Shakespearean actors and actresses are displayed here with a collection of original costumes and designs of sets used in productions from 1879 to the present day. The Shakespeare Statue, presented to the town in 1888, with figures of Hamlet, Lady Macbeth, Falstaff, and Prince Hal around him, symbolizing philosophy, tragedy, comedy, and history. Interest in Shakespeare's background began shortly after his death in 1616. In 1769, the actor David Garrick organized the first Shakespeare celebrations. The Shakespeare Festival now lasts from April to October, and the poet's birthday is celebrated on 23 April by the unfurling of the flags of all nations, a public luncheon, and a procession to the poet's grave. adjoining [a'dzoininj přilehlý; bailiff [beilif] šafář, biřic; ban (úředně) zakázat; zákaz; baptism křesl; baptize [bíepUaiz] partit; burial [berisl] pohřeb; croft malý statek; entertain [|CntsUein] hostit; exhibit jig'zibit] exponát; font křtitelnice; glover [glavs] rukavičkář, guildhall fgUdho.l] cechovní budova {sloužící jako radnice); in his lifetime jeho života; luncheon [lančn] slavnostní oběd; parish [pjeríš] farnost; parish register farní matrika; pilgrimage resort fipilgrimidž ri'zo:t] poutní misto; priceless nesmírně cenný: procession [pra1 sesn] průvod; shrine [šrain] svatyně; strolling actors kočovní herci; thatched [Oaíčt] deskový; trinity trojice; unfurl [an'fa:!] rozvinout (o vlajce) Vlastni jména: Banksidc oblast na jiinim břehu Temže v Londýně: Falstaff [íb:lsta:f) postava i Jindřicha IV. a Veselých paniček windsorských: David Garrick [gterik] nejvělsianglický herec svého století (1717-79J; Hal [haslj Jindra (odvozeno od Henry); Anne Hathaway [hseSawei]; Henley Street [' henli -] ulice nazvaná pudle města Henley-on-Thames; the Lord Chamberlain [čeimbslin] Lord komoři; Warwickshire [woríkša] hrabstvi ve střední Anglii STUDY AT THE UNIVERSITY At the secondary school the main sources of knowledge were the teachers and the textbooks. A bright student could pick up most of what he needed to know in the classroom - if he paid attention to what the teachers said, of course. Now at the university it is different. Simply to have brains is not enough; you also have to do a great deal of work on your own if you are to achieve success in your studies. Thousands of pages are assigned to you for reading. In addition, you must be able to find the necessary books for yourself, either in the departmental library or in the cen,tral library. Let us visit the latter. The reading room contains a reference library. There are encyclopedias, dictionaries, manuals, handbooks, bibliographies, and basic textbooks for every branch of the sciences and humanities here. You can take any book from the shelves and study it as long as you like, but you are not allowed to take anything out of the library. After you have finished your reading you return the book to its place. If you want to take a book home you go to the catalogue room and look up the number of the book in the name catalogue. The books are listed here by author, in alphabetical order. When you have no particular book in mind, you can find some titles relating to your subject in the subject catalogue. Then you fill in a slip giving the number of the book you want and hand it in at the loan desk. Within perhaps half an hour a library employee brings the required book -if it is in the stacks. When the book is out on loan - which is often the case, especially when it is a book on the required reading list or a new acquisition -there is nothing you can do except try again later and hope that it will be available then. If the book has been lost or misplaced and you need it very badly, for instance for your final-year dissertation, the library can order it for you from another library. To get the book from the loan desk you must show your library card. The books have to be returned within two to four weeks. When a book is overdue, there is a fine to pay. Another important part of the library is the periodicals room, with racks full of newspapers (both dailies and weeklies), magazines, and scholarly journals. A large library subscribes to several thousand periodicals. There the results of the latest research are published and anybody who wants to be up to date in his field must go through them regularly. In the reading room you can find all types of students together: science students and arts students, freshers and students preparing for their finals and postgraduates working for a higher degree. The time spent here is a good investment: when the examinations arrive, the hours spent studying in the library bring their reward. And the students who have spent their afternoons playing games and their evenings dating girls, while their fellow students were sitting up late in the reading room and doing their assignments, very often fail several exams and drop out after one or two years of study. He: She: H: S: H: S: H: S: H: S: H: S: H: S: H: S: H: S: H: S: H: S: Why, hello Susan. What are you doing here? Didn't you know? I'm studying here. Oh, what a shame you didn't look me up earlier. Or were you afraid 1 wouldn't recognize you after all this time? You know, 1 always thought you had a good chance of getting a scholarship to a first-rate university, you were so brilliant at school. Oh stop that. My folks didn't want me to go on to university at all - they thought I should take a job. But I had set my mind on it. So I sat for the entrance exam. When the registrar wrote me that I'd been accepted I could hardly believe it. I know the feeling. Look, why don't we go over to that cafe and have a cup of coffee? That's a good idea. And how are you? And how's Pauline? I've no idea. I thought you and Pauline were going out together. No, I haven't seen her since her graduation ceremony at the college of education last year. The other day I got a letter from her saying that she'd been given a job somewhere up North. And how's your brother? He's studying engineering, isn't he? Yes, but he's repeating his year - he failed his exams last year. His social life was a bit too active. I expect you'll pass with honours. Are you planning to take a postgraduate degree? Yes, and now I've got another incentive to stay on here. Which reminds me. A friend of mine's having a party on Saturday. Everybody's invited to take a friend along. Would you like to go? You don't waste any time, do you? Do you live in hall or have you got digs? I'm in digs. Mary - do you remember her? - Mary fixed me up with a bed-sitter. Her landlady takes in students and she had a room free, just by chance. Leave me your address then, or tell me how (o get there. I'll pick you up. Be ready for me at 7.30. But 1 haven't even said I'll go yet! Of course you will. And now what about tomorrow? Have you got time to come and have dinner with me? 1 don't know about tomorrow. I've got an awful lot of stuff to get through. Don't be silly. You can't keep burning the midnight oil every night. Well, just this once. But remember what happened to your brother. 1| VOCABULARY STUDY faculty [fícklti] fakulUi (instituce, budova, učitelský sbor, občas i studenti) Faculty of Arts, Philosophical Fatuity lilo/o lieku fakulta Medical Faculty, umer. Schoul of Medicine [medasn), Medical College lékařská fakulta School of Economics [|i:ka'nomiks] brit. Vysoká škola ekonomická School of Architecture stavební fakulta (v Československu) English Department katedra anglistiky College of Agriculture Vysoká škola zemědělská go to university, amer. těž go to college jít / chodit na vysokou školu go on to university pokračovat ve studiu na vysoké škole school-leaver absolvent apply [a'plaij for a place to study English zažádat o přijetí na obor angličtina applicant [seplíkanl] žadatel, uchazeč, kandidát application for admission (ittpli1 kcišn. aďmišn] to st žádost o přijetí na něco sit fof an entrance examination podrobit se přijímací zkoušce high standing at an exam výborné umistční při zkoušce go for an interview jit nu pohovor select [si'Sekt] on the basis of interviews vybírat na základě pohovorů admit [ad'mít] to st přijmout na něco accept [ak'septj at a place přijmout někde reject [ri'dzckt] zamítnout enrol [in'raul] at university zapsat na univer/.itč The university has an enrolment of 6,000 students. Na univerzitě studuje 6 000 studentů. major in English amer. studovat angličtinu jako hlavní obor a history major amer. student oboru historie subject obor (studia) specialization [ [Spcšalai 'zeisn] specializace take / do a course in literature zapsat si / chodst na přednášku / přednášky z literatury {course = předmět v rámci studijního oboru) give a lecture on st mít přednášku o něčem lecture přednášet be up to date in one's field být informován o novinkách ve svém oboru read a paper číst referát read a subject brit. studovat předmět, mít zapsán předmět take a crash course hovor, navštěvovat intenzivní kurs study at a technical university studovat na technice polytechnic [[poli1 teknik] vysoká škola technická (i s nižšími kursy) classes in English kurs / hodiny angličtiny go to lectures and seminars [semina;zj chodit na přednášky a semináře tutorial [tju:1 to:rial] brit. 1. forma výuky, při niž 1-4 studenti čtou každý svůj referát a diskutuji o něm s tutorem; 2. lektorské cvičení The lecture / class is held in a lecture room. Přednáška / Vyučováni se koná v posluchárně. lecture hall velká posluchárna auditorium [|o:diftoiriam] velký sál (někde též aula) classroom třída, učebna do one's assignment [s'sainmant] zejm. amer. pracovat na uloženém úkolu revise [ri'vaiz] brit. opakovat memorize [memaraiz], learn by heart učil se zpaměti, memorovat pick up st pochytit něco make extracts / excerpts [eksa:pts] dělat si excerpta cram slang dřít, šprtat (ne obecné, jen o přípravě na určitou zkoušku): He stayed up all night cramming for his French exam. sit up late být dlouho vzhůru burn the midnight oil every night každou noc dlouho vysedávat nad knihami give a credit [kredit] dát zápočet (na amerických univerzitách se nerozlišuje zkouška a zápočet v našem slova smyslu; jeden kredit se udílí za semestrální hodinu přednášky nebo cvičeni) attendance [a'lendans] prezence; take attendance zjišťoval prezenci; miss three attendances in it tři absence work on one's final-year dissertation [jdiss1 teišn] / amer. senior essay pracovat na diplomové práci thesis [OirsisJ disertační práce (pro A1A, PhD) give a grant [graintj udělit (sociální) stipendium (udílí ho místní správa v studentově trvalém bydlišti) award [3!wo:d] a scholarship [skobšip] udělit (prospěchové) stipendium graduate [grsedžueit] from a university vy-studovat / absolvovat univerzitu with honours [onsz] s vyznamenáním (o středoškolském i vysokoškolském studiu) cum laude; magna cum laude; summa cum laude [maegna, suma, ku:m laudi:] amer. „s pochvalou, s velkou pochvalou, s nejvyšsí pochvalou" (tři druhy vyznamenání při absolvováni vysoké školy) get a first degree [di'gri:] dosáhnout hodnosti bakaláře (BA; BSc) second / higher degree vyšší hodnost (MA, MSc; PhD - (tj. mistra n. doklura filozofie) diploma [di'pbuma] in st diplom z něčeho have / hold a degree mít hodnost (srovnejte vazby: He has a degree. He has / holds ■ degree in Biology.) get a second degree /iskal hodnost z dalšího předmětu: He has a BA in English and a second degree in Philosophy, first-class degree hodnost s pochvalou graduation ceremony [ gradžu'eišn |seramani], amer. [seramauni] promoce STUDENTS, TEACHERS undergraduate danda'graidžuat] posluchač full-time student řádný posluchač, student