on the Habur Plains of Syna Uiian phtJMitritpticii from fhe w.m ,ton fmm u dintfinte the mattm viUa^t. which U- buitnintopoftheAcMpoHs. pwhnbtv hrtkt By UipuEV Wt-tm munlKKihtisttttticHttttoiiiitUty l>' nAK,D1 nc,3!> Tell '.-.■;[:iii is certainly one of the more impasting sites in northern Mesopotamia, Situated on the left bank of the Wadi Inrrah, in the heart of the fertile Habur Plains of northeastern Syria, the massive eKtunt walls rise more than 15 meters above (he level of the plain, and enclose an area of some 90 hectare* (900,000 square meter*), making it one of the largest ancient sites in northern McsopO' tamia, even larger than lib] a. (56 hectares), Ashur (50 hectares!, and Tell Hrak [43 htxiarea). The gates of the city were on the north, south, and cast, while on the west the ancient river probably provided ft protective shoulder, The Hite is dominated by a 15-hcetarc Acropolis, which probably feature J large public buildings in its northern section and a "ziggurat" to the south, In 1978, with the cooperation of the Directorate-General of Anti> quitics in Damascus,, Yale University began its work at Tell LeiUtn with a topographic survey of the site, In association with the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, three full seasons of excavation (1979, 1980, and 1982) have since been conducted. These excavations have tested four areas of the site. The Acropolis-northeast hua been the focus of horizontal excavations, while three stratigraphic soundings have also been undertaken; Operation tj a 4.5-metcr-widesicp trench) now almost 16 meters deep, which goes down the northwest slope of the Acropolis; a small sounding Rl ILI.K'AI. fi K( 1I AM) LÍMilS'f'MARCH t*H Out? * it- .;;WbnS\ ^ ;I- " if dr" if i _S--C_ IbWItHipkieu! mtpolTbl] Uilan xhmvtng anan of'tnteawiiuti us i>ftlie 1VH2tuason. jdesignatcd 57F0Z) in the Lower !'■■■[i, and Operation2, a mm.ill sounding at the City Wall. In rhc first part of thin paper! shall briefly prysent some results of the ..v.i i ii::! of ihe Acropolis-northeast, and then discuss what these suggest (or our understanding of the site during the early second millennium n.c. In the second part [ Hhall summarize what wc have learned in the three soundings, and consider what this may tell us about northern Mesopotamia in the third millennium s,c. nil l i'il.i ii in the Second Millennium n.c: Excavations on the Acropolis-noriheast Three seasons of excavation on the Lclhm .-"v- ■■ ■;.■!■!;- now provide new data for the significance of Lcihin, its ancient name, and its role on the Habur Plains of the early second millennium u.c. The topography of the Acropolis suggests that large public buildings are situated within the northeast quadrant. For the purposes of establishing the chronology of settlement within the site mid its Acropolis, at) well : i.: 1 ..... Hariri Mart 54 Itifthara, ED IH Kish so Mizyad, EI> irE A,L',;1l|i.' i ! ii.:li yejffriu: dead unj dying-uuwr htinds |A«ible «r'ii;1 arc cut I rum the palm about it foot from Its trunk . When tlx rwIrii t* ahum 11-.....(jjn ytmu Aid ihe wnody mid enpimded banc o| the frond* |Arabic tfdrity lire cut away dus* to tfte LnrnkuluVjuUm Thto operation wnentlly kill* uny ftucltcr bud* frum the tree |CXwm..ii W i. -V-l The mudbiiek columns oi the two Ltilart temples provide-, m lor, facade, decoration usmpjour dJffcienl types of engaged or '■bait" columns: Ufapalm inmk column, with ilwmnnd-i>h.ji|ie5fl: plates 10- 13). Lett well known, but very mtrisumg, Is the reference to a "Palm Tree" Palace in Slmnwhi-Adad'H letter oi reprimand to YaSmilklvAdafJ, quoted tn the sidebar tn the pretwnt artlrlr en! 11 li-.!1 I li< Search ior Shomshi'-AdiKtls Capital City"'Might tlits be referring to yet dumber Marl palace'| A Htonc-coiuinn base from JVIaii cur in munition of iMiitj scales .suggest a thnt. columns rjcscmmlns palm-uve irtuikH would lmve been quite at home here |Panrot 193V: plate v, 2| And lastly, it did not escape the notice of Andtc Parrot thai the left side of the doorway into the Dttiwn Temple at Mari "se-mble avoir eiire idso mentioned In aniwcia-tirju with the Shnnutsh temple nr Larsa, a major contemporary city an the Euphrates Ciunguniim, klnj; ol Uinta from 1^32. co IWOa he,, went so fat us to name u year The year he brought two bronze date palm a into the temple ot Skirmish" |Uruyiad I93H: 155). The t.BABHAR Eibjunath tcmpte at Liirs.i has, for firvrral year-i, been under wKovaUerh by die Univer- sity of Pari* team directed by I'mtV", ■o* I,-L. Huoi, but bron;c palms have not beenretrievtsd- However, a set of liv^LHiiollv lonsmicted courtyard* have btcn exposed. The interim w,i| U of oneflf'thesej Courtyard I, wtre duLoiited with spiral column?, very similar to the spiral column* utied aft exterior facade decoration In Leibin Buildttig Level II [Calvei and others 1976| Huotand others 1983). A very intriguing parallel for ihe use of columns, both palmlike and spiral, is availnblc at the contemporary temple of Toll al-Rim&b, ju#j iieross-ineborderticjt Tell Ahir, Irrt-vt-Thc Rlmoh temple fcaiureh spiral columna wmiUr to thweof Leflan.as well as two kind* o( ptunlike columns, a "scale* pattern, and die diamond-shaped pattern. The petal-I Ike imbricated pattern ot Lcilan Building Level ft* U not in evidence here, but may have been uwd in the still unexeavwal portions 61 the temple-. Two carved stone blocks de-fritting deities sccmdtng between pahn trees have letenily beenrirhli.*]it-d from the excavations at fell al-Hirnah It-lownrd-Caner 1983). One of these preterit» a goddess standing between palm trees with fronds trimmed with ■compass-like stale pattern*:" A second black feature* a bullman between piilniN with trunks decorated "with a berrmg-bons pattern* |Hnwurd-Caner 1983: 67, plate IJlAf. The "bemng bone pattern" here precisely replicates the spirál pnttcrn prcscnfcd lvy the spirál enliímim in Rimah. Indecd, the spirál colwmwt Rimah, Lcllan, and Lam, accompanving othek paha tnsa cidnmns, probablyalio leprc-nťiited palm treet whose frond imbricotíons eauid be perceivtej and represcntetlas (íuKortal eutji alnnjj the palm trunk, ln suuiherii Mesopriiamia che uxinual ifrnliiiinon o( the female palm re-sulted in a bounty oí datesand datc by-pioductí). Hence, the palm tree was .i symbol cf iigtjtohural krtillr.y, even ui nonhem MeSopoiomia. On the rreclesJi l-]Abur Plmnfi, and aCťoiH) notihern Me-imwíiftrmo, tile mudbrdck palnilike opíral colunms e>J LtriUn iiud iliinali probuhly refleet, ,in wcil, the praetkni use of pitím tlnihem inbudding eonatřtictian. As Sham.slu-Adad himself ivrote to Yasmakb-Atlud: The palma, cypreučt mul inynk* rhat haw; been bn,»u>j3i txěŇrn i)k KWH of QiUaniini Lir ut ptckcnt in the wyrri c»h Subfum Sínd Musliiv.i jjkI a kin (tllieni!* with Umí tu Subrum. vrheic they uhnit cttvide thť palins, tjřpréaMm. antl JTtyriK'*- 1..... tlirfi- IiMk. Senici (mí-tbiíd ní tln.' [nilins, o-prcHíit*, and iiiy»tlrii tu Klwlbnujin, me-.tlurd kj Nincwh; vad trne tlutil to Slmhfli Enltl Thai whieh ymi nrnd i« SluiNt EjUII U tu be transporti-d hy Klijp m the town ol SAftpirjiiiim. ihcn fmm Sír-paratům tu Qattunan. Frmn Qai- i.....'i' l<'< i he (Uen l>I i>;iiiiiirarí Híkc ■i in wnípino, amj Wi them bnnu n tn ShuWtbiHl {AJÍMI. 