The Brittle Core of Humanity How Self-Control Fails and How It Works C:\Documents and Settings\katarina\Dokumenty\Stažené soubory\logo_black.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\MCN Dokumenty ELF\Zlyhanie vole obrazky\Self-Control.jpg ¨Expected Utility Theory: ¨ Expectancy × Value ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Decisions-300x225.jpg ¨Expected Utility Theory: ¨ Expectancy × Value ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Decisions-300x225.jpg ¨Expected Utility Theory: ¨ Expectancy × Value ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Decisions-300x225.jpg ¨Expected Utility Theory: ¨ Expectancy × Value ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Decisions-300x225.jpg Daniel Kahneman C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Kahneman.jpg ¨Planning Fallacy ¨Planning Fallacy – Kahneman’s examples: Estimate ¨ ¨Plan to write a textbook on decision making ¨Estimates of time necessary based on available information on resources: ¨1,5 to 2,5 yrs ¨Planning Fallacy – Kahneman’s examples: Estimate ¨ ¨Plan to write a textbook on decision making ¨Estimates of time of completion based on available information on resources: ¨1,5 to 2,5 yrs Reality ¨ ¨Asked a colleague about other teams who attempted the same ¨Only 40% success rate (others abandoned the plan) ¨The others took around 10 yrs ¨Most teams’ resources were better ¨Planning Fallacy – Kahneman’s examples: Estimate ¨ ¨New Scottish Parliament building – initial estimate £40 million ¨Estimates of American homeowner of how much kitchen remodelling would cost: $18,658 Reality ¨ ¨Finally completed for £431 million ¨ ¨Real cost: $38,769 ¨Planning Fallacy People tend to… ¨ ¨Only consider best-case scenarios ¨Disregard “statistics” on actual success rate of previous similar attempts Why? ¨ ¨Because we do not consider unexpected events and random disruptive factors, which are almost always present ¨As specific information on them in unavailable, we do not factor them in ¨Availability heuristic People tend to… ¨ ¨Rely on immediate examples that come to mind when considering a situation / problem ¨Make decisions based on this immediate information ¨This information is primed by context (different cues remind us of different things) ¨The cues may include attributes of the situation, of the present alternatives, of surrounding objects, previous events, inner states, etc. ¨In addition, we are hard-wired to pay more attention to certain pieces of information rather than others (losses, beginnings and endings, unique features, etc.) ¨Availability heuristic What the eye (mind) doesn’t see the heart doesn’t crave for. ¨Reptilian brain – basic reflexes ¨ ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\dinosaur.jpg ¨Reptilian brain – basic reflexes ¨ ¨Mammalian brain – emotions ¨ ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\MCN Dokumenty ELF\Zlyhanie vole obrazky\images0YCPBBE9.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\MCN Dokumenty ELF\Zlyhanie vole obrazky\images6V6AGJ70.jpg ¨Reptilian brain – basic reflexes ¨ ¨Mammalian brain – emotions ¨ ¨Human brain – reasoning, mental representation, planning – delay of gratification ¨ ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\MCN Dokumenty ELF\Zlyhanie vole obrazky\imagesX24A9DB4.jpg ¨I. P. Pavlov ¨ ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Pavlov.png ¨I. P. Pavlov ¨ ¨Classical conditioning ¨ ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Pavlov statue.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\MCN Dokumenty ELF\Zlyhanie vole obrazky\images0YCPBBE9.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Classical conditioning.jpg ¨Why is this important to us (humans)??? ¨ ¨Salivation in Pavlov’s dogs signalizes increased anticipation of reward = increased need ¨ ¨Cues in the environment previously associated with motivational states will become signals capable of initiating those states in the future ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨E. L. Thorndike ¨ ¨Instrumental learning ¨ ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Thorndike.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\MCN Dokumenty ELF\Zlyhanie vole obrazky\images6V6AGJ70.