denního studia part-time student dálkové / externě studující university student, college student vysokoškolák postgraduate student postgraduant (k dosaženi vyšiť hodností) fresher, freshman hovor, studující prvního ročníku; = first-year student sophomore [sofamo:r] amer. student druhého ročníku junior [džumiar] / senior [sirniar] amer. student třetího / čtvrtého ročníku final-year student student posledního ročníku senior students, upper classmen amer. studenti vyšších ročníků auditing [o:ditirj] amer. náslech (účast na přednášce netvořící součást studia) auditor amer. posluchač na přednášce netvořící součást studia student teacher, amer. téi student trainee [trei'ni:] student na (pedagogické) praxi student teaching školská praxe (studentů) drop out after one's first year (of university) po roce odejít z univerzity / zanechat vysokoškolského studia repeat one's year opakovat ročník professor [pre1 few] profesor (jen vysokoškolský; v USA je relativné více profesorů než v Británii a Československu; amer hovor, o každém univerzitním vyučujícím) associate professor [^saušiat pra'fesar] amer. docent, mimořádný profesor assistant professor [asistent pra'fesar] amer. odborný asistent lecturer [lekčaral brii. odborný asistent senior lecturer brit. docent reader brit. docent (vySši než ..senior lecturer"); reader in French docent na francouzštinu teaching assistant, amer. instructor [in]straktar] asistent tutor [tju:ta] hrir. tutor (pedagogický vedoucí domáci přípravy) head of the department [di(pa:tmant] vedoucí katedry n. ústavu be at the head of st být v čele něčeho dean děkan; the dean's office děkanát sub-dean proděkan rector [rekta] rektor (na evropské univerzite]'. ~ brit. (Vice-)Chancellor [|Vais čamsla], amer. president [prezadnt] Chancellor brit. kancléř (veřejná osoba jako protektor univerzity) registrar [| red ži 'stra;] tajemník (university) LIBRARY library [taibrari] knihovna (instituce) lending library veřejná knihovna bookcase, shelves knihovna (nábytek) reference library ['refrans j-] příruční knihovna centrál library ústřední knihovna departmental library knihovna ústavu n. katedry reading room studovna periodicals room [|piari!odiklz |ru;m] čítárna časopisů stacks mn. ř. sklad (knihovny), skladištní prostor look up in the name catalogue / amer. catalog [kstalog] vyhledat si v abecedním, jmenném katalogu pressmark, classmark zejm. brit. signatura list by author or by subject řadit podle autorů nebo námétů, tematicky consult [kan'salt] the subject catalogue podívat se do věcného / předmětového katalogu (borrower's) slip žádanka All in, complete [kam'pli:!], amer. Mil oat vyplnit hand in odevzdat loau(s) desk půjčovní přepážka issue desk výdej show one's borrower's ticket / (library) card předložit (čtenářský) průkaz new acquisition [|Sekwi'zisn] nový přírůstek be (out) on loan být půjčen It's overdue [auvaldju:]. Už to mílo být vráceno, required reading [ri|kwaiad '-], hovor, set books povinná četba subscribe [sab 'skraib] to st mít něco předplaceno rack police, regál be on display být vystaven browse through / among the books probírat se knihami (namátkové číst úryvky jen tak pro potěšení) weekly týdeník monthly měsíčník scholarly Journal [| skolali 'dža:nl] odborný časopis take out of the library vynést z knihovny; It can't be taken out of the library. Půjčuje se jen prezenčně. misplace [mis'plcis] založit (na nesprávné místo) put st in its place vrátit / zařadit něco na místo BOOK author's name [|0:9az H jméno autora title [taitl] název, titul; title page titulní strana chapter [čaepta] kapitola section jsclcšn] úsek paragraph [pxragra:f] odstavec footnote poznámka (the list of the) contents [kontents] obsah preface [prefis], foreword [fo:wa:d] předmluva epilogue, amer. epilog [epilog] doslov introduction [|intra1 dakšn] úvod summary [samari] souhrn, résumé appendix [a'pendiks] příloha supplement [sapbmant] přiloha, dodatek bibliography [| biblí'ografi]/ i. bibliografie references.[refransiz] mn. č. (použitá) literatura odkazy index rejstřík black-and-white illustration [ ila'streišn] černo bílá ilustrace colour plate barevná přiloha table tabulka figure [figa), amer. [figjar] obrázek (nákres v textu) reference book příručka one-volume encyclopedia [in | saikla1 pj :dia] jednosvazková encyklopedie, naučný slovník v jednom svazku in two volumes ve dvou dílech / svazcích sequel [sřkwal] pokračování (hry, románu) manual ]maenjuaí], handbook příručka outline nástin, přehled basic textbook základni učebnice first published in 1990 první vydání z roku 1990 reprint [rv.print] přetisk (dalšínezměnčně vydání) reprinted [ |ri: 'printid] přetištěno (opétovné vydáno) revised and enlarged [m'laxl/.il] edition opravené a rozšířené vydáni publish in an edition of 10,000 copies vydat nákladem 10 000 výtisků print 1,000 copies vytisknout 1000 výtisků hardbound / hardback / hardcover edition vázané vydání paperback brožovaný, paperbackový; paper-back(ová kniha); available in paperback k dostání v paperbackové podobě spine hřbet (knihy) book jacket [džaekit] knižni přebal blurb hovor, nakladatelská propagační informace o knize tištěná na obálce bookmark(er) záložka translation překlad adapt [a'dxpl] upravit Additional phrases from the text which is often the case a lak tomu časlo jí I need it very badly. Potřebuji to naléhavě. What a shame. ,To je škoda. To je protivné, Oh stop that. Nech toho have another incentive [in'sentiv] dostat další podnět take a friend along přivést s sebou přítele / známého I've got an awful lot of stuff to get through. Musím ještě zvládnout velké kvantum materiálu. Well, just this once. Tak pro tentokrát. 1. Translate: stacks in the library; take a course in the English novel; application for admission; enrol at the university; reject an applicant; read a paper; take a crash course; student teaching; graduation ceremony; award a scholarship; auditorium; Dean; Vice-Chancellor; colour plates; appendix; contents; sequel. 2. Supply synonyms; talented; be intelligent; field of study; first-year student; look in the catalogue; handbook; Part One; the books that must be read for a course. 3. Distinguish: lecture - tutorial; first degree - second degree; arts student - fine art student; the sciences - the humanities; read a paper - read a subject; reading room -periodicals room; dictionary - encyclopedia; central library - departmental library; lose a book - misplace á book; name catalogue - subject catalogue; magazine - periodical. 4. Translate: hlavní zdroj vědomostí; dosáhnout úspěchů; dávat pozor při vyučování; zadat několik stran k přečteni; příruční knihovna ve studovně; základní učebnice z humanitních oborů; vrátit knihu na místo; vyhledat knihu v abecedním katalogu; seřazeno podle autorů v abecedním poradí; mít na mysli nějakou konkrétní knihu; ta kniha se vztahuje k mému předmětu; odevzdat žádanku ve výpůjčním oddělení, předložit čtenářský průkaz; seznam povinné četby; snad to bude k dostání příště; kníhaje buď ztracena, nebo špatně zařazena; kniha by měla být vrácena (má prošlou lhůtu); naléhavě potřebovat pro diplomovou práci; nové přírůstky; platit pokutu; čítárna časopisů; předplatit si týdeník a měsíčník; uveřejnit výsledky nejnovějšího výzkumu v odborném časopise; projit časopis; znát nové věci ve svém oboru; připravovat se na doktorát; dobrá investice; vysedávat dlouho do večera nad knihami; neudělat zkoušku; zanechat studia; studenti přírodovědných oborů; studenti prvních i vyšších ročníků; postgraduální studium. 5. Enumerate: 1. the various sorts of books found in a reference library; 2. a number of phrases associated with entering and leaving university; 3. the faculties found in a Czechoslovakian university; 4. the degrees you can take at university; 5. the various teachers' ranks and categories of students at universities; 6. the different parts of a book; 7. the forms in which a book is published. 6. What preceded the statements? 1. ...but I've set my mind on entering university. 2. ...so you have a good chance of getting a scholarship to a first-rate university. 3. Oh stop that. 4 Yes, that's a good idea. 5.... there's a fine to pay. 6____and in ihe middle of his second year he dropped out. 7. Complete the statements: 1. What a shame you didn't... 2.1 know the feeling. I myself... 3. Everybody's invited to take a friend along. 4. There's nothing you can do except... 5. 1 need the book very badly, as ... 6. Unless I do my assignments for tomorrow, I'll ... 8. Find three responses: 1. I thought you and Pauline were going out together. 2. Do you remember her? She was such a brilliant student. 3. I expect you'll pass with honours. 4. Why do you live in hall? 5. I'll pick you up at 6.30. 6. Have you got lime to come and have dinner with me? 7. Is it essential to read this book? 8. Have you started on your final-year dissertation? 9. Answer according to the text: 1 Do secondary-school pupils need to study a lot at home? 2. What kind of work is assigned to university students? 3. Can all books be taken out from a library? 4. How do you find the book you need? 5. Do you always get what you want? 6 What is to be found in the periodicals room? 7. What makes periodicals important? 8. Do all students use their time well? 9. Why is Susan so happy to be at university? 10. Where does she live now? 11. Where does her friend want to take her tomorrow night? 12. How is his brother doing in his studies? 10. Topics Tor discussion: 1. The problems of getting the books on your reading lists. 2. The resources of the reading room in your university library and faculty library. 3. Do you notice the form of a book? 4. Why do some students drop out of university? 5. My entrance examination at the Faculty of Arts. 6. Browsing in a reading room. GRAMMAR 1 PftÍPUSTKOVÉ VÉTY Přípustkovou větu může uvádět; 1. spojka, although, though ačkoli, třeba(že), třebas (i); even if, even though i když, i kdyby; in spite of the fact that přestože; presto, že: Although he began last, he finished Ačkoli začal poslední, skončil první. first. He finished first though be began last. Skončil první, třebaže začal jako poslední. Even though he started early, he came / když vysel brzy, vrátil se pozdě. ' back late. I won't mind even if I'm the last. Nebude mi to vadit, ani když budu po- slední. In spite of the fact that I began later, Přestože jsem začal později, skončil 1 finished in time. jsem včas. 2. vazba no matter (zejména v hovorovém stylu) nebo složené zájmeno nebo příslovce na -ever, odpovídající českým výrazům na ,,-koli": no matter who j what / which / when / where j how; whoever / whatever / whichever j whenever / wherever j however: no matter who comes ať přijde kdokoli; každý, kdo přijde whoever comes no matter who you meet ať potkáš kohokoli; každý, koho potkáš whoever you meet ať najde cokoli; všechno, co najde ať si vybereš kterýkoli; každý, který si vybereš ať přijde kdykoli; vždycky j pokaždé, když přijde ať přijde kamkoli; všude, kam přijde ať je to kohokoli ať to udělal jakkoli ať se snaží sebevíc; jakkoli se snaží no matter what he finds whatever he finds no matter which you choose whichever you choose no matter when he comes whenever he comes no matter where he goes wherever he goes no matter whose it is no matter how he did it (není: *however he did it) no matter how much / hard he tries however much / hard he tries {není: 'however he tries; je však however much / many, however + přídavné jméno nebo příslovce) 3. vazba s příslovcem nebo přídavným jménem -I- as/ though na počátku věty (patři do knižního stylu): Difficult as / though the exam is, you'll / když je ta zkouška hodně těžká, ty ji pass it. uděláš. Quickly as / though he ran, he didn't / když běžel hodně rychle, nedostal se get there in time. tam včas. Prvek nejistoty v angličtině můžeme vyjádřit způsobovým slovesem pro „možná" may j might. V češtině tuto nejistotu mohou vyjádřit příslovce „snad, třebas" apod. Pro ještě větší pochybnost je v angličtině should a v češtině podmiňovací způsob. However well he may feel, he isn'L Ať se cítí jakkoli dobře, zdráv není. healthy. However well he may have felt, he Ať se cítil sebelépe, zdráv nebyl. wasn't healthy. Even though you may not like wine, Třebaže nemáš víno rád, zkus sklenici try a glass of this. tohohle. Even if he should feel well, it would / kdyby se snad cítil dobře, bylo by still be risky to operate on him. riskantní ho operovat. Poznámky: 1. V nehovorovém stylu po although, though lze vypustit sponové sloveso be: Although tired, he walked on. 1. V knižním stylu mohou stát v čele věty i některá slovesa, jako try, cost, be, pak však musí následovat způsobové sloveso may / might a je zde inverze podmětu. Místo however much atd. je však pravidlem spíše as, Try as he might, he couldn't finish it. Ať se snažil sebevíc, nemohl to skončit. Cost what it may, I'll get it. (- what- Opatřím si to, ať to stojí sebevíc. ever it costs) 3. Místo složené přípustkové spojky in spite of the fact that je možno použít pouze in spite of, ale pak je nutno užít gerundium: In spite of the fact that I began later,... In spite of beginning later, ... Přestože jsem začal později, 1.1 Respond: Will he come? (promise) - I'm afraid he won'!, not even if he promises. 