7:4^.11) A unall pwuňtt of iJir .wi«/íu ni řii, ,j,7c nf the HwttiittjtlmJrJI temple /nrs thm foi httiin txctwaiatL Like the norths ft) (ueude-H wu.t deetxottd wnli lUchet utni vnxajprt cftUtmm tm was mit it.i Urnlpnuenis). Otui muttbriek column wáir diuitly.wulptni to mienibít the trunk of a iimm i' u ..I ; n , i v, ■,i i11 ■ i M fated Arrangements, at; mas a distance of more than 50 meters. The western portion of this facade apparently extends across a massive mudbrick platform, still only partially excavated, that seems to antedate the construction of the temple, and against which it was built. Portions of this facade still stand to heights of 3 metcrsj to judge from the thickness of its walls, the facade may have stood as high ns 6 or 7 meters in antiquity. Looming over the plain, more than 20 meters below, this array of mudbrick architectural power would have imposed itself as u formidable vision upon the merchants and mule caravaruiCTS trekking along the great east-west "trans-Mcsopotamtan" trade route that passes alongside It 11 L^ilan, On the Acropolis interior, and looking southward toward the sig* gunitj the southern facade of this temple also featured niches and engaged columns, Only 9 meters of this facade have been excavated so Dining ihc W) season an carUiti tempi* wa* famitii, Ruthling. level 111 Of tfra Aempalit-nutthemt. Hue iivmmtwiyUix iimt foma explantiitari ttf tlit phut- _ _ Worr/t far, but the niches here surround the badly eroded surface of a mudbrick column coated with thick mud-plaster and sculpted to resemble the irunk of a "dressed" palm tree. Indeed, that is what the spiral columns of the north facade may have represented to the observer in the eighteenth century mc. |See the accompanying sidebar, "Palm Trees and Spiral Columns.*] Building Level HL Immediately south of the south facade nl ttuildiiiK TJie temple in Building Level HI was rebuilt in Building Level II. Level It our excavations have retrieved portions of what appears to be an earlier temple, more than likely a larger temple whose restore tion or reconstruction in Building Level 11 resulted in its foreshortening. That is, Building Level U seems to be a rebuilding of Building Level 111, but without a southern euurtyard with side rooms, The extant plan of this structure reveals a larjru cenLral courtyard [A| on the south that is flanked by narrow rooms [ft] on the eusuand probably the west as weih I i _I i_* a i - IIIIIIU'Al MtCHAIOIjtKifS-l.'HAIltll /■:*(irn/>JldMi/W«bwr™ir dating U) ibt nineteenth tmittrv iu„ in\m Huihttng Urvetn II and lit nt the Agtopotfanortbe/Utt. Uetitilo! the natthtrn facade, of the Htuldi^UwI-SU temple on the Acwpolu-nttrtlMwr, An rtrgeswL rnudbrkk column thai m fatlfatti it vese.tnhU: the trunk "(it paun tnx in ilu- f\ .:! point of Alt wctim of the facade, lit* locatltiu is indicated by cfor tetter 'C"r,.i iirv blockage Iwtiwun mom* fl and 12 082-123. -Í2Ó, -127). The .iťfiíie depleted cm this seal if f tits "suppliant tieimvi At/m scattered uimi/m the rubbish of room S wtfta 327 sen! iaiprexxiona in varfotti Maxes of preservation bearing lht% inxctiptlnn: "Bill-emtntl, H'tvant of Khaya'utium* *er vant tifthegpr} Adad<~Thi ■iia/idtitd \ >!if fíaliyli.-nuii) :>!;!'• styptic dalqn. the "gpd with mace"iti\d "auppStant nwlde.^" if hutí supple-mental with a "wi imed-[»mi»HMi" demon stuudl'W iirhtrni lhe tfuddeSi A aůmnt-stdt and a mi/nhey are used ax fillet bttwatn the Hf)d and ffiddess, _ important for the temple economy. Systematic sieving of the temple floors a!6« made it possible to retrieve numerous inscribed cylinder seal impressions. From the .southern pnrt of room 13, one seal impression bears the inscription of Suri-Adad. *wm uf Zidnya, servjint of .1. .i i' ! i i.' thereby conclusively proving the occupation and use of this temple during Shamfihi-Ajttod's tcign. Sewn impressions of another seal of [the same "| "Suri-Adad" were abo found on the floor of room IX and three more were found on the floor of room 13: Adad . . .canal inspector of the KOd ,,and the j;od ..Suri-Adad, the.. >■. But somccimtf probably not too long after the Initial use ol these floors, three alterations were made to this building, each utilizing a eliamcterUtic niittlhrick that wbs whiter, coarser, and more fragile than that of the structure's original Willis. The relationship of the alteration* to the temple's original walls can be observed in the plan of Building Level II, where the alterations arc indicated in dark shading, A portion of room 12 was walled off to become udoorleas room 13, with a north-facing window^ the long central cella, which probably had a tnudhiiL k altar net equarcty in i rum of its northern wallj would have then ceased to serve as the carefully planned focus of cultic activity. The floor of room 1,3 is the last living surface in this room. This- floor losses under the enclosure wallj a similar situation obtains to the west of the enclosure in room 12. The face of the eastern wsll of room 13 extends helnw this last floor. The two sets of rooms 15-16 and (J-9, which are cfisentlally parallel flJ> rangemenis, each had one of their two entrances sealed with a curtain V.'.lll Removing the secondary blockage of the doorway between room* 8 and 12, three additional clay seal IdUCAl iMtCHAWJJOOIVT'MAlUJt IMS Atwvr; IVim impicatwm from a cylinder Midi (L$3-7d and - IS) wetr found among the organic TublitthutrtMmHttt die HaildfoftUwi-il temple- Tlwli tnsttipiiaa rends as falhvm: "AntHliihu. ion of Ali-humnhu. wrtotrrt nf Tumm-mitki." ThMt cylinder seal imtvesxtonx tin derivtui from j cylinder teal with an apparently unique design. A "hero"hold* the tail* ofatxiw and a lion. i iriii'r "Jir?jjjri"bijj^i!or ro jumpavoi ilte buekx vfth&ig animah.On each Mde. of a mythul^cal bird, in thn hiwut leglncr, then r.\ a xuilhdie. Some putalleh frir thh mafi rft.tigns occur lu cnntemptiraty Anatolia and in southern MeaOfkitamta (Iihwa the third millennium m,c, Belmv: Thi.t intKruphirtitwoph wf a nit mcitijwriiiuwwiinK apiiruximatcly *W millintifefi wide} found tn room HxhtHva the seal impwswn ui "AplHlMut, \on ofAli-lMinishu. servant of Tutum-ntitUi: impressions of the second $uri-Adad inscription were retrieved from the interstices of the brickwork- These were probably tying on the floor when a mason swept them up to fill crack* in his sloppy construction of the secondary wall, After the construction of this wall, a deposit of ash and trash built up against it upon the floor of room 8, Within this, organic rubbish 229 additional seal impressions wcie towed as jars of commodities were opened. Two of these bore the inscription of: i -- i i: ■ --1 ■ i -.I.., ■: "■. I: l -.....- -1 .1 scr- vimiof Turum-natkl, while 227 (complete and fragmentary | bore the inscription of: Hcl l-c rnutji, servant of Khaya-.it buini, servant of the god Adad. Campari son with other temples. The Bmlduig-Lcvel-11 temple at lid I Leilan, apart from its historically fascinating floor debris, remains an artifact, an expression of personal and social styles identifiable in space end time. As-such, it is worthy of comparison to other, similar, monumental architecture, even though its plan is not yet complcte-Wc have speculated that the original plan of the temple will be available in Building Level HI, with Building Level 17 only representing a partial rebuild of that temple If this suggestion proves correct, the Leilan temple may have been one of the largest constructed during this period, for it would then be approximately 6,000 square meters, or about twice the size of the Sin-5hamash temple at A si nit and the temple at Tfcllul Riniah, and the equal of the Ischali temple and the Ashur Temple at Ashur. This, however, is not too surprising because there does seem to be a gross correlation between the size of a city and the size of its public buildings, A "langraumMemplc? The specific plan of this building is, however, rather surprising, [Note that the isometric plan of the Building-Level-Il temple does not include the holding's secondary wall construe IlLBI.ICAl. MW'UMiOUJnjtTiinAttCM mi IS mfWtt Lelltin viliiijit workmen new floorthbrh of ti\e HutlUinH'Uwl-ft temple with millimeter-screens. $upatYtsin$ the \.votkifr\trt>uli tftnail, titers a uraduoUi xtorii?rrf and now a profamr al ancient Near Eastern fan/tuuges at ths University a/Aleppo. _ Eitcavai inu ij, nut i<.it the faint of heart.There is a daring kind of hi tnkmoiiship, ■aconHninni!iic:Fi!iLonrbciwcen the need to excavate and remove, and the need to preserve and isolate, While the clack tick* away, workmen *un define th«a against the matrix of virtually Identical mudbriok collapse. Following wall faces down to their floors can be nerve-racking. There i* the ever-present danger of missing i hi; floor, following