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Intrumental conditioning.jpg ¨Why is this important to us (humans)??? ¨ ¨Objects and situations can trigger automatic behavioural responses = HABITS ¨ ¨Always intertwined with classical conditioning (a stimulus triggers a motivational state as well as a behavioural reaction) ¨ ¨ ¨Our decisions and behaviours are dependent on immediate (here-and-now) cues previously associated with motivational states or hard-wired heuristic systems rather than global judgment of advantages and disadvantages in different situations ¨While we are capable of making relatively more global judgments, the necessity and quality of making these judgments is ALSO influenced by the present context. ¨This is because our capacity of information processing is limited. ¨ ¨ ¨Emotion regulation ¨J. Gross ¨ ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\James Gross.png ¨Emotion regulation ¨J. Gross ¨PREVENT THOSE EVIL STIMULI FROM ENTERING THE BRAIN AND PRODUCING AUTOMATIC RESPONSES!!! ¨How…? ¨ ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\James Gross.png ¨Emotion regulation ¨Choose sitiation ¨ ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Avoidance.png ¨Emotion regulation ¨Choose situation ¨Change situation ¨ ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\escape.png ¨Emotion regulation ¨Choose situation ¨Change situation ¨Divert attention ¨ ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\ignore.png ¨Emotion regulation ¨Choose situation ¨Change situation ¨Divert attention ¨Change thinking ¨ ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\MCN Dokumenty ELF\Think positive.png ¨Emotion regulation ¨Choose situation ¨Change situation ¨Divert attention ¨Change thinking ¨Act as if nothing happened ¨ ¨ C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Spock.png ¨Emotion regulation – EFFECTIVENESS: ¨ ¨Situation selection ¨Situation modification ¨Attentional deployment ¨Cognitive change ¨Response modulation ¨ ¨ ¨Emotion regulation – EFFECTIVENESS: ¨ ¨Situation selection ¨Situation modification ¨Attentional deployment ¨Cognitive change ¨Response modulation ¨ ¨ ¨Three groups watching a disgusting movie: Facial expressions Physiological reactions Group 1: No instruction Group 2: “Think of the movie in way that you’ll feel nothing.” Group 3: “Behave in a way so that others think you feel nothing.” Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent-and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(1), 224. C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Happy.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Happy.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Happy.png C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Unhappy.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Unhappy.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Disgusted.png ¨The fact that we can exercise self-control should not be taken for granted… C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\MCN Dokumenty ELF\Zlyhanie vole obrazky\CNiSyLc.jpg C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\MCN Dokumenty ELF\Zlyhanie vole obrazky\sliders1.jpg ¨Ego depletion ¨Roy Baumeister C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\Baumeister.png ¨It is a limited but renewable resource – it can get depleted ¨It is common for all types of self-control (inhibition of automatic responses) ¨This means that is we use it up for one activity (studying for a test) there won’t be enough for another activity (being nice to your boss) ¨ ¨ blue green red yellow Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 247. ¨GOOD NEWS: ¨It can be restored – rest, motivational reinforcement, good plans/structure ¨It can be used economically when necessary ¨It can be trained ¨OVERSTRAINING IS NOT TRAINING!!! Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?. Psychological bulletin, 126(2), 247. ¨Automatic responses have primacy over deliberate actions ¨ ¨Automatic responses are often non-conscious and undisputed ¨ ¨Automatic responses are context-dependent ¨ ¨Overcoming automatic responses requires exercise of WILL which is based on limited resources ¨ ¨It is therefore best to avoid triggers of automatic responses rather than trying to suppress the responses ¨Before attempting the secod quiz, watch the video on the “Standford marshmallow experiment” available in the interactive syllabus in the IS ¨ ¨Recommended materials: ¨Roy Baumeister’s videos on ego depletion (for research examples) ¨James Gross’s video on emotion regulation C:\Users\Taaanique\Desktop\MCN Dokumenty ELF\Zlyhanie vole obrazky\untitled.png