1. Will they be able to get it for you? (try hard) 2. Will he be ready to leave at two o'clock? (hurry). 3. Will she have a rest? (be unwell). 4. Will he take the money for this service? (need it) 5. Will he return home? (it gets dark) 6. Will she go for a walk in the park? (the sun is shining) 1.2 Respond: Would he come? (promise) - No, I'm quite sure that he definitely wouldn 'I come even if he promised. 1.-6. as in 1.1 1.3 Respond: It's very late, and yet they still expect to be served. Yes — no mailer how late it is, they always expect to be served. 1. He's very busy, and yet he still helps other people. 2. The meal's rather expensive, and yet he still insists on paying. 3. They're very much in love, and yet they still find reasons to quarrel. 4. The performance is very good, and yet he's still falling asleep. 5. His essays were poor, and yet he still felt he should get a one. 6. He went there several times, and yet he still lost his way. 7. He's got a Tot of money, and yet he still wants more. 1.4 Translate: 1. Ať potkáš kohokoli, nevšímej si ho (take notice of sb). 2. Ať si Zuzana obleče kterékoli (jakékoli) šaty, vždy vypadá hezky. 3._Ať ti to řekl kdokoli, říkám ti, že je to lež. 4. Ať najdeš cokoli, nech to ležet. 5. Řekl mi to, třebaže jsem se ho na nic neptal. 6. Nevadí mi to, i když se přiznám, že by se to dalo zařídit lépe. 7. Přestože jsme si ani nepsali, zůstali jsme dobrými přáteli. 8. Ať byla otázka sebetěžší, vždy znal odpověď. 9. Pomáhal jsem jim, i když sám jsem měl spoustu práce. 10. Všude ho znají a vítají, ať přijde kamkoli. 2 VAZBA BE + INFINITIV Vazba I'm to do „mám udělat" implikuje naléhavost děje, často i uložení děje třetí osobou jako povinnosti, podobně jako ve vazbě I'm supposed to do. We are to meet at six. Máme se sejít v šest. Where are you to meet? Kde se máte sejít? They were to meet here. Měli se sejít zde. Srovnejte tedy: You're to do it by 6 p.m. Máš to udělat do večera do šesti, (im- plikuje naplánování n. příkaz) He told me you're to do it right away. Řekl mi, že to máš udělat hned. (příkaz) I should do it. Měl bych to udělat, (záhodnost n. mravní závaznost) I ought to do it. Měl bych to udělat, (tlak okolností) Shall I do it? Mám to udělat? (ať rozhodne druhý) Pro minulý děj se užije přítomný inifinitiv, nevyjadřujeme-li se k tomu, zda k splnění naplánovaného došlo, nebo minulý infinitiv, chceme-li naznačit, že k splnění nedošlo. Užití minulého infinitivu je paralelní s jeho užitím s should i would. He was to have done it. He should have done it. Měl to udělat, (ale neudělal) Měl to udělat, (ale neudělal) 2.1 Reply: Are we / Were we supposed to meet at six? (seven) No. we 're j we were to meet at seven. 1. Are we supposed to travel to the Black Sea via Yugoslavia? (Romania) 2. Are we supposed to hand in the essays tomorrow? (the day after tomorrow) 3. Were we supposed to pay the whole fare? (half the fare) 4. Are we supposed to share everything with them? (only the food) 5. Were we supposed to meet outside the station? (on the platform) 2.2 Translate: 1. Máme to zařídit sami. 2. Nemáme čekat déle než půl hodiny. 3. Nemáme jim nic slibovat. 4. Na večírku máte být navzájem představeni. 5. Měli se sejít před nádražím, ale on to zřejmě nenašel. 6, Neměli bychom se na to podívat ještě jednou? 7. Neměla mu to vyčítat. 8. Měls mu pomoci se zavazadly, víš, jak jsou těžká. 9. Máme zavazadlo dát na chodník před hotelem, přijede pro něj auto. 10. Měli jsme původně letět, ale nakonec jsme jeli vlakem, abychom ušetřili peníze. 3 VAZBA S VÝRAZY PRO MÍRU MOŽNOSTI a) It's easy to please Kim. Výrazy pro hodnocení děje jsou easy snadný, difficult / hard těžký / obtížný, (un)important (ne)důležitý, necessary nutný, unnecessary zbytečný, dangerous nebezpečný, (un)pleasant (ne)příjemný, (im)possible (ne)možný, common běžný, rare vzácný, řídký, a pleasure radost aj. Konatel děje v infinitivu je všeobecný, z kontextu je dostatečně jasné, koho zahrnuje (mluvčího, případně i posluchače); věta má tedy obecnou platnost. V češtině se tu užívá vedlejší věta s „že" nebo s „aby", někdy rovněž infinitiv. Je-li však třeba vyjádřit určitého konatele, užije se vazba s předložkou for: It's necessary to hurry. It's necessary for you to hurry. It's a pleasure to teach him. It's a pleasure for us to teach him. It's still possible for you to catch the train. It's impossible for the children to walk on. It's important for them to hear the truth. It's common for young people to go hiking. It was easy for me to find the way. It's easy for John to laugh. Je nutné j třeba si pospíšit. Je nutné, abyste si pospíšili. Je to radost ho učit. Je to pro nás radost ho učit. Pořád je ještě možné, abys ten vlak stihl. Pro děti je nemožné pokračovat v cestě. Je důležité, aby slyšeli pravdu. Je běžné, že mladí pěstují turistiku. Bylo pro mě lehké najit cestu. Johnovi se to směje. IV/ Pro děti je to zábava být se strýčkem Hařrym. It's fun for children to be with Uncle Harry. b) He's easy to please. Běžnější než konstrukce It's easy to please him. je v angličtině vazba podmětu s infinitivem, tj. předmět infinitivu se stane podmětem celé věty. Aktivní infinitiv v predikaci pak funguje jako pasivní: He's easy to please. That question is impossible to answer. A man like him must be hard to bear. This place is difficult to find. This room is pleasant to work in. This man is impossible to work with. Je snadné se mu zalíbit j udělat mu radost. Na tu otázku je nemožně odpovědět. Takového člověka musí být těžké snést. Toto místo je těžké najít. V tomto pokoji se příjemně pracuje. S tímto člověkem se nedá pracovat. Poznámka: Infinitiv má platnost adverbiální, ne predikativní, v podobné konstrukci ... is + přídavné nebo podstatné jméno + to + infinitiv, např. ve větě This is a hard question to answer. (Na tuto otázku je těžké odpovědět. Tato otázka je těžká na zodpovězení.) Infinitiv to answer rozvíjí přívlastek hard (jako příslovečné určení k němu). Podobně: She's a pleasant woman to talk to. He's an impossible man to work with. (Viz L 17, § 2) 3.1 Rephrase the statement: It's difficult to rind the place - The place is difficult to find. 1. It's impossible to learn the rules of this game. 2. It's pleasant to sit on this terrace. 3. Is it easy to please your children? 4. It's hard to understand his English. 5. It's impossible to get along with our neighbours. 3.2 Translate: 1. Na tu otázku není možné odpovědět jednoduše. 2. S takovým hlučným sousedem musí být těžké se snést. 3. V těchto lázních se příjemně pobývá. 4. Je běžné, že lidé si tu pomáhají. 5. Zřídkakdy přijde pozdě. LIFE AT BRITISH UNIVERSITIES Oxford and Cambridge Oxford and Cambridge are among the oldest universities in Europe, dating back to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries respectively. The college system existed in several medieval European universities but only these two British universities have kept it, and this now makes them very different from the rest. The life of the students centres on the colleges (35 at Oxford, 23 at Cambridge), which are independent educational bodies within the universities. Nearly all the colleges consist of several buildings grouped in quadrangles around open areas of grass; there are often beautiful and well-kept gardens adjoining the buildings. Cambridge has remained quieter than Oxford, which now has many industries. Every student must belong to a college, where he lives for part of his period as an undergraduate (there are between 150 and 450 in each college at Oxford, between 250 and 800 at Cambridge). Some graduate students also live in the college, as well as a few dons (who do both tutoring and lecturing) and the head of the college (whose actual title varies from college to college). Students thus spend much of their time living and working under the eyes of their tutors. They must have dinner in the hall a certain number of times a week. The hall is often one of the most impressive rooms in the college. The students sit at long tables running the length of the hall while the dons sit at high table. Otherwise students have their meals in pubs, cafeterias, snack bars, or restaurants. Each student has a sitting room and a small bedroom or a combined study-bedroom. The tutorial system means that each student has his own tutor, who advises him which lectures to attend, suggests what he ought to read, and discusses with him the essays and other written work that he does every week. Under this individual guidance, students mature more quickly. Both Oxford and Cambridge have high standards, and competition for places is so keen that only the best candidates manage to get in. They are judged on their personalities as well as on their brains. For this reason, an employer will often prefer an Oxbridge graduate with a second-class degree to a graduate of another university with a first-class degree. For centuries women were not allowed to study at Oxford and Cambridge at all, but beginning in 1373 women's colleges were founded in both universities. In recent years, however, virtually all the colleges have become coeducational. Oxford arid Cambridge (each with some 12,000 students) account for less than ten per cent of the full-time students in Britain. But their influence is disproportionate to their numbers not only because they set and maintain the highest academic standards but also because they have continued to educate a large proportion of the nation's leaders. r 17S Polytechnics were institutions providing courses at further education level, from university degree courses to diplomas at a lower level. In 1992 nearly all polytechnics (with 285,000 students) took the opportunity for achieving automatically the university status. In this way, the number of British universities in the nineties suddenly rose to about 80, adjoin la'dzoin] přilehni, avoid vyhýbat sc; coeducational [(ksucdzu'lceisnalj koedukačni; collegiate [lo'ludzist] kolejní; disproportionate ddispj^po.