the wall-face down to J i'- ■::: I i ti 111 :i: I :i 11 ■ 111 ■... r Vf DD Cailic1 floor, and thereby mixing the strati-graphic deposition that provide* the temporal framework for archaeological reconstruct khi. i>chcaiely tracing with haiidpicks the "break" between col lap»c nod wall-face down to the first centimeter-sited patch of "break* which indicate;) the stamped, sometimes lightly plastered floor, is an anxiety-filled process, There Is no «&■ nntl chance. Unique among research disciplines, archaeology destroys part of its data, the archaeological earnest, as that data is retrieved and then removed In the excavation of still earlier deposit*. When floors arc located, student supervisor* and piekmcn call out for fine one-millimeter screens. The floor deposits provide the crucial evidence for activities thut can be securely dated, as opposed to postOCCUpation collapse deposits, Sieving assures uniform retrieval: No ttrtj£icc'^ however small, will be paBHcd over as the debris resting immediately upon the floor surfaces is cleared. tions,I Here it is possible to see the almost symmetric arrangement yf side rooms | rooms 4, 5, 8,14, 15, and 16) around a long central cello (room 12), which itself is, apparently; preceded by a wide antecella (room 10), only fragniemarily defined in the areas excavated to date. With the addition of the secondary blockage walls, access to the cclla would have been impossible except through the antccella and, presumably, a doorway to the south through the south facade. Have we then a "langraum"-, or long-room, temple, the classic Assyrian tcmpte-farm of the first millennium bjC,, which always features the lineal arrangement of Idoorway"wide-room* antccella -41 long-room*1 cellar li the Build Ing-Levcl-H temple at Lei lan is "Jan-Kraum* it may be the earliest temple of this type, Some archaeologists have Argued that "hngraunY'-tcmplcH do Appear in the enity second mi lien* ntutn u.c at Ischali and Tel! Harmal (Strymmenger 1962:416j Amiet 1980; 535, J. Oates 1979:79|. These temples, however, do not really have the RKWO arrangement characteristic oi "langraunV'-tcmplcs, and seem to be examples of the period's character 1st ie "Babylonian" temple with a "brcitraum" ("wide-room"] cella [Hrouda 1971:152, Heinrich 1982; 1S9|, The earliest "langraum" known at present is that of the Sin-Shfltniwh temple at the Assyrian capital of Ashur, constructed by Ashui-niraii 1 in the sixteenth century n.c. The next oldest is the famous Innin Temple oi Karamdash at Warka, which dates to the fifteenth century B,c. |Heinrich 1982], If the Leilan temple is of the "langraum^typc: it is no longer necessary to hypothesize extra-Mcsopotamian, possibly "Kassite," origins for this temple-type as wan argued in the past [Martiny 1936, Jariu 1960j Matthiae 1975], Concurrently, however, the Leilan wrapl* raises new questions: Why is this temple-form appearing at Lcitanat this time, and what are its origins? One hypothesis that might now lie entertained is that the "Assyrian langraum" tcnipk-plan actually was a Shamsht-Adad, or Shamshi-Adad-period, innovation subsequently adopted or copied by later Assyrian, royalty, In much the same way that ShainshiAdnd mimicked the royal tituhuurc of the Akkadian dynasts, bo later Assyrian monarchs perpetuated many Shamshi-Adad innovations. Two outstanding examples of this arc his name, which was subsequently adopted by four other Assyrian kin^s, and his Ashur in> scriptions, whose style and dialect were imitated by Middle Assyrian kings in their royal annals jLaeswje 196.3: 95), is the "langraum"-te tuple then an innovation of Jshamshi-Adad? If this were the case, we would expect the temple constructed by Shamshi-Adad at Aihur to be "langraum," Unfortunately, the excavation of this structure does not allow us to make definitive statements about the temple's plan in the UtBLIf AL AAEOLOGIHT'Mj\ m :H mi IxomtrtiepluB of the BuitJing-Ltvai-H temple of the Aetapolix-utirtluniM. This shows the buildittg't plan ptlur mi tlw cunrtnictioxi of xcctmdaiy blockade walls. Note the antral ceila froom 12} samiunded by an almost aym-metrical arranfpxiient ufxida mams (roams tr hudiimx i^iv! .'I m itiwtmt 4SPlr.45Q1t, undA&RU and the foundation ueneit for the south facade. i\f puHdiox Lmvt !l idantU'ud as stratum 1 in square 4$Rll The axteriur surface fut Kulklma lew! It it identified In Siftiitre iJSUtl m fluur-itiMum 1 Building i-rvel i, the law platform and pavinx dial wax *.m against the- tains of Building Lew! (t.isalso vittble in MRU abvve flaai-2. Another characteristic of the Leilan temple's decoration is the use of "revcols'ordoorjamb insets, to accent important passageways. On the isometric plan of the temple, a "cookie-crumb trail" of reveals defines firsl the corners of the long cclla, and then leads the worshipper out, not through the hypothesized "iangraum"-type doorway, but to the west, along a bent axis, or "knich-achse" past two side rooms and then into room \% at which our excava-Lion has halted. Quite simply, an important route has here been defined that, in spite of its eventual blockage, once featured prominently in the traffic pattern of the building. If our next excavation season shows that there was no doorway out of the building directly in front of the !■ ■■>.-: eella, this reveal decorated ■bent-axis" route must have provided access to the wlla. Such a Iktnt-axis* type temple-plan takes us back to the Diyala excavations of the Oriental Institute at K ha rajah, where the famous Sin temple sequence for the Early Dynastic period is dominated by "bent-axis" temples, These temples mark a clear dis> juncture with those of preceding periods in the souths their existence in the Diyala, east of the Tigris, has led some archaeologists to sec the type as an "osttigridischc Erfindung" to he associated with the third-milknmurn-nx. Humans of north Mesopotamia and north Syria (Lenzen 1955: 17, Hrouda 1984:65k Far from being a Shamshi-Adad-period innovation, then, the Building-Level -II temple plan may harken back to the still earlier, third-millennium, urban roots of Tell Leilan (Sec the section below on Tell Leilan in the third-millennium &.C.J. ltd Leilan and Shubat Enlil. Does the deposition of seal impressions of Suri-Adad, Turuni-natki, and Khaya-Libum within the IUnlding-Lcvcl-11 temple allow us to equate Tell Leilan with Shubat Enlit through the documentation for the city's last days? (See the accompanying sidebar, The Search for Shamshi-Adad's Capital City.") Such a suggestion would hi; hold, If not rash. The deposition oi seal impressions inscribed "Suri-Adad servant of Shamshi-Adad* cer- tainly, however, occurred prior to those of Turum-natki and Khaya-ahum, and these rulers only figure in the Man documentation for Shubat Enlil after the death of Shamshi-Adad. To be sure, we have no Tell Leilan documentation as yet for Kuunam the Elamitc and Atamrum of An-dariq, the other rulers of the city. Nor do the impressions of *5uri« Adad, servant of Shamshi-Adad'' by themselves require that Tell Leilan he considered the scat of Shumslii-Adads power, for such seal Impressions arc known from other sites across the Habur Plains and northern Iraq such as Chagar Bazar, Till Taya, and Tell al-Rimah, and even Acemhilyuk on the Anatolian plateau [Loretz 1969: no, 23j Postdate 1973,173-75, Hawkins 1976j Ozguc 1980:99). There remains, too, the conundrum of 227 seal impressions and fragments inscribed "Khaya-ahum of Apum." In most circumstances such would he taken as prima facie evidence (ur identifying Tell Leilan with Apum, a cky near Shubat Enlil that also has yet to be IIIHI lC4[..WMA«!UHHST.'MARCir IMS identified on the Habur Plains. At this time, it seems safe to answer our questions only with additional questions, In consideration oflcjl Lei I em's lotat ionr si morphology, and terminal occupational history; if the site is not Shubat Enlil, what is it? Apum? Hut Apum is not known to have existed in the third millennium n.c, which is when our excavations indicate that leil Leilan first became a large city [see the second half of this paper). Similarly, Shubat Enlil is not known us a city name prior to the reign of Shams hi-Adad, If Tell Luitan is Shubat Enlil, what was its name in the. third millennium? In the early second millennium bjl\ 1'. 