vera.klontza@gmail.com
www.priniatikos.net
Priniatikos Pyrgos a Oxa (Kréta):
5000 let sídlení
• Klasická archeologie si klade stejné otázky jako prehistorická nebo
středověká archeologie.
• Jejím cílem NENÍ získávat umělecké předměty a studovat jejich styl.
• Nebylo tomu tak vždy.
• Dnes jsou v Egeidě aplikovány dva způsoby exkavace:
- Postup po mechanických vrstvách kombinovaných s daty čtenými na
kontrolních profilech (americké a německé výzkumy)
- Kontextuální archeologie (britské výzkumy)
Na našich projektech postupujeme kontextuálně.
• Východiskem výzkumů je přírodní
prostředí.
• V Egeidě vycházíme z geologické
situace.
Základní příručka pro egejskou archeo-enviromentalistiku:
 Rackham, O. and J. Moody, 1996: The making of the
Cretan Landscape. Manchester University Press, Manchester
and London
Region našeho
zájmu: záliv Mirabello
Priniatikos Pyrgos
Priniatikos Pyrgos je vápencový
blok vystupující do moře z
písečného aluvia.
Edith Dohan Hall
(1877 – 1943)
První výzkumy na lokalitě: 1913
Costis Davaras • V 50. letech nechal prohlásit Priniatikos pyrgos za
archeologickou zónu 1. kategorie, kde je zakázána
veškerá stavební i zemědělská činnost.
Betancourt, P. P. 1983: The Cretan Collection in the
University Museum, University of Pennslyvania I:
Minoan Objects Excavated from Vasilike, Pseira,
Sphoungaras, Priniatikos Pyrgos, and Other Sites
- Revize starých amerických výzkumů
Barbara Hayden – Vrokastro survey
Hayden, B. et al. 2003 –
2005: Reports on the
Vrokastro Area, Eastern
Crete. Volume 1 – 3.
2005 – 2006
Rescue project
Hayden, B. Tsipopoulou, M.
2012: The Priniatikos Pyrgos:
Preliminary report on the Rescue
Excavation of 2005-2006. Hesperia.
The Journal of the American School of
Classical Studies at Athens. Vol. 81, No. 4.
507 – 584.
• Since 2007: Irish Institute
of Hellenistic studies in
Athens
• Since 2012: cooperation
with UAM Brno
Barry Molloy
•Molloy, B. P.C. Duckworth, C. N. (eds.) 2014: A Cretan
Landscape through Time: Priniatikos Pyrgos and
Environs. British Archaeological Reports IS 2634. Oxford.
Field work
Postexcavation activities
Team approach
New methods
New archaeological generation
Field school
• Priniatikos Pyrgos je polykulturní lokalita s téměř kontinuálním
osídlením od pozdního neolitu:
 pozdní neolit
 raná doba bronzová – Early Minoan
 střední doba bronzová – Middle Minoan I – II (Protopalatial)
 pozdní doba bronzová – Late Minoan IA (Neopalatial)
- LM IB – LM IIIC – chybí
 Doba železná – Orientalizující období – archaické
Klasické a helénistické období
- Doba římská – chybí
Byzantská perioda konec 6. – 9. století, 11. – poč. 13. století
Benátské období (poč. 13. – pol. 17. stol.)
Osmanské období (pol. 17. – konec 19. stol.)
Současnost
Neolithic Mirabello
EM House 1
Jo Day
Early Bronze Age PP
Pithos
Obsidian
Metalwork
Ceramic petrography
Jednou ze základních keramologických metod v Egeidě je
PETROGRAFICKÁ ANALÝZA. Typologie je až na druhém
místě.
Prepalatial Crete
Kiln in H Area
Matěj Pavlacký
Předpalácové období
David Breeckner
Protopalácové období
Neopalatial period
Rebecca Megarry
Nádvoří novopalácového víceprostorového domu byl překryt tzv. tsunami
depozitem. V některých částech domu byl nalezen také popílek ze santorinské
sopky, jejíž erupce přerušila osídlení na lokalitě.
Součást kanalizačního systému
3-D scann rythonu identifikujícího prezenci svatyně
Rozsah novopalácové aglomerace
Early Iron Age
Classical Greece
Brice Ericson
Hellenistic city (Istrona)
Ivett Navratilova
Raná byzantská perioda
• Priniatikos Pyrgos je jednou z nejdůležitějších byzantských lokalit na
Krétě (vedle Gortýny, Itanu a Pseiry)
Byzantine archaeology
• The regional archaeology of the Byzantine period is a relatively new
research field, at least by comparison with Aegean prehistory and
Classical archaeology. Some archaeological studies were undertaken
during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but systematic
excavation, study and publication of Byzantine remains in Crete
effectively only began around 1980 (Gortyn, Elevtherna, Pseira, Chania).