šnilS neúměrný; don [donj brit. univerzitní učitel; guidance {guidons) vedeni; poradenství, high table stůl v čele jídelny; judge [džadž] sb on st posuzovat nékoho podle něčeho, length [IcrjO): run the length of the hall láhnoul sc po celč dcice sálu; OTfr-rigií (isuva^idžid) příliš strohý, strnuly; quadrangle [kwodra-rjgl] nádvoří koleje; tutorial system [tju:'to:rÍ3l isislamj system (uterů The University of London, the redbrick universities and the universities of the sixties and of the nineties The University of London dates from 1836; apart from Oxford and Cambridge only the four old Scottish universities founded in the 15th and 16lh centuries are older (the Scots have always been known for their great respect for learning). Because London has so many students, little personal contact between teachers and taught is possible there. The universities in provincial towns are fairly young. Those founded in the late 19th century are sometimes called "redbrick universities"; the term implies a contrast with the golden and grey stone of Oxford and Cambridge. Some of them specialize in studies connected with local industry, for instance Manchester in textile technology and Southampton in marine engineering. None of these are collegiate universities; all have separate halls of residence. Some twenty new universities opened in the 1960s, bringing the total to 45. Some were new foundations, while others were older institutions raised to university status. Many have tried to introduce new teaching methods, avoiding over-rigid specialization and offering courses combining the sciences and the humanities. They are usually organized on a campus, on the American model, and often situated outside a small town. AT THE RESTAURANT To celebrate their third wedding anniversary, Mr and Mrs Novak decided to dine out at the Majestic Hotel. They had been there before, the previous month, and ihey had enjoyed the meal very much. And indeed, it is difficult to find a better place. Unfortunately, it was Saturday night and they had no reservation, so they were unable to have a table to themseWes. They had to share it with an elderly man who spoke Czech with a foreign accent. After they finished dinner, the waiter brought a bottle of wine. The man had a Pilsener beer. They began to chat over their drinks and the man turned out to be a Czech-American on a visit to his hometown. He told the Novaks a lot of interesting things about the places where one can eat and drink in the USA, places such as cafeterias, steak-houses, and lunch counters in drugstores. And the Novaks told him about the changes in Czech eating habits, about the works canteens and school canteens, the shops selling ready-to-cook foods, the new restaurants and winerooms in old Prague. The American asked them why Czechs eat so many sweets and why there is such a limited selection of ice cream flavours here. Shortly before nine the American visitor asked for the bill and left, leaving a big tip on the table. The Novaks then joined the couples dancing to the music of a small band on the dance floor, joined the couples dancing to the music of a small band on the dance floor. In the meantime another couple came to sit at the next table. The lady started going through the menu. "I'll have the roast beef... No, 1 think I'll take the steak ... or shall I have the roast beef after all?" She could not make up her mind and the waiter stood by patiently unLil she finally ordered veal cutlet with mashed potatoes and stewed fruit. Then she asked her henpecked husband: "Or would you prefer something else, dear?" With a tired smile he answered: "Veal cutlet will suit me perfectly." A third seat at the adjoining table was occupied by a young lady who was sitting alone. A young man came up to her and asked whether the remaining seat was free. It seemed that he was looking for a vacant seat and for female company as well — probably he wanted to dance. But the young lady told him that the seat was not vacant; she was waiting for her friend. What did the young man do? Disappointed, he joined the other bachelors on the bar stools and ordered a double whisky. Sitting there sipping his drink, he planned the next stage in his attempt to find a good-looking woman for the evening. Hmm. Perhaps that blonde over there... A: It's a nice restaurant, don't you think? B: Yes, when I go out for a meal I often come here. A: Let's have a look at the menu, (slight pause) What would you like to start with? B: Tomato soup. B- A: B: A: Yes, I think I'll have the same. No, on second thoughts, maybe I'd prefer a clear soup. Now what about roast pork and cabbage? Well, I don't like cabbage very much actually. Oh look - they have roast sirloin of beef in cream sauce. I had it the last time I was here and it was really delicious. In fact, it was so good I think 1*11 have it again. Well, in that case I suppose I should try it too. Right. Now where's the waiter? Waiter: Will you order now, sir? Guest: Yes, I'd like to start with the soup of the day, followed by a steak with peas and carrots. Yes, sir, and to drink? A Guinness. Certainly, sir. How would you like your steak? Rare? Medium? Well-done? Medium please. Would you like a dessert? No, just cheese and biscuits please. Coffee, sir? Yes. I'll have it black please. (After the meal) W: Finished, sir? G: Yes, that was very nice. W: G: W: G: W: G: W: G: VOCABULARY FOOD, MENU food potrava, strava; potraviny ready-to-cook food j. í. polotovary meal jídle {denní); finish the meal dojíst dish jídlo, chod {e.g. a dish of meat and vegetables; an unusual disk) dinner vedere (hlavni jidlo dne); It's time for dinner. Je čas k večeri Hs*e you hid yaw dinner? Už jsi večeřel?; ask sb to dinner pozvat nikoho na večeri; get a good dinner for I... dostat dobrou večeři za ... dine out večeřet mimo domov menu [menju:] jídelní lístek The cooking here is mainly French. Kuchyně je tu převážně francouzská. Tbe roast beef is off. Roštenka už není. What will you have? Co si dáte? starter, bore d'oeuvre ^oi'd^vj, appetizer jaepataiza] (pikantní) předkrm aperitif [s'peretŕf] aperitiv clear soup vývar (e.g. chicken bouillon) cream of tomato soup rajská polévka pea soup hrachová polévka chicken consomme [lon'somei] slepičí polévka, bujón main course hlavní chod veal cutlet telecí plátek chop kotleta T-fcone steak [steík] biftekové maso s kostí ve tvaru T roast beef Toštinka (pripravená); a roast of beef, a beef roast roätčná (syrové maso) gravy šťáva (z masa) sauce omáčka rare, brit. underdone steak krvavý biftek medium, well-do ne středně propečený, propečen (biftek) roast pork and cabbage [kabidžj/sauerkrauť ve přová se zelím roast sirloin of beef in cream sauce svíčková n smetaně pickled gherkins [ga:kínz] nakládané okurky (malé) nunpsteak zadní hovězí rissole [ríS9ul] karbanátek (masový, rybí, zeleninový) hamburger [haembarga] karbanátek (z hovězího. v rozkrojeně housce) hot doe párek v rohlíku frankfurter |frsrjkf3:t3] párek meat loaf sekaná chips, amer. French fries smažené hranolky raasned potatoes (šťouchané) brambory, bramborová kaše tartarťe) sauce fta:|ta: 'so:s], amer. ['tartar | -] tatarská omáčka stewed fruit kompot stew dusit. Let him stew in his own juice. Ať se dusi ve vlastni šťávě, sweet zákusek apple pie [j - 'pai] jablkový koláč apple strudel [| - 'slrurdt] jablkový závin bun sladká brioška (buchla bez náplně, s hrozinkami) doughnut [dsunat] kobliha dessert [di'za:!] dezert (ovoce n. zákusek) pudding [pudirj] nákyp scone [skon], amer. biscuit [biskit] vdolek EATING AND DRINKING PLACES restaurant (rcstró, rcstront], amer. [reslrant, res- tra:nt] restaurace, hostinec cafeteria [| ksfa1 lisria] jídelna se samoobsluhou, lidová restaurace steak house gril (specializovaný na steaky) grill room gril snack bar, sandwich bar bufet tearoom brit. levná restaurace tavern amer., bril. jen historicky krčma, hospůdka takeaway (restaurant) restaurace prodávající hotová jídla k odnesení domů school canteen [| - ksn'ttm] školní jídelna wineroom, wine bar vinárna pub bril. hospoda inn hostinec (s hostinskými pokojí) saloon [s3'!u:n| amer, výčep, hospoda (v období Divokého západu) bar výčepní pult; výčep; stand at the bar stát u pultu; stop in at a couple of bars amer. zastavit sc v několika hospodách play pub games hrát hostinské hry (obvyklé v britských hostincích) billiards / č. [biliadz] kulečník darts j. č. äipky dance floor taneční parket dance to the music of a small band tančit pri hudbe malého orchestru / malé skupiny closing time uzavírací hodina ask for tne bill požádat o účet leave two crowns for a tip, leave a two-crown tip zanechat 2 koruny jako spropilné waiter číšník; waitress číšnice head waiter vrchní barman, zejm. am. bartender výčepní; barman barmaid výčepní; barmanka DRINK drink nápoj, pití; Get yourself a drink. Vezmi si něco k piti beverage [bevridž] nápoj (knižné) soft drink, non-alkobolic (| nonxlka1 holik] drink nealkoholický nápoj mineral water minerálka three teas and a coffee tří čaje a jednu kávu (objednávání) lemonade [iIcms'ncid), lemon sqaash [skwoš] citronáda orangeade,, orange squash oranžáda grapefruit juke ['greipfru:t |džu:s] grapefruitový džus pineapple juice ['painspl | -] ananasový džus ginger ale [|džindŽ3r 'eil] zázvorová limonáda soda [saudaj sodovka tonic [tonik] tonik; gin and tonic gin s tonikem coke hovor, coca-cola Pepsi [pepsij hovor. Pepsi Cola Scbweppes [sweps] obchodní značka toníků put ice in one's drink dát si do nápoje led cube kostka (ledu) chilled / cold chlazený coffee machine kávovar spirits [spirits] lihoviny, alkohol hard drink hovor, tvrdý alkohol, lihovina brandy koňak, brandy beer pivo (obchodní značky britské: Guinness, Bass, Watney; americké Budweiser, Piisener, Schlitz, Miller; neobjednává se „beer", nýbrí značka) porter porter {silné černé pivo. dnes méně béíné) P .toul ftout Istaut] siiné černé pivo (běinéjíi než porter) tagcr Pa;63l pivo (jediné z britských piv, které se podává chlazené a s pěnou, a tak se nejvíce blíží českému pivu) a)e [eil] světlé pivo (standardní britské pivo) bitter hořké pivo (standardní britské pivo) bitters tm. č. hořká (nápoj; často jako složka při mícháni nápojů: gin and bitlers) angostura [laerjga'stjuars] hořká nápojová přísada liquor [lika] amer., brit. formálně a odborné lihovina (herb) liqueur [[ha;b li'kjua], amer. [; - lí'kar] (bylinný) likér (sladký) verraoulh [va:m30), amer. [var'mu:^! vermut cider [saids] jablečný moít (alkoholický) juice [džu:s] džus wine [wain] víno sherry [Seri] Séry, sherry; dry sherry suché (ne-sladké) sherry Additional phrases from the text the Majestic [ma'dzestik] If otel hotel Majestic He turned out to be a Czech-American. Ukázalo se, že je Čechoameričan. henpecked husband manžel pod pantoflem It'll suit me perfectly. To mi zcela vyhovuje, on second thoughts když jsem si to rozmyslel hometown rodné město 1. Find one word for: 1. the thickened juice that comes out of meat as it cooks; served with meat and vegetables; 2. a list of dishes to be ordered as separate meals in a restaurant; 3. a gassy non-alcoholic drink made with ginger; 4. an alcoholic drink made from apples; 5. an unmarried man; 6. a man often scolded by his wife and blindly obedient to her. 2. Distinguish: meal - dish; dinner - lunch; sweet - dessert; soft drink - hard drink; drink - drink up; liqueur - liquor; bake - roast; orchestra - band; pub - saloon. 