11 Leilan was clearly one center of regional power on the Habur Plains. The sequence of Acropofis building levels, their artifacts and inscriptions, and their dehrie, litter, and collapse provide an urena for historical investigation, just as they dramatically draw attention to the actions oi individual personalities who represented the contending interests of vilifies, cities, regions, and empires in the early second millennium, Whether Tell Leildn weih Shubat Enlil, or another documented large city such as Apum, remains to be determined and adds another, if tangential, problem for resolution. Sites such as Tell Lcilnn do not draw their inherent archaeological significance from their correlation with historically documented settlements. On the contrary, it is the settlement itself that is of signif I- In 1800 B.C. Tell Leilan was a center ofpower on the Habur Plains. cance because of the rote that it played within a region. A useful example ol this name-site relationship is Tell Mardikh (ancient Eblaf, Prior to the recovery of the third-:..:li'.:tiniLim-u.c palace at Mardikh, Ebla was simply one of several west Syrian toponymy known from southern Mesoporsmian documents to have been destroyed or conquered by Sargon and Naram Sin. The archaeological recovery of Tell Mardikh, however, now Informs us of Ebla's role in Syrian history, Similarly, Lcilan's size and geo> graphical position inform us of its general role within the region. His- torical references to a city named Shubat Enlil inform as of that city's Significance in the region, If the two kinds of evidence pertain to each other a scries of well-established historical problems can be defined, If they do not, an entirely new set of problems may emerge. Regardless, therefore, of Tell Leilan's name in the second millennium ii.c., the details of its historical und regional role remain to be examined, The imperial and local dramas of the early second millennium on the Habur Plains were not without precedent, however, Nor was it simply fortune that situated this very large second-millennium occupation at Tbll Leilan. Tell Leilan in the Third Millennium h.c: Soundings at the Acropirlis-nortliwest, Lower Ibwn, a rid C iiy Wul I In order to establish a framework for problem-specific investigations of the site, a preliminary scries of three, decpsiratigraphic soundings were undertaken in 1980. These soundings-designated Operation I, Operation 57F02, and Operation I — retrieved the ceramics associated with each stratum of occupation, as well as radiocarbon samples and floral and botanical remains that JHUUCAL AUCHMOlOfilST/MABCH 19« I' -íijufl-TitJi J.ííf í flřKÍ sJifltv ííjii QLinttrfitiHitiit of R\iitt}iti#Lčw.}'l pavttifi. \h\ilmneath the paying jíi í.Wll ímrJ HíiTU iUů eorititmitlwp of fluvtstiolwnĚofňuihlh^ tnfcl U flfft uijtn ha xeui, Vntierneath thai, hawow.r, na fxvfiral xtrnta nftoii'ky wail collapse líetive-tt fnun wit A ta dSTJ). Befaw thwa xtniiů ufv/ůll oůWítjr.Tť, naailmwd ň [JimuíJi)£, í«i' last of Tfiiw Pitad-tH flours can be neon. 'J ovse piuwtvd fíoois. aba\ the p!u*!erad fate of Wall A The C&WJt.ilW of Huiidimi U-vrl SHtntl;, •xvrth am be Stxnia tht-tOTBBďndiTů/ASTtt'.find 4SVJh_ Relative Chronology É.C, Northwestern Syria Habur Plums NurlhcmJmq IfiOt) Old Syrian ltrjod leilanL Old Assyrian Old Babylonian |MirdikhEtA-B| jat.T-m;J| Late JProUwtyriíiíí imvi bin-Urna jMardikh !IBS| LcilonUb Ur MI Cuti Mat Lift PrtttosyiííB Akkadian [Mardikb i w. 11 LťilOH (iii TnyaK I.I:!'. 1 ! VI :.r.l :i III Lallan Ilk Early Dynamic II Early Pfirtosytian Leilanlflb NtncvitcV 32ŮT) ,.m..i.J!i:h i:a-[Amuql-il ] Ii lll.i Early l}yn antic 1 Amutj G Late.Uruk Law Uru k 3500 4100 [Mard ikhl| ArnuqP UUait V Early Uruk Early Uruk Luilan Via Late Nnrthqm Ubaid Ubdid.4 iQO Airiuti E LetLmVIb F-nrly Northern Ubald Uboid 3 Ainuti D Halai Kulnf UbtJda SS0Í1 UhuiiJ 1 allow for the initial occupational sketch of the site as far hack as the fifth millennium (For the precise locations of the soundings, see the typographical map at the beginning of this paper,] The stratigraphic sequence of ceramics has now been Statistically analyzed, and allows ua to characterize each occupation floor by the presence or absence of specific kinds of pottery and, still mote importantly, the relative frequency of each pottery-type within the sample for each stratum, This kind of quani in-Live analysis, a prerequisite for eventually establishing smaller puriod-izattnns and linking occupations at different loci to each other, also makes possible an "objective" lumping of strata to form ceramic periods, Judging from the relative frequency of ceramic types, strata more similar to each other than to other strata can be statistically defined as a ceramic "period." Sets of radiocarbon samples retrieved from these soundings haw augmented the pcriudizatioii available from the ceramic analyses. In a HNhUCAI. AHCOAKOtJOŮmmAltCJI mi region as sparsely explored as the I-Liu11 Plains; these radiocarbon samples mark the beginning of the resolution of fundamental chrono-logical problems, including some that have stilt not been resolved in adjacent regions where archaeologists have worked for many years. To facilitate the resolution of some basic chronological problems, we have attempted to process a large number of samples from individual contexts, thereby providing for the reduction, through weighted averaging, of the standard deviation that accompanies each determination. The first stratigraphie sounding at Lei tan, which we have called Operation 1, was actually started briefly in 1979 but became a major rematch effort in 19HQ |sec Schwartz |yn.Vi This soundinj? is now IS meters deep and presently has reached to the Uhaul period [see the strati-graphic section of the Aeropolis-northwestj see also the lb 11 Lei Ian ceramic pcrindizations). Virgin soil, probably under several srrataaf MaLif-pcriod settlements, is likely to be Another 10 meters below. Above the 1 Jbaid-period Strata (period V!f, which comprise the re ma ins of domestic structures, are several strata with similar ceramic shapes but few painted vessels (period Vf. These may be contemporary with the "Early 1. ■ 11 !■" period in the south, Four distinct strata then follow with sherds from beifded-rim bowls that characterize the "Late Uruk" period in southern Mesopotamia, Immediately following these are some 2S strata [period Ulf with painted find incised "Nmevite V ceramics and residential remains. This sequence of Nincvjte-V period strata Is perhaps i be longest yet retrieved. It appear* to span the enigmatic gap between the northern equivalents of the souths Unik period and the Early Dynastic III period (Schwartz mi, Ufeiss 1981 - W82, W&A). Startling, however, is the oc-i 11:Mfi.iii;i history that can be reconstructed from the strat.igraphic evidence of Operation 1 and from additional tests on the Lower Town (Operation 57F02] and at the City Will (Operation 2), Cumulatively these tests indicate that at the end oi the Let Ian fllfNincvite V period and at the beginning of the Leilan 11 period a major transformation of"! settlement occurred on the Habur Plains. Operation 2, we thought, might prove chat the City Wall was first built in the time cfShamshi-Adad. Who else would have been able to muster and control the labor required for the construction of a mudbriek wall 3,5 kilometers long, at least 15 meters thick, and at least IS meters high? In the last days of the JVflO excavation season, however, it was with considerable shock that we found ourselves against the City Wall excavating surfaces much earlier than those littered with "Hftbu r ware" and tramped upon in the days of Shamsh^Adad, These earlier surfaces and City Walt construction