The Buildings and the Images of the Imperial Cult IX Trajan and Hadrian Trajan - Marcus Ulpius Traianus (98 – 117), wife Plotina - adopted by Nerva in 97 - born in a province – Hispania - founding colonies around the world - in Rome – repairs and building of roads, Trajan forum - died at Selinus, in Cilicia in 117 - divinized, ashes in a golden urn deposited in the- divinized, ashes in a golden urn deposited in the base of his column Cult - Pliny, Dio Cassius - Nerva – providentia deorum - assimilation - optimus (restricted for Jupiter) - Trajan – assimilation to Jupiter, in the West IMP TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC PM TR P DIVO TRAIANO PARTH AVG PATRI Rome and Italy a) The Temple of Divus Traianus b) The Extispicium Relief c) The Arch of Trajan in Benevento Provinces a) The Temple of Trajan at Pergamon The Temple of Divus Traianus - planned by Apollodorus of Damascus (?) - construction: responsibility of Hadrian - inscriptions - Historia Augusta - location The temple of Divus Traianus - coin images cella architrave pediment The temple of Divus Traianus - fragments - dimensions - plan The temple of Divus Traianus – The Great Trajanic Frieze - short side of the Constantinian arch Scene 1 The temple of Divus Traianus – The Great Trajanic Frieze Scene 2 The temple of Divus Traianus (?) – The Extispicium Relief - discovered in the east hemicycle of the Forum of Trajan - associated with the Great Trajanic The Arch of Trajan at Benevento - advertised Trajan’s program - central bay - eight panels on the main body - the emperor’s military campaigns in Dacia and Germania - continue a Flavian tradition to depict interaction of human beings and divinities - the vault The Arch of Trajan at Benevento – four attic panels PERGAMON -an elevation of 392 meters from the sea level -the area of the Acropolis - no proof of a settlement belonging to the earlier period (12th – 10th centuries) 560 BC – Lydian king Kroisos560 BC – Lydian king Kroisos 334 BC the King of Macedonia, Alexander the Great defeated the Persian King Darius III 323 BC Lysimachus, then Philetairos 263 BC Eumenes I Attalos I Eumenes II Attalos III - important center during the Roman period. - the Byzantine period - the attacks of the Arabs - finally fell to Ottoman Sultan Orhan in 1336 Lower City the Upper Gzmnasium the Middle Gymnasium the Lower Gymnasium the Temple of Demeter the Sanctuary of Hera the House of Attalus the Lower Agora and the Gate of Eumenes Sanctuary of Asclepius the Roman theater the North Stoathe North Stoa the South Stoa the Temple of Asclepius a circular treatment center (sometimes known as the Temple of Telesphorus) a healing spring an underground passageway a library the Via Tecta (or the Sacred Way, which is a colonnaded street leading to the sanctuary) and a propylon 1 the Heroon – a shrine where the kings of Pergamon, particularly Attalus I and Eumenes II, were worshipped 6 -7 the Sanctuary of Athena 10 – 13 the Royal palaces 15 the Sanctuary of Trajan (also known as the Trajaneum) 16 the Hellenistic Theater with a seating capacity of 10,000. This had the steepest seating of any known theater in the ancient world 17 the Temple of Dionysus TRAJANEUM - the Temple of Trajan (Trajaneum) - Pergamon's Upper Acropolis area - purpose - the fourth imperial cult temple in the province of Asia The sacred precinct - Zeus Philios (Latin, Jupiter Amicalis) and Roman Emperor Trajan - Hadrian worshipped at the Trajaneum - acrolithic statues from the Trajaneum - Pergamon's three neokoroi TRAJANEUM Archaeological research - uncovered and examined in the years 1879- 1880 and 1885 - 1960's the Turkish Administration – restoration, finished in 1994 - statues of Trajan, Zeus Philios and Hadrian TRAJANEUM Construction - high podium - the large space - the structure - the substructure – upper and lower part - plundering - Byzantine period - in the acropolis fortifications - substructure used as cisterns and warehouses. - 19th c. - material for lime burning TRAJANEUM The precinct typology - rectangular podium - Greek traditions - three sides surrounded by stoas - the west side was left open TRAJANEUM Temple - the temple - an altar - two inscriptions: a) from the city of Thyatira b) from the time of Trajan Publius Aelius Hadrianus (76 – 139) - imperium in 117 AD - born in Hispania, a ward of Trajan (family connection) - consolidating and protecting (Hadrian’s Wall) - the adoption – suspicious - patron of architecture - Apollodorus of Damascus – Hadrian designed and “drew pumpkins” - Villa in Tivoli – pumpkin-vaulted structures - died at Baiae, divinized by Senate Athens - Roman Agora - Arch of Hadrian - Olympieon, Library - the Theatre of Dionysius Sabina -100 – Hadrian married Sabina - Sabina died 136/137, divinized by Hadrian - Ostia – Sabina as Ceres - found in the palaestra of the Terme di Nettuno, Ostia Arco di Portogallo (136 – death of Hadrian) - 2 reliefs – Palazzo dei Conservatori – Sabina’s apotheosis, Hadrian’s alimentaria Apotheosis of Sabina - classicizing style Antinous - a Bithyan Greek - born in Claudiopolis, Turkey - introduced to Hadrian in 123 AD - 128 AD – a tour of the Empire as a member of Hadrian’s retinue - died in October 130 AD, while going along the Nile – mysterious circumstances Cult of Antinous - Hadrian deified Antinous (Osiris) - the decision unusual - body - the villa in Tivoli - the city of Antinoopolis - in Athens, October – Antinoeia (games) - three excavation campaigns (2002-2004) - a rectangular temenos - two facing temples (A) - porch (B) - narrow basins (C) - a deep trench in the tufa (D) – trees (palms) - four parallel trenches - flowers (E) - fountains (F) A A C B D C F D EE F - Hadrian - the cult in the Greek lands - Hermes, Dionysus, Bacchus, Silvanus, Apollo, Osiris - altars and temples - a small cult - votive offerings, gifts of food and drink in Egypt Antinous as Apollo (Delphi) Antinous as Bacchus (Vatican) Antinous as Silvanus (Lanuvium) Hadrian and the Imperial cult - centre of his religious program – imperial family - early in his reign – silenced rumors regarding his adoption - Zeus, Apollo – a bronze sestertius – reverse Hadrian bust, obverse Hadrian and Trajan - Hadrian – importance of the cult – unifier of the empire - religion in the service of politics Hadrian and Divine election - Giessen papyrus - poem - coins - golden aureus - city Cyzicus – declared Hadrian the 13th god, and the city became a neokoros of his cult – temple - Hadrian - the new Zeus Hadrian and Divine - mystic cults, magic, superstitious - astrology, science and art, credited with healing powers - the art of the occult Aurelius Victor – Antinous offered himself Promotion of the cult of Rome - consolidating traditions - problems in Rome - strong in the east Trajan, Hadrian – assimilation to deities - Roma – important (in the west) “‘For now,'” he said, ‘if the goddesses wish to get up and go out, they will be unable to do so'”, Apollodorus Damascus (Dio, LXIX.4.1-5). Hadrianeum -145 AD, coins, inscriptions - Antoninus Pius - location -1696 - pontificate of Pope Innocent XII – incorporated into a large building designed by Carlo Fontana to house the central Custom office 1879 – 1882 – building modified, baroque decoration replaced by a simpler one 1928 – wall of the cella freed today – Rome’s stock exchange The precinct The temple - Greek fashion - cella and columns (11) - interior - architrave - richly decorated entablature The sculputral program - portraying the provinces - pacification, unification - 21 panels of provinces, 9 trophies - location of the panels 3 different theories: a) decoration of balustrade of the temple’s podium b) attic of the temple c) external frieze d) inside the cella style: classicizing figures technique HADRIAN´S ATHENS 1. The library of Hadrian 2. Pantheon 3. The Roman market 4. Vespasianai 5. The tower of winds 6. Agoranomeion (Sebasteion?) Vespasianai (1st c. AD) - used as a public toilet of the Roman Market The "Agoranomeion" (circa AD 50) - unknown use - most likely - dedicated to the imperial family (Sebasteion) The Pantheon (AD 130) - philological sources - a temple dedicated to the gods Library - 132 AD – pattern of the Temple of Peace - 267 AD badly damaged by the Herulians -restored in 408 – 412 (Herculius) - other churches in the Byzantine period - propylon - western wall - internal courtyard with a garden and a pool - eastern part The theatre of Dionysus - 2nd visit of Athens - reconstruction - a bronze statue of Hadrian 12 statues of Hadrian - reconstructed the theatre –scaenae frons - association with Dionysus The temple of Olympian Zeus – “Olympeion” - statues of Hadrian - project had started 600 years before finishing it 174 BC – Antiochus IV with Cossutius 164 BC - abandoned 86 BC – Sulla – serious damage 131 AD – a dedication ceremony today: 15 columns remain (total 104)today: 15 columns remain (total 104) Pausanias – colossal statue of Hadrian - originally dedicated to Zeus – became the centre of the imperial cult The Arch of Hadrian - Athenians - in honor of Hadrian’s benefactions - purpose: “This is Athens, the ancient city of Theseus.” – western side “This is the city of Hadrian and not of Theseus.” – eastern side, facingTheseus.” – eastern side, facing Olympieon - strategic position - boundaries of old and new Athens