3. Translate: večeřet mimo domov; oslavovat výročí svatby; zajít si na večeři do hotelu Majestic; jídlo mi velice chutná; hledat volná místa; rezervovat si stůl; zbývající místo je volné; sedět u stolu s další osobou; host u vedlejšího stolu; příjemné místo k posezení; staropražská hospůdka; malý výběr zmrzliny; požádat o účet; zanechat slušné spropitné; projít jídelní lístek; dát si dobře propečený biftek s hráškem a mrkví; objednat telecí kotletu s bramborovou kaši; dát přednost kompotu před nakládanými okurkami; nemoci se rozhodnout; to mi výborně vyhovuje; dát si plzeňské pivo; připojit se k někomu u výčepního pultu. 4. Read, memorize and repeat: 1. Which would you like: rice or potatoes? peas or green beans? tea or coffee? mineral water or beer? orange squash or pineapple juice? 2. Some more vegetables? I'd like rice if you don't mind, I'll try green beans, I think. It's all the same to me. Beer, please. The same as you. No, thank you, I've had enough. They were delicious. - Yes, I'll have a second helping, if you don't mind. - Yes,. I think I'll have some. I'll try the other kind now. - Yes, it was so good that I think I'll have some more. - No, thank you. I don't care much for ice cream. - Yes, please, I'd love some. It looks very tempting. - Thank you, that'd be perfect. I loaf bread half a dozen eggs 1 1 milk tin condensed milk bottle vinegar bottle cooking oil packet detergent bars toilet soap roll toilet paper Some more dumplings'? Some more cheese? Some more fruit? What about ice cream? What about a piece of cake? What about a black coffee? 5- Translate the shopping list: 2 kg flour 1/2 kg rice 1/2 kg lump sugar 1 (2 kg granulated sugar 1 jl kg caster sugar 1 packet cake-mix 1 packet baking powder 1 carton tea bags 1 tin pickled gherkins 1 jar raspberry jam I bottle whipping cream 6. Answer according to the text: 1. Do the Novaks often dine out at the Majestic? 2, Did they get seats in the restaurant easily? 3. What were the topics of conversation with the Czech-American? 4. Did the Novaks leave after they finished their meal? 5. What did the couple at the next table order? 6. Was there anyone else sitting at that table? 7. Why did the young man go and sit at the bar? 8. What did Mr A and Mr B choose from the menu and why those things? 9. What does the waiter ask when you are ordering a steak? 10. What kinds of desserts and drinks do most people have after the main course? 7. Give a mini-talk: What my favourite restaurant is like, (Comment on: interesting menu; good range of wines; wide choice of beers, spirits and liqueurs; candlelight and soft music; good service; very reasonable prices; nice atmosphere.) 8. Find three responses: 1. You should try it too. 2. Have you ever eaten any Eastern speciality? 3. He isn't much of a cook. 4. Is this your recipe? 5. Would you like a dessert? 6. You hungry? 7. May I offer you another sandwich? 8. You haven't eaten much. 9. Is there some place nearby where we can have lunch? 10. And what'll we do if the place is full? 9. What preceded the statements? 1. ... so that it doesn't take much time. 2. ... you mustn't expect too much. 3. OJC, I'll try it. 4. ... but now I'm quite out of practice. 5. ... 1 would, if I weren't so busy. 6. It sounds, tempting. 7. There's plenty of it left. 10. Complete the statements: 1. I can't come anywhere near my sister in cooking; she ... 2. She isn't very keen on cooking; she ... 3. Don't let it worry you; we can ... 4. No, on second thoughts, Til have ... 5. In fact, it was so good that... 6. The roast beef is off. But I suggest... 11. Points for discussion: 1. Cooking is a waste of time. 2. A comparison of meals at various eating places'(cafeteria, home, works canteen, restaurant). 3. A typical Czech menu for your foreign visitor; a schedule for three days. 4. My cooking experience. 5. National foods and traditions in various countries. 6. How to slim. GRAMMAR 1 VAZBA PODMETU S INFINITIVEM He seems to know you. Slovesa appear zdát se, jevit se (jako by), seem zdát se, happen přihodit se, „náhodou", turn out ukázat se, projevit se, „zjevně", be said „říká se, prý" mohou mít vazbu s vedlejší větou (uvedenou případně spojkou that „že"), tedy obdobně jako v češtině, kdy je ve vedlejší větě podmět a při něm sloveso v určitém tvaru: // seems (that) he knows you. Zdá se, že tě zná. Protože vedlejší věta tu je podmětem, který musí'stát na konci, je počátkové místo podmětu zaujato předjímajícím it. Po výše uvedených slovesech je však častěji vazba podmětu s infinitivem, tj. podmět vedlejší věty se stal podmětem celé věty. He seems to know all about it. He doesn't seem to know you. It seems to be raining outside. Everything seems to be fine. He appears to have no friends. He happened to be right. He turned out to be a kind man. My advice proved to be wrong. He's said to be American. There appears to be a mistake here. Zdá se. že to vše ví. Zdá se, že tě nezná. (2áporka not bývá obvykle u seem apod.) Zdá se, že venku prší. Zdá se, že vše je v pořádku. Zdá se, že nemá žádné přátele. Vypadá to, jako by neměl... Náhodou měl pravdu. Ukázalo se, že je to hodný člověk. Má rada se ukázala být špatná. Je prý Američan. Zdá se, že je tu chyba. Vazba s minulým infinitivem je tehdy, jde-li o předčasnost. Srovnejte: He seemed to know all about it. He seems to have known all about it. He seemed to have known all about it. Zdálo se. že o tom vše ví. Zdá se. že o tom vše vědět. Zdálo se, že o tom už předtím vše vedel. Po slovesech appear, prove a seem se infinitiv to be často vynechav| (nedáse však vypustit ve vazbě s there: There appears to be some hope. Zda se, ze existuje nějaká naděje.), 1 don't want to appear (to be) a fool. The house didn't appear (to be) deserted. The book proved (to be) very useful. Nechci vypadat hloupě. Dům nevypadal opuštěně, (pozor, českému příslovci za „vypadat" neodpovídá příslovce v angličtině) Kniha se ukázala (být) velmi užitečná. 1.1 Respond: I know him. - John seems to know him too. I don't know him. - John doesn't seem to know him either. 1. 1 haven't got any friends here. 2. I can speak a bit of German. 3. 1 don't believe a word he's saying. 4. I'm happy in my marriage, 5. I feel some doubts about all this. 6. I'm not enjoying myself. 1.2 Rephrase: It seems that he's already gone. - He seems to be gone already. It seems that he has left. - He seems to have left. 1. It turned out that she was a girl with a sense of humour. 2. It's said that he's very much in debt. 3. It's said that he was unfaithful to his wife. 4. It seems that all my money's gone. 5. It appears he's been absent for a long time. 6. It appears that they're married. 1.3 Translate: I. Vypadá to, že udělal chybu. 2. Ukázal se být gentlemanem. 3. Zdá se, že každý byl spokojen. 4. Náhodou nás uviděl. 5. Je prý výborný sportovec. 6. To prý je francouzský recept. 7. Restaurace dnes vypadá opuštěně. 8. Ukázalo se to být Štěstí v neštěstí. 2 VAZBA PODSTATNÉHO JMÉNA S PŘÍ V LASTKO VYM INFINITIVEM a) the time to arrive; the man to consult / to be consulted Přívlastkový infinitiv je doplněním buď podstatného jména, jehož významovým jádrem je modalita (jména jako chance možnost, right oprávněnost, svolení, duty povinnost atd.), nebo podstatného jména jiného druhu, potom však je modálni výraz významovým jádrem infinitivu. Povrchová struktura zakrývá různost slovesného způsobu (ve vztažné větě by mohlo být may, must, should, is to, will) a rodu (může být činný i trpný). the time to arrive A good place to stay (at) is the Hilton (hotel). the money to buy food with The man to consult / to be consulted is Wilson. the rules to follow / to be followed the paragraph to explain / to be explained čas, kdy se má přijet Dobré místo, kde lze bydlet, je hotel Hilton. peníze, za něž je možno j nutno koupit potraviny Muž, s nimž je třeba se poradit, je Wil-son. pravidla, která je třeba dodržet odstavec, který je třeba vysvětlil 2ü7 Trpný infinitiv není ovšem tam, kde určované podstatné jméno nemá k slovesu v infinitivu vztah předmětu (první tři příklady: arrive at a time, stay at a hotel, buy . ■ • with st). b) the first (man) to arrive; the only one to stay Infinitiv v platnosti přívlastku tu zkracuje vlastně vztažnou větu s that, následující po spojeních the first j last j next j only nebo superlativu + podstatném jménu. Podstatné jméno (vždy nutně počitatelné) může být zastoupeno slůvkem one, které se však pravidelně vypouští, vyjma po the only. Při českém překladu je možno využít aktuální členění větné The last guest to arrive was Brown. He was the first to leave and the last to return. The next train to arrive was the fast" train from Manchester. J. F. Kennedy was the youngest candidate to become US President. The only one not to return was Jim. Od těchto vazeb je třeba lišit elipsu sponového slovesa be ve vazbě is to do st nebo is going to do se, které se vyskytují v nadpisech novinových zpráv: Government to renew talks on arms. Vláda má j se chystá obnovit rozhovory o zbrojení. Poslední host, který přišel, byl Brown. Byl první, kdo odešel, a poslední, kdo se vrátil. On odešel první a vrátil se poslední. Další vlak, který přijel, byl rychlík z Manchestru. J. F. Kennedy byl nejmladši kandidát, který se stal americkým prezidentem. Jediný, kdo se nevrátil, byl Jim. 2.1 Rephrase: These are the rules that have to be followed. - These are the rules to be followed. I. Is this the food that has to be bought? 2. This is the man that has to be hired. 3. Are these the people that we have to dismiss? 4. This is the distance that you have to cover in one day. 5. He's the man that everybody has to obey. 2.2 Rephrase: He came first. - He was the first to come. Only Mary asked about it. - Mary was the only one to ask about it. 1. He offered help first and he asked for help last. 2. Only Jim praised il. 3. Margaret apologized first. 4. Only this film was awarded a prize. 5. Only Brian had a good excuse. 6. Thomas answered last. 2.3 Translate: 1. řádek, který je třeba vynechat; 2. částka, kterou je třeba získat; 3. dobré místo, kde je možné se ukrýt před deštěm; 4. čas, kdy je třeba říct sbohem; 5. jediný, kdo se nikdy nemyli. 3 AKTIVNÍ A PASÍVNÍ INFINITIV Rozdíl mezi aktivním a pasivním přívlastkovým infinitivem je někdy nedůležitý: There's only one thing to do. to be done. Je třeba udělat jen jedno. There's nothing There was no time to fear, to be feared. to lose, to be lost. Není třeba Se ničeho bát. Nebylo času nazbyt. Ä'ÄÄr*Tobex *****aktivni infini,iv The house is to let. He's to blame. Dům je k pronqjmutí. On je vinen. Někdy však rozdíl mezi akt,vním a pasivním infinitivem hraje 4lohu. "«ÍSř££-gS^ thÍ"BS<° * >o jediné, co Je k v«ní ťSř"*- *i&SySř>, deštníky. 3.1 TraiMlatc: 1. That's a very dangerous thing to ask. 2. We have many things to put up with. 3. You have nothing to be proud of. 4. There are so many problems to settle. 5. That temptation is hard to resist. 6. Fruit isn't always easy to obtain out of season. 7. I don't think the park's a safe place to walk in late in the evening. 8. I had the good luck to be examined by Professor Williams. 9. He's famous enough to be interviewed by the BBC. 10. I can't make ends meet, with a family to support. 11. He likes nothing better than to be the first with bad news. 12. I was anxious for everything to be settled. 13. They must be crazy to go on. 14. That beach isn't the best place to go to. 15. It's not unusual for someone to ask "Is it worth it?" 16. These letters show him to have been a strange character. Or, to put it another way, a rather unusual character. 17. For a vote to be valid, the voter must appear in person. 18. There's enough money for all of us to go abroad. 19. He's the only one known to have been in South America. 20. She's supposed to have been educated at a first-rate college. 