phases are characterized by ceramics of the period that we designate Leilan II, or the "LeiIan" period, because it is the period whi-n the she emerged to regional prominence. The ceramics associated with the first interior floors set against this wall, vlsihk- in the section drawing of Operation 2, are illustrated here, Operation 57F02 revealed precisely the same ceramic stratigraphic phenomenon: The first Lower Town occupation, set on virgin soli, was associated with the early ftriad-H ceramics. Through the Leilan Ul/Ninevitc V period, therefore, settlement at Leilan had not extended beyond the area of the I S-hectare Acropolis, and conceivably was still smaller. Suddenly, however, at a time when Ninevite V ceramics had passed ninut'M. ARCiiAJOintiisrnuiieH Lima hum use and Leilan II ceramics had jusi begun to be used, the settlement expanded sixfold, from 15 to 90 hectares, and the enormous City Wall was constructed. This kind of alteration in settlement is unlikely to have been a unique event. As geographers have long observed, 'Cities do not grow up of themselves. Countrysides set them up to do tasks that must be performed in central places" jleffer-son ]y31: 4.VH|. The new information provided by the soundings at the City Wall and Lower "Ibwn sets the stage, therefore, for an examination of the regional forces and conditions behind this development. Two questions immediately require attentiun. When did this expansion of settlement and ■ i n-iinival [nr. if m occur? What other developments, historical, demographic, or economic, might have occurred at this same period? When did the expansion of the eity occur? Two sets of data allow ua to begin to clarify the relative and absolute date for the construction of rhe City Wall, when the rapid expansion of settlement took place Four radiocarbon dates derived from a very large deposit of charted grain retrieved in stratum 20 of Ope tat inn 1 have now been analyzed. "Two of these samples werti sent to a laboratory in Florida and two were sent to a labuiatory in Tokyoj the dates determined by these laboratories are indicated in the chart of Leilan radiocarbon daces, Because these dates are derived from one large sample, they can be averaged in a fashion that allows us w-vu(i Operation 1, north,\ec turn, Acmpvlirttarthwwi, (iptftttlan L which hitow IttmrtmdMp, wax lit* first utratl>tru;))ucmmtains tamit at Lilian. At present the lowtxt excavated itniui date i« the Uhitirf prtitrf. _ mil IJC AL Ak H AAOIOCIM-'MAAU t I 'HI litnmpton nfUÜan lIlfNimsvim V)pQiiety ham Tbli laifon Qpnratlon ). Incised wait (rim and bmty shtrds} und painted war* {complete vefwli}, 77ifl data eif thim tritficmc and very beautiful cotamtc vessels hr draidiiy Ihr retrieval of twatty-fiw suaxatw «rata characterized by tueh ceramics wtthm Operation t now permits u.% to dole tftern ttuhe period irninediatüiyprtudins the ctititrnvfillatton of Tell Ltiiian and immediately after the Late Urak period hi northern Mt'.MiSK>tdtma. Repnvtticnl from Glonn M. Schwan.:, Fron) Vrthiwaty n? Hlimry tin [lac Habcir PUina fltfflg'. Ijb. Number Provenfeme N<3900 N-390I UM-J8r8 UM'.II Ms mw UM-1777 UM-3099 UM-IK15 UM-tKlJl UM-1812 UM-181? LB0 45Q12 IOC-Hun. I 179 45VI0 22CM4nü.5 L7SM5TI1 16C-M no.B L7V45TU SCMno.3 I 7945VJÖ UCJlnai LSQOp2n7C-14nei,2 180Opi 41 CUaa.9 L7P'Opt2£CM4 no, 2 L7POp 1 40CMnaS L?^Op t dUC-!4rjoö .L.7!>Op 1 4fJC-l4no.o WO Op 1 40 OH nn,2 179 Op I 45 £-14 DA 7 WO Op 194 C-14 rtn.G WQOp I UftC-14 no. 7 L80 0p 1A6CI4 no 6 L$OOp IA40C-14nu, A LfWOp IC35Cd4nr>. I lb II Leila ii Radiocarbon Sauipfi s Cbnttxt AerDpolii-northdiisl Building Level II Acropolis-northeast Building Level III AcrnpnliK-nHrrlieasi ftuildmi; LtVL-l ill Acropulta-northetfi ßulldiiu; Lewi HI Acropolis-northeast Building Lewi III "CIi y Willi"phase fc' Op 1 sTOtum IP Op 1 Atravura 19 Op 1 stratum 20 Op 1 stratum 20 . Op 1 Ntratinu 20 Op I stratum 20 Op I nrratum 34 Op I stratum 34 Op 1 -iI .11 hi 35 Op 1 stratum 38 Op I stratum 44 Op I stramm 58': Materia] wood wood contaminated contaminated - " i -: . . i - i . i i . i i ■ - . . wood tifain wood grain grain i.l hi. gain wood 90 t30 i wood Jeferepreaejat 3.895 i 80 mo ± ho rejected tc/ecW rejected 4320 2870 4PS0 i 80 3»70 ± .85 4070 * 70 40*0 i 70 4060 ± 60 -Jr-in . MS 4890 i 70 4625 t 85 4?35 ; 110 470.-5 ± $5 6580 i 100 d.i.. i 7a_ 2760-2143' 1885-141S t41Q~ am 2865 1885 2895 mm 3*75 3655 3783 5785 2665 ■3565 ■also 24J5 2420 2410 2555 3055 -3193 -3173 -$240 TlwVlflfiiiJ^huuIvulamii nnmllrnunJiidito-IK'yn. Nqmüwn NJS??rN-.SÜWH,0^■■^^r7Ii^tJU^K^»Wlmn;utcl»^lp■e1l wntIflUtawloniii i-i ■ i.-:i.l., .i.i.i ThUy.1 (im niulini», twns;imrk" klnn hcih 10«ich |>U-i' WHUtA L AKt II 4m llflli tiilYMA KCIt IVBi Above; Unrsh matixiaphtc suction of Operation Z. Siwto i and last nwfactx UtieieJ witli Habur ware, whik mata 3 through 8 are cfuiwcterized by Rerladdl Niamia. Tht foundation rwiicfl for the City Wall l.i itra turn 9, Betow: Rgpreicntativti wheel-made potury of Uilrnt fcriad U fcJrca 2SMJ - 2000 from tuata 3 ih mu^h H In Opetatifm g. to reduce the standard deviation (the plus/minus figure that accompanies a radiocarbon "date"], This weighted average date is 2673 bjc. ± 70, which means (.hat the date of the original sample .■■ u i 11 ■■ grain | is 85 percent certain to fall within 2755 and 2595 sjc. This date for stratum 20 in Operation 1 provides us with a lermiuua post quem (t hat is, the point after which| for the construction of the City Wall [Weiss 1983). But It seems clear that the extant surface upon which the City Wall now rests in Operation 1 was not the last • mi i.;. • deposited there. This area had been scraped and levelled prior to the City Wall's construction. How many intervening strata were removed cannot now be known. Probably, however, strata with ceramics similar to those now retrieved at Tell Mohammad Arab, across the border near Eakl Mosul In Iraq, are to be situated between the last pre-wall strata and the construction of the wall in Operation 1 | We ins 1985b). The date of the City Wall's construction, therefore, might be around 2500 u.c, A second set of dating evidence Is comprised of the ceramics associated with the construction and first use of the City Wall {see the section drawing for Operations,, north section, and the illustration of representative pottery). It is now quite certain that these ceramics are the same as those recently retrieved at Tell Bruk, Tell Brak is a large, 43-hectarc sice, located 51 kilometers southwest of Leilan, alongside the Jaghv pagb River, another of the affluents of the Ha but that join together near Hasseke to form the "triangle,*1 a* the Habur Plains arc sometimes called, Brak was first excavated by Sir Max Mallowan in 1936 and 1937, and until recently those excavations have served as the. major guide to the archaeology of the Habur I'lains. Sir Max was fortunate in the time that he spent at Brak to uncover a very large mudbrick fortress, almost cine it RIBltCALAHt'MAIiONOGimWAJKIH mi Chronological Relationships Ml Briik CH, ST, in J Otlllfr SuumÜJlljS IIjthu ware LTJruT 3-4 Ute ARfidt S Timm Ulmet um deirmctHin, Icvethng (5 "late EDin-huildiiifl | level] ing| Niiievitc.V LmeUruL TtllLellöö Tell liva *•■(> Acmpöll*/ On. ciica 1 -III'- = 's - 57m i Uli. B.Lt-ui 1-2 DJ-IV :-l|H [Olll.l r r i J V-vi .'.nun 13 4 3 VII '.IUI H JdSi ructJüii J.HiH 15 VIII ' Um ilwtruciioxi ■i il i cityWill w 9 City wall IX . .:.„i ..virgin rail W-2Ü Nine vi Lc V ■ ' n 1 il'00 .«KHl 41-44 Eürly Urufc Ubald 4* 52 Hla vi.-.