• Even when major ecclesiastical structures (mainly Early Byzantine
basilicas) were excavated on multi-period sites, the pottery and other
finds were often neither studied nor mentioned in contemporary
publications.
1st step:
Dating by
comparison with
known published
material +
Dating derived
from other
artifacts (coins,
seals etc.)
2nd step:
Sequencing by
stratigraphy +
Sequencing by
architectural
phasing
3rd step:
Reconstruction of the formation and deposition of the
ceramic assemblage of each context
4th step:
Application of this newly created knowledge to refine
the dating of each context.
5th step:
Integration of the results from all contexts and
sequences to further refine the chronological framework
Roman Empire, Identity and Arabs...
Trench II
Byzantine Building 1
Graves
Byzantine Building 2
Grave 1
Room 1
Floor deposits C26
and 87:
• Area: 2,2m X 6m
• Fill: ca 5 m3
• ca 10.000 sherds
• ca 100kg
Floor level of C26(592)
Floor level of C 87
(616,617)
Floor level of C26(592)
Floor level of C 87
(616,617)
Floor C26(592) level
C 26 (C592)
Byzantine Building 2
Byzantine Building 2
Room 101
Elevtherna
1st C B.C. (Italy)
14th C – κώδ A76, φ.69β. Aghios Oros
Ikaria
9 – 10th C amphora
10th – 12/13th C AD
Coastal settlements of Mirabello bay
Vrionysi
• traditionally dated up to mid 7th C AD
In general the written sources about Crete are very
poor especially for the Early Byzantine period and the
period of Arab conquest. Information about east Crete
almost doesn’t exist, although the previous periods
offer a considerable amount of information.
The 5th C AD marks the beginning of an era of “silence
and obscurity”), which lasted until the beginning of 13th
C AD.
The main source for this period – Synekdemos - written
by Hierocles Grammaticos (535) describes Crete as a
self-governing province, ruled by a governor, bearing
the title Consularius. The administrative, military centre
and the residence of the Cretan Church was Gortyn.
Synekdemos mentioned 22 cities in Crete and whose
location is impossible for majority of them.
Krzysztof Nowicki
V LM IIIB se osídlení z pobřeží
přesunulo do horských pásem.
Předpokládáme podobný efekt i
v 8. století n.l., v době ohrožení
Kréty Araby.
Cha Gorge (Monastiraki
– Katalimata)
Varipetro
Malathyros
Topographical criteria of
the Byzantine forts
1. Extremely difficult access from the coast
2. Particularly good view to the coast: possibility to
control large part of coast
3. Accessible agricultural background
4. Display of the own position
• Different situation was in central Crete (Chandax and
Messara)
Oxa
Manolis Klontzas
Projekt OXA navazuje na Priniatikos Pyrgos.
OXA byla osídlena v těch obdobích, kdy
osídlení na PP chybí.
- Middle Minoan Peak Sanctuary
- Late Minoan IIIC – PG Refugee
- GP an Archaic periods
- Hellenistic Period
Pre-Byzantine habitation
Conclusions:
• Is Oxa a typical site or an exception?
• When exactly was it founded?
• Who has initiated its foundation?
• What position had Oxa within the empire, or in Crete and in the above described process?
• How was it organized?
• How and why the function of the site was changing in the pass of time?
• It is clear that these and many others – both more detailed and more general – questions can
be construed as evidence that archaeology is a crucial historical discipline in this case. Every
human activity was historically conditioned and dependent. Garbage, plain pottery, small,
non-elite, or nameless communities all played their role in the historical process. Their study is
real contribution to general historical study.
• The study of the Byzantine archaeology of Crete is at a much earlier stage than that of Cretan
prehistory, for which more than 100 years of intensive research, many excavated sites,
publications, expertise and considerable financial investment successfully balances the lack of
written information. Today we cannot conclude that the silence of literary sources excludes
the possibility of further information and understanding. We face the challenge of
investigating Late Roman and Byzantine Crete equipped with new methods, options and
approaches.
Perspectives and goals for
the further seasons
• Combination of different type of data:
- Excavation of Priniatikos Pyrgos, Oxa
- Survey in large region
- Study of similar sites in other parts of
East Mediterranean (Cyprus, SW
Turkey)
Acknowledgment to both teams’
members
Thank you for your
kind attention!