21. I must find somewhere for my family to live. 22. Four years at the university have not been enough for him to learn English. EATING OUT Eating places of every size and price range can be found in London, especially in the Picadilly area, in the neighbourhood of Regent Street, in Soho, and in Kensington. In the most expensive restaurants the cooking is mainly French. Foreign restaurants in Soho are favoured for their unusual dishes, and charges are fairly reasonable. Grill rooms, often attached to restaurants, are popular for lunch. Inexpensive meals can be obtained at the many branches of Lyons, the ABC, and Quality Inn. Most of them are cafeterias, where you take a tray and help yourself to the food displayed on the counter. A few of them stay open all night. Restaurants are also found in all the large stores. Many pubs now have grill rooms. Light refreshments and snacks can be had in tearooms and in milk, coffee, and sandwich bars. Even the smallest British towns now have Chinese and Indian restaurants, which serve quite cheap food. Italian restaurants are also popular. All these as well as the delicatessens, where continental foods are sold, suggest that the British are much less conservative in their choice of food than they used to be, a result of so many people in all walks of life taking their holidays abroad. They also emphasize the cosmopolitan nature of Britain's population. Pubs — short for public houses — are social places. The most popular pubs are the old-fashioned ones. People come there to meet their friends at certain times of the day or to have a chat or just to enjoy themselves. It is an old English tradition. Some people like the atmosphere very much, and they say it is like a home from home. They are friendly with the publican and he sometimes comes out from behind the bar and has a drink with them. People can have a game of dominoes, darts, or bar billiards (the balls are hit with a cue into holes in a special table). Or they can play by themselves on machines (one-armed bandits) in the hope of winning the jackpot. The majority of the 70,000 pubs in Britain are owned by one of the large breweries, such as Charrington-Bass or Watney's. Pubs are usually open from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. and then again in the evening from about 5.30 p.m. to 11 p.m. The reason for these limitations on opening hours is the licensing laws: their aim is to control drinking habits in Britain. A fairly recent development is the growth of takeaway restaurants. The traditional takeaway meal is fish and chips. Fish and chip shops are less popular than in the past and have virtually disappeared from central London. Nowadays they sell other things as well, like steak and kidney pie or hamburgers. Now there are takeaway Chinese and Indian restaurants in many towns, and special takea-ways serving fried chicken are also popular. You go in and give your order, which is cooked while you wait and packed in special containers for you to take away with you. Some also have a delivery service in the evening and late at night: you phone in your order, and they deliver the food to your door. (This is very popular with students cramming for exams.) Many people find takeaway food a good idea when they do not want to cook or when they want a change. And buying food in this way is cheaper than actually eating in a restaurant too. FRIED FISH Ingredients: 4oz 025g) flour, I egg, pinch of sail. 1/2 cup milk; 2 lbs (1 kilo) fish (cod or any white fish) cut into about four pieces. To make the batter first mix the flour, salt, and egg. Add the milk slowly. Beat until the batter is smooth. Wash the pieces of fish, and then dry them on kitchen paper. Put the flour and salt into a paper bag. Put each piece of fish into the bag in turn, shake gently, and remove. Dip the pieces of fish into the batter so that they are covered on both sides, Fry in 1" (2.5 cm) of hot oil until golden brown. CHRISTMAS PUDDING Ingredients: 2oz (60g) plain flour, 1/2 teaspoon grated nutmeg, 1/4 teaspoon cinnamon, I teaspoon allspice, 1/4 teaspoon salt, 46z (125g) suet, 4oz (125g) sugar, lib (1/2 kilo) mixed fruit, 2oz (60g) breadcrumbs, 2 eggs, 2-4 tablespoons brandy or other spirit, Sift the dry ingredients together and add all the other ingredients, mixing thoroughly to a fairly soft mixture. Steam 4 hours. To store put a fresh piece of paper on top and cover with a cloth. Store in a cool, dry place for about two months. Before eating, resteam for 2 — 3 hours. allspice [o;lspais] nové kořeni; batter testičVo; lité tčslp; beat šlehat; breadcrumbs [bredkramz] mn. é. strouhanka; cinnamon (sinsmsn) skořice; cod treska; container [kan1 tejna] nádoba; cue [kju: j tágo; dip ponořit; dominoes [dominauz] j. č. domino; eat out jíst mimo domov; favour [feivs] oblíbit si; ftsb-and-chlp shop obchod se smaženými rybami s hranolky; golden brown zlatohnědý; grate strouhat; ingredient [in^giŕdiantj přísada; jackpot hlavní výhra {např. všechny mince nastřádané v hracím stroji), licensing law zákon o čepováni lihovin; limitation [, hmi1 tcíšn] omezeni; nutmeg muškátový ořech; one-armed bandit, brit. fruit machine hovor, forbes, jednoruký bandita {hrací automat na peníze); pinch of salt špetka soli; price range cenová skupina; publican [pablikn] hostinský; remove [ri'mu:v] vyjmout; resteam [iriJsti'.m] znovu nahřát; sift together sesypat, smíchat; steak and kidney pie (|kidni 1 pai] piroh plněný hovězím a ledvinkami; steam vařit v páre; store velký obchod; skladovat, suet [su.al, sju:st] lúj, vnitřní tuk, takeaway obchod s prodejem jídel domú; takeaway meal jídlo k odnesení domů Vlaslní jména: Oiarrington-Bass ['časrirjtn 'bses] anglický pivovar; Kensington [kenzirjtn] londýnská čtvrt s mnoha penzióny a muzei; Regent Street ['ri:džnt —] ulice s luxusními obchody ve West Endu v Londýně; Sobo [ssuhsu] londýnská čtvrť s mnoha nočními podniky a kluby; Watney's [wotnizj anglický pivovar AT THE THEATRE We are inside a theatre. The first night of a new production of Swan Lake, a great favourite with audiences all over the world, is at an end. The dancers are bowing on the stage, and the audience is rewarding their magnificent performance with wild applause and bouquets for the prima ballerina. The conductor is facing the auditorium and acknowledging the applause on behalf of the orchestra. He has had a major share in tonight's success, along with the choreographer. It is by no means easy to stage a ballet - many rehearsals are needed before the dress rehearsal, one or two days before the production opens. On opening night the soloists are often very nervous and the producer is desperate, thinking that they should have staged something quite different. But as a rule everything turns out well in the end: both the corps de ballet and the soloists do their best and the audience, is enthusiastic. This time it is an all-star cast; the names of the main dancers appeared in large letters on the theatre bills and the interest in the performance was so great that there were queues at the box office. This was unusual, for ballet is very much a minority interest in this town, though there are many theatregoers and opera lovers as well as a large public that believes that there is nothing like a good show with a lot of pretty chorus girls. One man's meat is another man's poison, as the English saying has it. The curtain comes down and then goes up again because the audience is still clapping: the dancers are being given a standing ovation. In the back rows of the stalls, however, some people are furtively leaving their seats and heading for the cloakroom, hoping to take their things before there is a crush there. They are afraid of missing the last bus home. Soon the rest of the audience will flood into the lobbies, the house lights will be switched off, and the people will disperse. On their way home many of them will continue talking about the deep impression that the music and the dancing have made on them and discuss the costumes, the sets, and other particulars. Everything seems to suggest that Swan Lake will have a long run. A: I'm going to the theatre tonight. B: What are you going to see? A: The Boy on the Roof. B: Who's it by? A: A young playwright called Peter O'Neill. B: Oh, I saw a play by him last year. A: What did you think of it? B: It was very clever and quite funny. A: What was it about? B: A young couple in love. That may sound pretty banal was very witty. but the dialogue A: B: A: B: This seems to be a different sort of play; at least, as far as I can make out trom the reviews, it s a kind of tragedy. Well, the main thing is that O'Neill's plays are never boring Who's in it? Malcolm McCarthy's playing the lead g' m lL Then you're sure to. enjoy it. He's a marvellous actor. A: B: A: B: I'd like two seats in the upper circle for the Saturday matinee, please. I'm afraid the upper circle's sold out. All we've got left are seats in the dress circle - 5 and 6 in row D at £20 each. Hmm. That's a bit too much for me. Nothing in the gallery? No - sold out too. You might come back around noon, though, and queue up for standing room. Thanks for the suggestion. I might just do that, VOCABULARY THEATRE theatre [9iat^, amer. theater [Oblar] divadlo; amer. často též kino opera house opera (budova) playhouse divadlo (obvykle jako součást názvu) foyer [fbici] foyer, vestibul auditorium f | o:da' lo:nam] hlediště chandelier [|šaenda1 lio] lustr seating capacity [ka'pxsati] kapacita hlediště seating plan plán mist scat 600 people mit kapacitu 600 mist stalls [sto:Í7l mn. č. přizemi, křesla v přízemi dress circle první pořadi, první balkón upper circle druhé pořadi, druhý balkón box lóže; Royal Box královská lóže balcony [bslkani] balkón gallery jgxtari) galérie row [rau] řada aisle [ail], brit. též gangway ulička (v hledišti) standing room místo k stáni orchestra pit ['o:kaslra -j prostor pro orchestr dressing room herecká šatna cloakroom, amer. též checkroom šatna box office, ticket office pokladnu the woman in the box office pokladní programme seller prodavač programů cloakroom attendant [a'tendant] šainář(ka) usherette dass'ret] uvaděčka show in a latecomer uvést opozdilce / pozdního příchozího hire opera glasses půjčit si kukátko STAGE, PEOPLE ON THE STAGE AND BEHIND THE SCENES stage jeviště; revolving stage otáčivé jeviště the curtain [ka:tn] goes up / comes down opona jde nahoru / padá, jde dolů scenery fsi'.rwi) / í. kulisy (prosľredí hry) sel scéna (kulisy, nábytek i rekvizity pro jednotlivou scénu n. celou hru)', design the set navrhnout scénu spotlight reflektor actor [aíkta] herec actress [sktras] herečka appear [a'pia] vystupovat (v úloze) cast obsazeni (výběr herců do roli) leading part hlavni role play the lead hrát v hlavni rolí villain [vilanj zlosyn hero [hiarau] hrdina; milovník heroine [hcraum] hrdinka; milovnice great role velká roie play sb hrát nějakou postavu; play Falstaff hrát (/w/ŕľv«)'FalstafTä star hrát v hlavni roli all-star cast obsazení samými známými herci The play was well cast Hra byla dobře obsazena cast list osoby a obsazeni theatre bill divadelní plakát soloist [.ssulauisl] sólista corps de ballet [jko: da 'bslei], amer. též [bíe'lei] baletní soubor ballet dancer baletní tanečník, baletka chorus girl [' ko:ras -] sboristka (zpěvačka j nebo tanečnice, ale jen v revue) opera chorus singer člen(ka) operního souboru amateur company ['aemata ] .amatérský soubor drama group dramatický soubor guest company hostující soubor producer [pra'dju:sa] producent, brit. zastarale divadelní režisér