— 57 58 fi] Hülaf tJnlupi ihr =Jnw: US Cert]* M lllmufclt R nlMnltiinlniqiJ Afnh. hectare in siac, with brick* bearing rhe stamped inscription of Na ram-Sin, Sargons imperial grandson, Within the partially excavated fill of the forties*) Mallowan also retrieved a fragmentary votive inscription Ixjariug the name of Hi mush, SaTflomt son. It is possible, therefore, that the fortress was even eon-strucied prior to NaranvSin. This imposing structure has been taken ua unequivocal evidence for Sargpnic control of the Habur Plains (Mal-low.in W7f- More recently, David Dates, successor to Mallowan at Tell Brak, had retrieved portions of a large building adjacent to, but strati-graphically below, the Naram-Sin fortress, and he assigned it to the "fate Early Dynastic" pcriud. The exenvators also suggest that this structure "had some official-politi- cal or military—character, and was not simply an indigenous phase in the continuous occupation of the city us a whole" [Dates IVSla: 67), This building vfmr in tum, destroyed, and then rebuilt, prior to the foundation of the Naram-Sin fortress. It is entirely possible, therefore, that this build inn was destroyed hy Sargon (Gates Wib'. \97\. The ceramic assemblage associated with ■■■■"■iii ■ AlKllAr.OIJnUlhlVMAltCH WHS Map (if the Habur Plains, with motktn isi \hyttt timet that connect point.t of equal win/all) titawrr in. Ft&mf.i tirn in mill/met*-!*, this building is remarkably similar to rhc early Lei Inn-period-II ceramic assemblage, thirassemhltigeassc-dated with the sixfold expansion of Lei J an and the construction of the City Wall |! Oates 1982; Weiss 1983], A pre-Naram-Sin date, and possibly pre-Sargon date for the City Wall at Tell Lcilan is, therefore, now suggested by the Lejlan radiocarbon dates, the relative ceramic chronology of Lei Inn ceramics and Mohammad Arab ceramics, and the building sequence at Tell Brak, [f correct, this date may alter considerably our understanding of the origins of cities and civilization in Syria and Mesopotamia. Subir in the late third millennium s.c. After its probable date, the most significant feature of Lcilan's cir-eumvaJJation, and the most important feature tor understanding its genesis, is the observation that Lcilan was not unique. Surface collections made by the Tell Lei Ian Project in 1979 at Tell Hamoukar, 46 kilometers southeast, indicate that this 9o hectare settlement was also occupied during the early Leilan II period, and in fact was already a very large settlement in late Uruk times, Similarly, surface collections at Tell Mozan, +3 kilometers northwest of Tell Leilan, indicate that this site too, was probably a large early Leilan-II settlement, which continued to he occupied in Lcilan-] times. Hence the circumvolution of—that is, the City Wall construction around— Lcilan allows it to be understood as a regional phenomenon, within a specific portion of the Habur Plains: the extremely fertile area of the plains that receives more than 4Q0 millimeters of rainfall per annum. Similar sites appear across the border in Traoj south of the Jebel Sinfar and near Tell Ajar. Another sice in the region. Tell Brak, appear* to be a different kind of settlement, however. Tfeil Brak might he understood as one of A class of settlements, occurring in it variety of historical and geographical contexts, sometimes labelled "gateway cities*Such settlements characteristically control the entrance into a region, command the connections between that region end the "outside world," and arc often located eccentrically at one end of the region, sometimes at the border between regions defined by different kinds of agricultural production jRurghardt 1971), These characteristics fit the geographical, climatic, and cultural situation of Tell Brak, as we know it, quite well. Brak is located at the southern extremity of the Habur I'lams, quite distant from its most productive centers, A glance at the map displaying mean annual rainfall on the Habur Plains shows that Ki .i I, a. fillltJCM. MIL ir*t.OUH.IVT'MA«CH iw5 The Search for Shamshi-Adaďs Capital City receives only 289 millimeters of rainfall per annum, just enough rain CO generate a dry-farming [that is, farming that depends on rainfall and doesn't utlliBe irrigation] cereal crop. This location is markedly distinguished from that of the three large-walled settlements (Tell Lellan, Tell Mosan, and Tell Hamoukar] that arc each much larger than Brak, and situated almost equidistant from each other within the dry-farming belt at points that apparently maximise access to cultivable uatland, Location ally, Brak controls the entrance into the I labor I'laiiw provided by the Habur River itself as it passes through the "gates-" of the kivl Abd al-Axziz and the \\ ■ ■ Sinjar. This situates Brak directly between the area of high-rainfall dry farming that characterizes the area of gently rolling plains around Leilan, Mozan, and Hamoukar and the irrigation-dependent region* of the south. The cultural inventory of Tell Brak in the late prehistoric: and early historic periods may also he understood in terms of the settle-merit's "gateway"status, since it seems to have many elements of southern culture, while also apparently preserving indigenous elements foreign to southern Mesopotamia (Amiet 1983: 51]. The Habur Plains, entered through It-11 Brak, were known to the third-millennium dynasts of southern Mesopotamia as the land oFSuhir Later, in the second and first millennia lit,, the region was called Suhartu, and came to inc-tude much of northern Mesopotamia LGelb 1944, Edzard, Farber, and Soll-berger 1977; 146-47). Beginning in the late Early Dynastic period and continuing through the Sargonic period, southern Mesopotamia!! rulers repeatedly claim to have conquered or subjugated Subir, a el aim that until now has lacked historical meaning But the evidence for large iliLid-iiulk'timuni-iL.c cities on the Habur Plains changes our evaluation of these sources. Cities such as Rmm;horn still unidentified root*, pc rhaps among recently «dei itai i2cd Amorite-spcaklnit peoples Irom «lie Habur Rains, Shamsht-Adad IwhonenuniL- ineiiON'My sunisthegod Adad"} briefly transformed the political and economic landscajie of north-rrcri Mesopotamia in the lust years. :of the nineteenth centuryHi'., lost prior to the accession of Hammurabi in Hah ylun. In an unexplained flash of histor leal stardom, Shani*hi-Adad managed tofajbtugate the towns and cities of the northern plains and extend hi* imperial hold across a 11 of northern Mesopotamia from rheZagrusMnumainM en the Euphrates Jtiver. Quickly selling control of ihe upper Tigris River area, including Ashur itself, he deposed local dynasties at nodal control pointy (Ekallatum on the Tigris and Mari on the Euphrates), and then installed a son at each city as'ruler. Shamahi-Adad then established ft new capital at a place that lie called Shubat Gnlil pThc Resideiieeo! Enlif), Thereafter, dynastic alliances were created with distant city rulers tribute and gift* were extracted from aublcct kings long-distance trade relationships were reestablished across Me«o< poumta and into Anatolia, and a hierarchy of regional control, descending I torn Shamshi-AdacL wa* extended ACro'si the northern dry-farming plaint; No city ruler could success-1utly eballenge the armed forces of Shanwhi-Adad within tkts legion during his reign of less than thirty-five ycart[i8!3-imBjc.