in unmistakably earlier ruins. O0IC No. 19, pp. 39-54; OIC No. 20, pp. 25-35. ([This is strikingly the case at Tell Agrab, where numerous sculptured vases, seals, etc. known to be typical of an earlier period were found in the Early Dynastic buildings.-H. F.1 oi.uchicago.edu THE KHAFAJAH TEMPLES: PRELIMINARY REMARKS There are, however, some cases when no such disturbances have occurred and objects which are dated on the basis of stylistic or typological studies are found in buildings independently attributed to an earlier period. Such discrepancies can be explained if one appreciates two facts: first, that buildings no less than objects may survive from one period into another (the date of a building being, by definition, the date at which it was constructed, just as the date of an object is, by definition, the date of its manufacture), and second, that, except when there is definite evidence of a sudden cultural break between two well defined eras, one must allow for an intermediate, transitional stage between any two given cultural periods. If, for convenience or simplicity, a sharp demarcation line is drawn instead, it will almost inevitably shift according to the choice of one or another set of characteristics for each of the periods in question. When the appearance of a new class of objects or a new style is taken to mark the beginning of a new cultural phase, then if such objects are found within an older building we may say that this particular building had survived from an earlier period into the new one. If, on the other hand, we choose to define the beginning of a new period so as to coincide with the erection of new buildings, and if certain objects or certain styles which are typical of this period occur in an older building, we may say that, though these characteristics are typical of the period in question, they had already made their first appearance at a somewhat earlier time. Since it is the points of view rather than the facts themselves which are different, the ensuing divergencies are also more apparent than real. oi.uchicago.edu THE SIN TEMPLE EXCAVATION The regular excavations of the Sin Temple began during the fourth season (1933/34) after the robbers' holes had largely been cleared of the loose soil. To begin with, all the remains of brickwork immediately below the surface which had not been completely destroyed by the robbers were carefully excavated and, when necessary, examined by tracing individual bricks, a method which resulted in a surprisingly complete plan of the latest rebuilding of the temple (Sin X; see Pl. 12). A similar tracing of the brickwork of a lower stratum brought to light the less damaged remains of Sin IX (P1. 11). In this stratum we found a large number of objects, including a statue (Kh. IV 126) bearing a dedicatory inscription on the basis of which the temple was named (see below). The following three seasons were each partly devoted to the excavation of earlier phases of the temple. The process of clearing the earlier and lower building remains was by no means continuous. The farther we penetrated below the surface of the mound, the less time we could devote each season to the excavation of the building, for after even a slight shower of rain the water would collect in the excavated rooms, making further progress impossible for some time. As a result of these inevitable delays, during which our activities had to be transferred to other parts of the site, we did not reach the earliest strata of this building until the beginning of the seventh season, that is, the last season of the Oriental Institute's expedition in the field. During the first six seasons the excavations were conducted in a comprehensive manner, and all later remains were removed when necessary to facilitate the tracing of the earlier ones. In the last season, however, we could not follow this practice but had to gain the essential information about the extent and outline of the earliest periods of the building within the limited time at our disposal. As a result the plans obtained during this final season show more reconstruction than usual. In tracing the plan of the earliest building below an accumulation of some 8-10 meters of later remains, which we had neither the means nor the time to remove, we had to resort to tunneling, sometimes with a very small margin of safety. To make things worse, these earlier ruins were so near ground-water level (Fig. 2: cf. Fig. 3 and Pl. 14) that they were thoroughly saturated. If under these conditions we were still able to obtain positive results, the credit must largely go to some of our workmen who successfully and cheerfully carried out some very delicate wall-tracing despite the cold and utter discomfort of the damp, dark, and none too safe tunnels in which they had to work. There surely could be no better testimony not only to their technical abilities -but also to their sense of duty and personal loyalty. THE NAME OF THE TEMPLE Among the more important finds recovered from the area of the robbers' holes soon after regular excavations began there (1933 34) was an inscribed statue (Kh. IV 126), the body and head of which were found separately in the second architectural stratum counting from the surface (Sin IX). The inscription incised on the shoulder of the statues was translated at the time by Dr. Jacobsen as follows: "Urkisal, angui-priest of Sin of Akshak, son of Nati, pasiSupriest of Sin, for protection has presented (this)." This inscription seemed clearly to identify the building in which it was found as a temple dedicated to the moon-god. A fragment of a 8 For photographic reproductions see OIP XLIV, Pls. 48-50. A copy of the inscription is given in our Fig. 205, No. 4. oi.uchicago.edu FI(;K. 2. Tv.s;NKI. 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