director [di1 rekta] režisér (též Jilmový) stage manager [' - ,ma:nadža] inspicienl stage hand kulisár costume designer pkostjuim di|zaina] výtvarník kostýmu make-up artist / man maskér (stage) designer výtvarník scény lighting operator / man osvětlovač prompter nápovědu PERFORMANCE perform [pa'ibim] předvádět, hrát (úlohu) performance [pa1 fo:mans] 1. provedení; 2. představeni, hra; 3. výkon performing arts reprodukční umění (herců, hudebníků, baletu), múzická uměni What's oři tonight? Co se dnes hraje? Co se dnes večer dává? opening (night), first night, premiere jpremiea], amer. [pri'miar] premiéra gala [ga:b], amer. {gcila, gaela] performance, gala night slavnostní představení matinée [msetanei] odpolední představení rehearse [ri[ ha:s] zkoušet rehearsal [rilha:sl] zkouška, dress rehearsal generální zkouška repertoire [repatwa:] repertoár classical dramatist klasický dramatik, klasik contemporary (kan'temprari] současný, moderní avant-garde [|Eevorj'ga:d] avantgardní playwright (pleirait], dramatist autor divadelních her, dramatik repertory [repatri] theatre, repertory company repertoárové divadlo (s několika premiérami během roku) comedy [komadi] veselohra, komedie tragedy [trředžadi] tragédie RESPONSE OF THE AUDIENCE audience [o.dians] obecenstvo, publikum spectator [spek1 teíta], amer. [spekteitar] divák appreciative [a'priisiativ] uznalý, vděčný, umějící ocenit enthusiastic [in |0ju:zi1 arstik] nadšený theatregoer (častý) návštěvník divadla cheer jásat; cheering jásot clap, applaud [a'ploxi] tleskat reward with wild applause [a'plo:z] odměnil bouřlivým potleskem give sb a standing ovation [au1 veišn] stát a tleskat někomu make a deep impression hluboce zapůsobit delight audiences young and old libit se starým i mladým, nadchnout mladé i staré publikum draw targe audiences přitahovat početné publikum, táhnout diváky be a favourite with audiences být miláčkem obecenstva There were six curtain calls. Herci byli šestkrát vyvoláni před oponu, encore [orjko.] sb dožadovat se opakování na někom; Encore! Opakovat1, bow [bau] klanět se, uklánět se give a bouquet [bau'kei, bu:'kei] dát kytici, dát květiny It was well staged. Bylo to dobře inscenováno. He's a marvellous actor. Je skvělý. Hraje skvěle. He was tremendous [tra1 mendas] as Hamlet. Byl úžasný jako Hamlet his interpretation of Hamlet jeho pojetí /' interpretace Hamleta superb acting [sutpa:b, sju:|pa:b 1 -] skvělý herecký výkon magnificent [mseg'nifisnt] velkolepý, ohromný brilliant performance skvělý, vynikající výkon unforgettable experience [|anfa'getab!] nezapomenutelný zážitek entertaining [|enta'teinirj] zábavný It was fun. It was funny. Byla to legrace. Bylo to veselé. hilarious [hi1 learias] veselý (budiči veselí) witty vtipný amused by the irony [aiarani] pobaven ironií You can't compare it with It can't be compared with ... Nedá se srovnávat s... boring nudný object [ab'diekl] to st namítat proti něčemu The play was a failure. Hra propadla, flop hovor, propadák, fiasko cancel [kasnslj odvolat, zrušit revival (ri'vaivl] obnovená premiéra hove a long run dlouho se hrát. dlouho se dávat One man's meat is another man's poison. Proti gustu žádný dišpulát. THEATRE NOTICES Reserved tickets must be claimed by 7 p.m. Zamluvené vstupenky musí být vyzvednuly do sedmi hodin. Programme and cast subject to change, Změna programu a obsazení vyhrazena. Latecomers will not be seated until a suitable break. Pozdní přichozi budou uvedeni na místa až ve vhodnou chvíli Admission prices. Concessions (students, senior citizens)... Vstupné. Slevy (studenti, důchodci)... CINEMA feature film, full-length film celovečerní film short (film) krátký film newsreel (zpravodajský) týdenik trailer ukázka nového filmu (příštího programu) go to the pictures / amtr. movies (mu:viz] hovor. jit do kina What's on at the Odeon [sudisn]? Co se hraje / dává v Odeonu'' A new film is being shown / They're showing a new film at... Promítá / Dává se nový film \ ... release [n'li.s} uvést do kin rerun [ri:ran] obnovená premiéra screen plátno subtitle [1 sab, taitfj titulek dub (dab) dabovat, přemluvit (animated) cartoon [{amímeitid ka:Uu:n] kreslený film silent screen comedy klasická groteska silent film era [ion] období němého filmu sound film zvukový film script scénář film on location [teu'keišn] filmovat v exteriérech studio [stjuidiau) ateliér Additional phrases from the text As a rule everything turns out well. Zpravidla všechno dobře dopadne, there's nothing like neni nad leave furtively potají odejit flood into lite lobbies nahrnout se do vestibulu at least as far as I can make out aspoň pokud se v tom vyznám, aspoň pokud tomu rozumím Thanks for the suggestion, I might just do that. Děkuji za upozorněni, myslim, že to udělám. 1. Translate: lobby; auditorium; director; usherette; make-up artist; stage hand; dress rehearsal; revival; playwright; chorus girl; standing ovation; cheering; performing arts; animated cartoon; full-length film; script. 2. Pronounce: foyer; chandelier; corps de ballet; repertoire; matinee; bouquet; encore; premiere; amateur; avant-garde. 3. Supply synonyms: film; dramatist; first night; modern author; feature film; cloakroom; applause; bad character in a play; funny; repertoire; opening. 4. Distinguish: poster - bill; producer - director - choreographer; box office - booking office; funny - witty; upper circle - dress circle; opera - operetta; auditorium - audience; book a ticket - claim a ticket; title - subtitle; scenery - set (of a play). 5. Translate: inscenovat operu; zkouška a generálka; obsazeni samými známými herci; proslulí sólisté; v hlavní roli hraje ...; jména na plakátech; fronta u pokladny; režisér má hlavní podíl na úspěchu; dirigent se ukláni obecenstvu; nadšení diváci; odměnit herce bouřlivým potleskem; tleskat pět minut; dát herečce kytici; dobré herecké výkony; kostýmy a dekorace; mít velmi dobré kritiky (recenze); mluvit o hlubokém dojmu ze hry; být velmi oblíben u obecenstva; vkus divadelních návštěvníků se liší; současný dramatik; vtipný dialog; směšná situace; nudný příběh; hra se dlouho udrží; lístek do zadní řady na druhém balkónu; opona jde nahoru; světla zhasla. 6. Enumerate: I. all the people responsible for a theatre production; 2. dilferent kinds of seats; 3. various ways of showing one's enjoyment of a performance; 4. the kinds of information given in a theatre programme. 7. Answer according to the text: 1. What happens on the stage when the performance ends? 2. What precedes the opening night? 3. Is everyone interested in the same kind of entertainment? 4. Why did Swan Lake attract such a large audience? 5. Why do some people leave before the applause ends? 6. Which aspects of the performance do audiences discuss? 7. Can new plays always be written about "a young couple in love"? 8. What kind of seats did Mr A get at the box orlice? 8. Find three responses: I. There's nothing like seeing a play performed at the National Theatre. 2. How do you find out what's on at the theatres here? 3. I found the play boring. 4. Can you see well from here? 5. Do you feel like going to the theatre tonight? 6. What did you think of that young actor in the title role? 7. Why are there so lew people in the stalls? 9. Give a mint-talk: Which of these factors influence your enjoyment of a night at the theatre or cinema most? a) the place you sit in; b) the reputations of the actors; c) the reviews you've read; d) the person you go with; e) whether you're familiar with the play. 10. Connect the name of the show with the description: 1. Murder at Midnight a pantomime 2. Cinderella [isinda'rela] a tragedy 3. Macbeth an operetta 4. No Sex Please, We're British a thriller 5. Aida a comedy 6. The Merry Widow an opera 11. What preceded the statements? 1. ...so it's only natural that it couldn't possibly be a good production. 2. ... on the contrary, Í think it was pretty good. 3. ... but you should have seen him in A Sleepless Night. 4. ... and so I missed the first act. 5. ... so I very nearly left before the end of the play. 12. Complete the statements: 1. You know we can't trust his judgment 2. The production could hardly be called brilliant, but still... 3. The Horseshoe Theatre Company is really excellent at... 4. Who would have thought that George, who must be fifty at least, could ... 5. The play was a failure because ... 13. Topics for discussion: 1. Plays dealing with serious subjects and plays as straight entertainment. 2. Your reasons for not liking a particular kind of play or film. 3. Should there be more modern plays with happy endings? 4. What to do after a performance. 5. An account of a performance you have seen recently. 6. Competition between television, film, and theatre. GRAMMAR l GERVNDÍUM (DODATKY) Užití gerundia či infinitivu v doplnění sloves se řídi jejich významovým základem. V češtině rozdílu mezi gerundiem a infinitivem někdy odpovídá užití dvou různých sloves nebo dvou různých vazeb: 1 remember taking it with me. I must remember to take it with me. I forgot to do it. I'll never forget hearing Joan Sutherland. Vzpomínám si, že jsem to vzal s sebou. Nesmím zapomenout si to vzít s sebou. Zapomněl jsem to udělat. Nikdy nezapomenu, jak jsem slyšel (zpívat) Joan Sutherlandovou, Je-li činitel děje vyjádřeného gerundiem odlišný od podmětu věty a není-li všeobecný, dá se vyjádřit (viz 12. lekce) přivlastňovacím výrazem (přivlastňovacím zájmenem, u podstatných jmen přivlastňovacím pádem): I'm surprised at his j John's saying so. K tomu je nyní třeba doplnit, že přivlastňovací pád bývá nejčastěji u osobních zájmen a vlastních jmen (viz příklad I'm surprised at...), kdežto u obecných podstatných jmen bývá obecný pád: I can't imagine a father behaving in Nedovedu si představit, že by se tak that way. 1 can't remember my parents ever being unkind to me. I'm unhappy at freedom being restricted. I caught a glimpse of a stone blocking the way. I hate the thought of any son of mine marrying badly. I don't mind a boy smoking but 1 hate a girl smoking. 1 won't tolerate the poor boy being treated like that. choval otec. Nepamatuji se, že rodiče by na mě někdy nebyli laskaví. Jsem nešťastný z toho, že se omezuje svoboda. Zahlédl jsem, že nějaký kámen tarasí cestu. Nesnesu pomyšlení, že některý z mých synů by se špatně oženil. Nevadí mi, když chlapec kouří, ale nemám rád, když kouří děvče. Nestrpím, aby s tím ubohým chlapcem se takhle zacházelo. V hovorové angličtině bývá obecný pád i u zájmen a vlastních jmen: I'm surprised at him / John saying so. Jsem překvapen, že on ( Jan to tvrdí. Excuse me saying so. Promiň, že to říkám. r Nothing will prevent me going. Nic mi nezabrání, abych nešel. Do you mind me making a suggestion? Nevadí vám, když něco navrhnu? I'm annoyed about John forgetting to Zlobím se, že Jan zapomněl zaplatit. pay. They being your friends makes it still Tírn hůř, že jsou tvými přáteli. worse. přítomné gerundium trpné being ... -ed He doesn't like being criticized He hates being sent there. He can't stand being hurried Je nerad kritizován. Nemá rád kritiku. Je velice nerad, zeje tam postlán. Nesnáší, když ho někdo honí. s can i sumu u*-»"t> — Po sosech «* «4 r**, a V, -* <•*<* »"> «"» ' diální tvar má význam trpný. It wants painting. It's worth seeing. He needs looking after. Minulé gerundium Potřebuje to natřít. Stojí to za vidění. , „ , . , Potřebuje, aby se o nej někdo staral. činné trpné having... -ed having been .. -ed Děj vyjádřený minulým gerundiem předchází před dějem slovesa, které gerundium řídí: He was pleased at having tricked her. Radoval se, že ji napálil. He was angry at having been tricked. Zlobil se, že byl napálen. Po předložkách after, on, upon a po slovesech apologize, excuse, remember, think aj. lze užit místo minulého gerundia přítomné gerundium, protože již sama předložka nebo sloveso vyjadřují předčasnost a ze souvislosti je zřejmé, že děj gerundia předcházel. 