|. In spite of his apparent administrative and organiiatiuiul capabilities and the strength of armed forces loyal to him for still unknown reasons, the disintegrative and canrrifugal forces that characterized die plains of northeastern Syria and northern Iraq even-ttially proved too fractious for the bonds that tied Shamšht-Adiiďs empire. The difficulties, included ijide-pendent and widely spaced doe;, with extensive tracts of-cultivated plains, large seasonally migrant forces of pastoral nomads moving herwtjc.11 ilia; Irrigated tract* along the Euphrates and trie ram-fed Habur Plains, and persistent i:luillensc:s from rhe centralized ptFwern of southern Mewpmamia. Par-ucularly vulnerable were the outposts číthe empire, such as Mar j, where, the incompetence of Shauishi'Adftdiii tán, Yftsmakh-Ailiid, only made matter» worse. In the ancient Near East, as in móre recent Europe, diplomacy wa* scaled by ma.r) injif- ^usinakh-Adad'* personal iiifarrH. however, seemtohtlvc ttiiide it difficult lor Shamshi-Adad to preserve his imperial alliances. Hence this letter from Sliamsbi-Adud io Yiismokh-Adad: D:d iioi tin- former kinm . . establish thk-Ji (doü*cj in iIik palueer Vakkdun-L.tm, {hnwevcrl, ImricjTcrl In., crmsorts, placed Jm hyIIc to tlic »{de, and moved her tnto the desert, rtrhatw, in the sum* wjiy, ynn an plajinimi! to place iht riamuhter of Ishi-Adad (the kinu ni Oátnf| in the UlUl H-ai. AHCHAFntlHilWMABnt VMS wur hrorhcr. "Ybu nrc blinking out z.imn-l,imk nhatr from the sptijl that vii u act udein«;hiim Shuhat KnliJ, hui why jir yim mill keeping bis »hmef Will he |im foitk nnJ" iRallcy ami dt bet* lv7 the city hiu they háve mu retuiued. jARMX,5) ' _' _ B. YaáAi-Hagan hold* Shuhat EhIU Idi Zimrl-IJtH lnu QarniLini nf Andariq is "rumored 10 he pd^irigthríutgh tpjjbjjbatEnlU*[ARM II :.;.il> C. Qami-Limot Anďanc, plunder* the gram 61 Shubat Enlii |ARM XIV.IW 1>. Qarni-Lim and the "man of Eshnunna" (Ihal-pj-El-J axe in Shuhar Enlib Qarni-Lim and TUrum-natki are entrenched at Apum. Turunvnatki's son is appointed the ruler of Shubat Enlil | ■ |. tean I93gf lbaj-pi-EJ of Eshnumia moves from Shubat Enlil towards Zimrl-Lim'sterniftry at Man. Ziinri-Lim request* help from Khatnu-rapi of Karana. jDallpy mid others 1P7A, RLnuth Icim I) H. 1762 iii-. Aiamrum, last regnal year 17*0 it-» Hammurabi Khatnu-rapi retakes Shuhai Enlil from Ibal-pt-Ei, take*:booty remaining from the first pillage by Ibfil-pl-El and (Jami-Urn, and doesn't share with Zimri-Lim. [Dalley and tithe rs 1976, Rim ah letrer_5J_ Eshnunru, Elatn, and Ishme-PafVmjoin forces to defeat Rasama [ARM Vl.?,7, II.2,s| |^lílrikd<^-Í3^w conud of Š huba t En 111, I Kimnam, the "num nf Élam," writes to fits lord Zimri-Lim: "Khaya-abum for Apuml Is the 'nttf of Zimri-Lim, hut I, I am not In* jKhaya-abum'sl 'sím.' I want to meet with my 'father.'" (ARM XIVI02] Atamram of Aiitlniqplots toraidŽtmrt-Unft territory wlien Zimri-lim marches to help Rosarna. (ARM VLSI) Átamrum want* to enter Shubat Enlil, put Kunnama won't leave.. [ARM Xi v. to I i Li "fheciry is the city oi the suklw/ [kunnamoíř ___[AKMXTViWf M.j Shtibtam i>í the thaphum official of Sruihut Enlil untlei Zimri-Lim [ARM ll.iuy and X.|4|_ Ň", Átamrum control*Shubat Énhi His Uiríu troops arc within the city, |ARM 11,41, Rouault 1970: 4H, 77} Of tawjId-Addu, thembi-uinrirrim-cunintimJer (and emissary of Atainrumf, leads ůflŮU troops from Shubat Enlil toattack Khaya-abum. [ARM II. 135]_______ British Museum published a prcliml nary analysis of the cuneiform tablets retrieved from hoth sites shortly after the conclusion ol the excavation* (Gadd 19401, Caddis repon included mcminu d a document recording grain shipments to Shubat Enul. Hence LandsherKef's proposal that Chagar Itoaar is Shubat Enlil, a notion that perums to thia day [Kuppcr IP73: 45) Scant attention Was paid to Sidney Smith, the eminent British Assyriolo-gist, who observed that other place-ii.ncips as well occui among the documents mentioning Shubat Enlil, thus making it unlikely that it is the ancient name oi Chagar Hazor (Smith ISSiS: 3*1, in his memoirs, published only a few yearn be fore his- death, even Mallowan felt obliged to emphasize the obvious with regard to the Chagar Bazar identification, But in my u^mion [fun lidtmibcii. illhh [-. wnity. inv.m-.l- niie tablet records the dispatch oi supplier to Shuhii i;iitiI - mm n*tcivtJ hy n. nmi tnOittevef mir hIia1 wnn inuufii-Olently rnaHsfyc and important and nut ntratc«leally plae«d for the AvbyTlan capital wlilth probatilv lies spmcvhcu' in it«! disirici not kmit. I-Malttiwan 1975; Ul| Ibll u-n.ui, tt was the Assyriologlst MaigaTttc Falkntr wIto picked up Emd Porrer's, and ultimately Max Freiherr von Gppenhcim's and Hormusd Ras< Hjim's, mention of Tbll Lellan (see accompanying sidebar on "Redlfcctwermg-"Tell Lellan^j and fust connected the site with the missim; capital oi Shubat Enlil (Falkncr 1957: '37], At almost the same lime Barthel Hmuda, who was then a young archaeologist working with Anton Mnortgai of Berlin and who was able toasws* the significance of surface archaeological observations, also suggested that Letlan could be the rniisbng capital {Hrouda IS>5S|. When new documeniary evidence was brought forward with the cttneifonu "itineraries,*' they too were found to present mutes that matched the avail' able archaeological facts suggesting the Identification of Till Lellan with Shubat Enlil jHallu 19W|, Tfcll Brak. Over the years other suggestions i-..-r the location of Shubat Enlil have been made. Tell B»k-a till, imposing site of 43 hectares, whose an- Mhi.tcAi. AMciiAmi..-i i ■ mauhi i-h-, to J97U the Yak expedition bo$an iu wo;k at 'Rdl Leilan by muwyittit the tite, in the lore-tmun d of thin photppaph, taken from the west. Mark Kmxx of tht surveying team It seen WQrktnx. The tjsifan Acropolis is visible in the Ixiekxraund. _ _ Thin -Hurrun\" fnumliiUtjn tvs Vfjth it L'dtff bttinx Hon «mrfa* a temple foumtatifHi iapoxtt fat Tlilt-ntnl i>f Urkish. The date of tli? Hon. and rr* 'ntfiet'in the louvre. tut.\ Iven mnrh deluited but certainly fnlh within ihs hut ifumterof thi< tbinl jntllmmum in In* tfJcnntimetert httfi and 7.9cetiti-metsrf wide. Cnuriw of the Mettnptnlfian Museum of Art. l*ttKhas.e, (outfit fufjuw BtQuesi. ma. 4tf, tBO. academic world its provenience was said, by its dealer, to be the site of Amuda, west of Kamishli |van Lierc t957|. The sice of Amuda has been identified with Urkish in the archaeological literature ever since. Two surveys of the site by the Tell Lcilan project, however, have failed to retrieve sheids of Leilan periods til, tt, or 1, although nearby Tell Mrnan, now being excavated by M. Buccel-1.111 seems to have each of these; StilJ a regional center in Zimri-Lim's struggle for control of the Habur Plains after Shamshi-AdadJs death, Urkish was located just three caravan stops west of Shubat Enlil |Sasson 1973: 74, Hallo 1964:65). Assyriologists have reasoned that the "royal ritulaiure'faf the Human rulers, referring to the cities of UrJbsh and Nawar, "groups two cities distant from each other in order to designate the entirety of the land of Subir jSollberger and Kupper 1971: 128), Dependent, therefore, upon where one tocates Nawar, the land of Subir controlled by late-third-millennium Hurrians may have been quite extensive [Hallo (978: l7f. It remains unlikely, however, that Nawar could be as distant from Urkish as the lebel Hamrin or the Zagros Mountains, and a location upon the Habur Plains is probable |AHM 2; 57|- Historicat geographical prob' lems will always plague ancient Near Eastern research to lesser or greater degrees, Very substantial gatns seem close by, however, In a region that until recently and in spite of years of research, was virtually unknown. But another, and perhaps more substantial, contribution remains to be made by archaeological research on the Habur Plains for the genesis of third-millennium urhanism here, and its trajectory through the early part of the second millennium, remains to be delineated and analyzed. Postwar archaeological research is now entering its second research phase on the plains of Syria and Mesopotamia with research horizons considerably more extensive than those of its predecessors. The dry-farming plains of northwestern Syria, extending from the Amanus range south to Aleppo, Tell Mardikh, Ha ma, Hams, and Qatna, present themselves as one region of high rainfall and high agricultural production with its own developmental history coming into conflict with ihe irrigation-agriculture southern regions around Marl and Sumer in the late third millennium, Similarly, the Habur Plains, long known from third-millennium documents recording the conquests of southern dynasts, and famous as the most productive cereal agriculture region in Syria and Mesopotamia, apparently also experienced sudden urbanization in the third millennium. The inevitable conflict with southern forces, however, may have curtailed this development, as it did in the northwest. The cuneiform record for late-thi rd-rmll enni um developments in this region is sadly laconic, and the extensive archaeological exploration of such settlements is rust beginning at Tell Leilan and other sites. 8UUCAL AHeilAEOLnUSTMANCJI mt The renewed attempt by the forces represented by Shamshi-Ailad to centralize control of the Hahur Plains may indicate that the region's productive strengths and organizational potentialities were not diminished, continued to emerge and dominate the plains at permissible junctures, and again threatened the irrigation-agriculture centers of the south. This may explain why Shubfit Enlil was no longer occupied and "Shamshi-Adad" was Just a name on little pieces of mud when Hammurabi returned to Babylon from his last campaigns against Suharto, Conclusion Archaeological and historical documents arc by their very nature partisan sources that must be evaluated in the light of our own intellectual biases, as well as the biases of the sources themselves It has long been recognized that tin history of Mesopotamia that wc have been retrieving, recording, and interpreting is mostly the history of southern Mesopotamia observed through excavations at southern sites. At Tell Lei Ian, however, wc have before us another source for the early history of the ancient Near East: an important City in the heartland of Suharto, rhe "other Mesopotamia." For the years ahead, the Tell Leilan project has now set the stage for the investigation of a formidable array of historical problems: the origins of cities and civilizations on the Hflbur Plains, the ancient history of Sumera rival Subir, the interaction between pastoral nomads and city-based powers, and the history of sIulIj.ii Enlil and Shamshi-Adad's northern empire, Archaeology, perhaps the only discipline to presu me to study the long-term history of human societies, will be put to the tcst, Acknowledgments The Tell Leilan Projects field epigraphcrs, Dr, B. R. Foster jYale University!, Dr. Daniel Sncll (Uni- versity of Oklahoma} and Dr. Robert Whiting (University of Chicago), copied the seal impression Inscriptions from Leilan 1979, 1980, and 1982. Ms. Lorraine Ferguson (Yale University! chief draftsperson for Leilan 1979 and 1980, drew the ceramics presented here. Dr. Nancy Leinwand drew the seal impression Ljcsipnn from field drawings and macrophotoKtaphs, The Tell Leilan Project, sponsored by Yale University and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, has also been supported by grants from the National Science foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Hagop Kevorkian Foundation, and the generosity of Barbara Clay Dcbevoise, Betty Starr Cummin, Roger and Barbara Brown, Jonathan Rosen, and Daniel Foster. Note Parts of this article arc revised and expands ttoOc two articles by the author that appeared in the Yak Alumni Magazine und {tmntat jWciss ana1 19W|. Theme an: used with permission of the editors, This article also includes materials presented in Vvfciss 1985a, h, All excavation photographs are by the author. Bibliography Al-Khiilesi, V. M. !97fl The Cxain of die Mmy A Ptmc-tiimal Interpretation of dsn Muti Palace. Scries: Bibliothecn MttW-pcHdmiCiitt, Malibu, CA Unclean Publications. 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Jm^ 44: W7-1D4, (JlttdHy ). 1W79 ffnfiyfiUT, Lotulnn: TIihttw* itnd Mnditin, 19*2 Same Lute Early Dynastic ID Pottery /mm TfcLI IVak. Jrmj 44:19. Onpenheim, M. P. von. IKW- Vera *l«foJxrii!*r mm Pet.wdwn 1900 Gulf. Elerltn: HcJmcr N, 19HL1 Soil ImjireMiiuna intrn AtWllhnyuk. I'p, 41 -99 tnArif^nr /If? in '$ia(t, edited by E, Poradji. Princeton: I'TiiKL'tdti Uniiitrsitv Ijtl's>*. Vatdce, D., undClas*, \. T 1954 Literary StnircM for the History ol PalcBiint and Syria: The Muri AiLhtVCB, Hiblical Ah-ktirol\W.t '17. flft-99. Pan™, A 1938 U» fwullle*. de Mari, qoatrlernc esmpuK«e |luvcr 193*-37|. Syria 19: 1939 let fonilkn de Mart, eunjuieme campupie. SyrUt 2(k 1-22, 1958 ie palaiy Peimtrrea mntaks. Scrks; MI rnion at eliiolf i]«e dc Mjrl 2. InHtiiiU Ftancai* JAnlicoloftk de Ikvnuitb. BihltiitIkvjwe .irtbe-ukJK»lu« <:t histofiiiue 6!*. Piirm: l'mil L;eutJwrr I'-in.m. A., Mild KcmKHVU'l, I I94S UjidiKumenrdeltiiid.mii»ltottrtiie Revue d Avtyrialaftin *0J\ -i 1-20. Wujdtebahl, A. 1934 Ur Trace de tome Jajj.f !e desert de Syrie. Pari*: CeurJiner, IWliate, N, 197J Appeudl* I: Ttl! Tayu Tublet*, 1972^73./ratf 35; 173-7S Rusmiii, H, t&$? A.ahut and the Land ol Ntmmd. Ne* Vbtk: Eaum jiidMiiliw. ]^niiiiit[, O 1970 AnJariei et Atamrum. Plavae d'AstyriolOgt* m d'Archiolagie Orienttilef,*-'. 107-1«. tanas f. 197,1 Blflfsraphjcal Nutices on Stunt Rnyal Lddket frvm Maci ftnrrnttt af Caru-iiotm .WJmISi 59-78. Saupen, 11 1971 L'tntroniiMiion dn mi en Israel A U IvmliiTt d'unc kttre de Man Orie-rnalfa Lswanie-nsia FsUudic-u Suhnwinz, C. M-1982 Frorrr PrehUmry \o History on the Habur Plains; Tint Optwtion I .foiiJirJii-ij! at Tell Uilan. Hoi'ifiral dmsertdutm, Ynlc University, HIULK-M Aftt'H\IOU>t;|S.'rMAIlCH IMS ■■Mi:' 11 S. h?Sŕ UrSu anil HnWiun. An j taUau Snľhíffijfi. E,r and Kuppsr, F.-El. 1*71 Inscription* ruynlsi sumeneitncs ff iľ/itartíjcHť-i ľ'irm. L« edition* du Cerf. StTcminienjesJ, E. tí>fr2 ffjjif /aŕrríiTLfjffjKJjt MťSfj^cfrúflififff, Munich: ::.....--■ ThurťJiii'Dflngiíi, F. LV.+7 iJitnwb-Adíd. Jíuvuí; dttíiyiíiíJoíirt: et J/lrerjiiiiJuj^i? Qtiifítiik a*: 13S-3S). i A. IStáä t3*unHnen. Rtaltexitoan tin Msyriültipt 1:Ml —S*, vun Ueit-, v/ EPŕ7 UrkUfh, ccntnj rcllJliťllSi liOuirl«: Arrnufci rurWc-Jugi^trH Jŕ irrte Í! 1963 Cupitul*undCäudŕfcoi Kfnrntlfön Aj{t Syria. >lňňífJŕJf íííť/ldoíttŕ^NďJi ífíritffTíies 13: 307-22, vaň J.5l-iľ-. W., u nil LjuIhv, ), ]M<- NfidixllcitprQHpťctlcm*iljín^lit I1-'"' '■ I i.i:iľi: ji-y.::"li I ľ ■ 111 r| 11■ -. archtolofiqaa syrwnnei 4-5f 129-48-Viijiníi, L.f und Pardee, P. Líŕ8«a Litemry SúUrtct.for the H hunry oi i'.ilťM im- und Syrla: The Eids TuhlĽtB. Stblmôl /íľúliáeoia^iiít 47: LAS ] Capital Ciiy t d 4 Losí Ľmpiiť. Yak Alumni Manazittľ- und louttwt JS: 2Ú-2É, 199]- TillLeiUn.ArthivfürOnanc■ mi frTtcitrmnW. 126-19. >•>■■ lixcuratkms at Tilt Lei]«» and tbc OilSJiii oi MÍťiith MoüpiNAmtiri CUkt« tri tbc Thiri Millennium ha. Jter'rtiMenf M; 35í-51: tpjlj Klrtary Írom Bit» ul C lay, Wik jfl/nmnJ AiiijíiJJÍm! iwr,r frurnflM?: IpftSa Tbl] Uliati uid Shuhat Enlll. Mart. AnUctJet ffd flrŕftťJťíicJI iBUtstm'-iptl-nairus t. [Collnüut InisitiailňfiaSc du CEtltn -..II mil..;. - de H i In Ii'In" Ii1' IT1 tin'qufi, no. *2Ď, Snmibpi"», 7AJÍ. | tfffJSs Review pf Fifty ften Mc^upoiiímíflí? Pi.ww/, edited by |, CuTtJí, loutnalot the American Oriental Society iXjSti. Wiuidm.G. 1 (Híl ílrijjjiíj ujuc c/e j Ľdtfťfi f ťŕi rr jjjjlí ŕíuííijj íle-r J-fcrffjrŕfp. Djnmtudc W|»cnp<;haílJkhe Bnch^implIíĽ ha bt. lŕ3E> Vf-EicaHUtJoufl, W/^ffle v>T!tí /ÍJSKr'Mŕ "úd ŕ" SujTorrmíffíjíi. N?w York: British MuKcimi und Uidvcr-uitv Miwclwt, Philadelphia 1984 Back Issues of Biblical Archaeologist BMcdi ArcbiiLvfogkt BiUká Arcbacvíogiít .it, .....r bí .l»-i - ; 'Whgii TeudumiJhE bllľllDjirarlilí fh**v hy Vitiuit), Jieŕj1 In ijihkIiIiľ in'w «'|jni',rnim JLuimilrjt 11 ,■■ ir1 --I :iv hfatlllLur, iwienwd hc-re InrUw hrut uine lli^ln Ii reridŕTiĽ rMíinr^ M, Eb/fl) ^thiiUrthíYwyiŕns IhhI ľ^d &=ni i-t-iri» in i£nwr ílu; [irupliuŕy. h* kípp rí«irninji m U, AJiíu-Jiirl wir CQHlfHiillt Ihd itM pfímť I« ľi)httrJclh ill J dir dimrn nhc «fnwlcd Win bkimlcup Jlini * \lur\< SA, Man) TCíBccäitrŕUAftun cli* ^nww. rmihrucum nod Cbirlmuicborn:] oi Qurť&m^u^Ciitn illuHľdifi luiw ihr nrt diid iiTi'hiifiiuiri« diKtrein rťliipam rnihii hluiŕiComitinn hrftLdge' lAľJifŕŕflInT «í J" ■ =■ ■ -■ i" unijvw.| I- innlísl In IŕiXl, the AmdflcinScJioötrol CJíifntil TtaNdJith hihji*rji(Ifŕlíil IiniiHE <äl tbí impprifliH ajcIinoíiloKSĽiil fvtnt* tri iIpt Miditk- Euit, Im-Luitlm ihrilhcin^ľv mil iiuMlluimii mi tin: Plcwtií-nilcbtíkur rjoiifiľoŕjer, piyuhtfl (ü the rtniíiicun fchiwld rjíí.lndruL AtwuelIi. fňľ J*.ün poupdlJ HJ.S.Hí'i f íľIi muč tirJumil. Bi cenil 1 m kpeílíy whjcjt tUHi** |mii wjmi. Plcute idliiw j-.á ASÜR ?ii1>lJ»tHMn f. O, Hm HM, Duke SuíIHwi nurham.NCIÍTOt i.i m..... U Ui\ mU'iľl.lM IHK! Ji i"f.