1.1 Translate'. I. I'm accustomed to sitting up late. 2. The astronauts will never forge walking on the moon. 3. I forgot to turn the lights off. 4. He tried to be helpful 5. We don't like you to be unhappy. 6. I like singing, especially when there ar< no people listening. 7. I remember telling him twice what to do. 8. I mus remember to remind him of it. 1.2 Complete the gerundia) object: 1. 1 can't remember (he) ever disappointing me. 2. I can't remember (m friends) ever forgetting my birthday. 3. I'm surprised at (they) criticizing i 4. 1 enjoy (you) being with me here. 5. I apologize for (my son) breaking i 6. Excuse (Mary) (for) coming so iate. 7. 1 hate (he) taking my things all the time. 8. We insisted on (they) being invited too. 9. He can't stand (his work) being criticized. 1.3 Translate: 1. Stojí to za opakování. 2. Potřebuje to vyžehlit. 3. Ten hoch zasluhuje nařezat (thrash). 4. Potřebuje, aby se někdo o něho staral. 5. Ten pokoj potřebuje už zase vymalovat. 2 VAZBY S HA VE have st... -ed Sloveso have [hasv] (ve výslovnosti se neoslabuje) nebo get ve vazbě s předmětem a minulým přičestím má nejčastěji význam „dát si něco udělat": I had my watch repaired. Dal jsem si spravit hodinky. 1 will have my suit cleaned. Dám si vyčistit oblek. I didn't have my hair cut. Nedal jsem si ostříhat vlasy. Vazba s have však v jmém kontextu může být „vazbou zájmové účasti": She had her handbag stolen. Ukradli jí kabelku. King Charles had his head cut off. Králi Karlovi uťali hlavu. have st + infinitiv (bez to) Vazby have + předmět -f- infinitiv bez to nebo nominálni ľráze (což vlastně znamená potlačení infinitivu be; víz poslední přiklad) má význam zasažení podmětu dějem nebo jevem, např. návštěvou, zajímavým úkazem apod. We often have our friends visit us on Přátelé nás často chodí navštěvovat Sundays. v neděli. She likes to have the house clean and Má ráda dům Čisti/ a uklizený. tidy. Výrok What would you have me do? znamená „Co myslíš, že mám dělat? Co bys chtěl, abych dělal? Co ti mám udělat?" 2.1 Answer: Did he cut his hair himself? - ;Vo, he had il cut. 1. Did she clean her dress herself? 2. Did they repair the vacuum cleaner themselves? 3. Did you choose the flowers for the wedding yourself? 4. Did he post the parcel himself? 5. Did the guests bring their luggage themselves'7 2.2 Ask: I had my car tested. — Did you have your car tested too? 1. I had my hotel room booked. 2. We had our fiat cleaned. 3. They had their flat redecorated. 4. I had the problem explained to me. 5. I had central heating put in. 2-3 Translate: "e ndd ms nouse confiscated in the war. 4. The commander had the village burnt down. 5. I had it sent to their new address. 6. Did you have your cottage built or did you build it yourself? 2.4 Translate: 1. Kde sis dala ušít ty šaty? 2. Proč sis musel dát tu úlohu udělat od spolužáka? 3. My jsme si nedali natisknout oznámení. 4. Da! si věštit budoucnost (tell fortune). 3 VYPUŠTĚNÍ TVARU BE PO SPOJCE Po spojkách when, while, if, though se může v knižním stylu vypustit podmět spolu s příslušným tvarem slovesa be, když podmety v obou větách jsou stejné. Je-li po těchto spojkách formální podmět it, vypouští se spolu s tvarem slovesa be i při různosti podmětů (poslední dva příklady), pokud vypuštěné it postihuje obsah hlavní věty. Srovnejte: If possible, I'll go. Ale: If it is wet (ne * ifwet), I'll... Though built in a hurry, the road is Ačkoli se stavěla ve spěchu, je ta silnice quite good. docela dobrá. When sleeping, I never hear a thing. Když spím, nikdy nic neslyším. Though at home, I didn't hear the bell. Třebaže jsem byl doma, neslyšel jsem zvonit. When published, his new novel will Až bude vydán, jeho nový román způso- cause a sensation. bi senzaci. If possible, I'll buy a house. Bude-li to možné, koupím si dům. When necessary, I borrowed some Když to bylo nutné, vypůjčil jsem si money. peníze. 3.1 Abbreviate the statements by omitting the verb be: 1. When I'm in Scotland, I like to walk on the moors. 2. Although they were friends, they often disagreed on all sorts of things. 3. If it's possible, I'll have the seats reserved. 4. If it's necessary we'll give you a lift to the station. 5. Though he was informed about the problem, he did nothing about it. LONDON THEATRES There are over 150 theatres in professional use in Britain. The centre of theatrical activity is London, where the majority of the theatres are situated in or near the West End, with the rest in the suburbs. Most of them are let for each production, but a few are the permanent homes of subsidized repertory companies, among them the National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare companies. The Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, gives regular seasons of opera and ballet. Both the Royal Opera and the Royal Ballet have high international reputations and make overseas tours. Covent Garden derives its name from a small square laid out in 1631; the site was originally occupied by a convent garden that belonged to the Abbey of Westminster. Seasons of opera and operetta are given by the English National Opera, which plays in the London Coliseum and makes provincial tours. Its former home, Sadler's Wells Theatre, houses most of the London performances of visiting opera and dance companies. The National Theatre stages classical and modern plays. In 1975 it moved into its new complex on the South Bank, adjacent to two of the principal concert halls of London, the Royal Festival Hall and the Queen Elizabeth Hall. One building houses three theatres, the largest of which, the Olivier Theatre, seats 1,165. The other two smaller theatres are used by the National Theatre Company for smaller and experimental productions. Outside there are terraces open to the public and suitable for pageants and other open-air performances. The Royal Shakespeare Company presents Shakespeare's plays in the Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon for about eight months of the year and a mixed repertoire in London virtually all the year round at its home in the Barbican. The Royal Court Theatre was leased in 1956 by the newly founded English Stage Company. That year is now regarded as marking the birth of modern British drama. Before the opening night of John Osborne's Look Back in Anger there was little innovative writing for the theatre in England: Shakespeare, drawing-room comedies, musicals, and Christmas pantomimes accounted for the vast majority of productions. But in the years that followed, the company produced scores of plays, mostly new works, many radical and experimental at the time, and launched many playwrights on the road to fame. adjacent [a'dzeisnt] přilehlý; convent [konvsnt] ženský klášter; drawing-room comedy konverzační veselohra; innovative finaveitivj novátorský; make an overseas tour podniknout zahraniční turné; pantomime [pamtsmaim] vánoční pohádková hra pro děli s hudbou a humornými písněmi; provincial tour (pr3|vinšl 1 —} zájezd mimo Londýn; score [sko:] desítka, tucet (doslova: dvacítka) Vlastni jména: the Barbican [ba:bikn] oblast v Londýně s velkým kulturním střediskem; the Coliseum [l koli 'siam] divadelní budova v Londýně; Sir Laurence Olivier (jlorans o'liviei] (1907—1990) přední britský herec a první ředitel Národního divadla; vlastním jménem Kerr: John Osborne (1929) britský dramatik; Sadler's Wells dssdbz 'welzj londýnské divadlo LiEJSIšUrN 19 FASHION There is something irrational about fashion: what is worn now appears elegant and yet the fashions of a few years ago seem to us strange, funny, horrid, and even bizarre today. And undoubtedly what we accept as fashionable now will be laughed at in a few years' time. Fashion is unpredictable. It develops in almost imperceptible small stages but every few years the great creative designers who set the fashion change the style completely. Something quite new is launched in Paris, New York, or Rome which people may object to at first as too extravagant, or even in bad taste, but soon everybody gets used to it and begins to enjoy the new style. The new models are mass-produced by the clothing industry and they "sell". Most women enjoy following the changing styles and dressing in the latest fashion. They seem to feel more confident in a new dress (if it fits them of course). Men, on the other hand, are often indifferent to the laws of fashion. Most of them see no point in reading fashion magazines or going to fashion shows or looking for novelty in what they wear. They pay regard to practical aspects such as comfort, and do not like the idea of discarding almost unworn clothes which have had the bad luck to go out of fashion overnight. Besides, as a rule they do not want to attract attention to themselves by looking different. They would be annoyed if everybody stared at them. It is true that a great deal of time and money is wasted because of the constant changes, but in fact styles return, features are repeated, and there is a tendency" towards a pattern of cyclical repetition. Nevertheless, things never repeat in quite the same way, and designers can draw on a whole range of possibilities for the distinctive features of a particular fashion. Take, for instance, a woman's dress. First there are the different lengths: floor-length and ankle-length, calf-length, and above the knee (or, more informally, maxt, midi, and mini). Then the dress may have an oval neckline, a low neckline, a V-neck, a high neckline; it may show a "classical" line or be straight or A-line; the waistline may be high, or low, or natural. There is also the variety of materials it can be made of: traditional natural materials such as cotton, wool, and silk and the vast selection of new fabrics based on man-made fibres. These in turn may be plain or patterned (in floral or geometric designs), and be taken from the whole spectrum of colours running from the brightest and most garish to the coolest and most subdued. Finally, as if this were not enough, there are the accessories to match the dress, which also have to be considered, and even such things as hair style and make-up, which are no less subject to the whims of fashion than the clothes they complement. In short, the permutations and combinations of fashion are endless. Interview with a fashion expert A ■ You're always reading Vogue magazine. So you must know all about the summer fashions. Could you give me some tips? narrow B: Well, the first thing you should get is a light cotton suit with a narrow 222 skirt. It's the best all-purpose thing for day wear. And besides, you can wear the jacket with other skirts and trousers. A: And for hot weather? B: A halter or a T-shirt — you can tuck it into a matching skirt or trousers. If you like contrast, keep it simple — white and one other colour. A: What should I look for in a bathing suit? B: Something dark: black, navy, brown. Take two — one for swimming and a bikini for getting a tan. For lunch around the pool, you can just slip on a beach jacket over the bathing suit. A: And for dinner at the restaurant? B: Trousers, or a skirt, a summer blouse, and a loose, thin cardigan. On a cool day it'll work as a sweater. And just a simple, open sandal. Flat heels — but in town you'd want a medium or high heel. A: Well, thanks a lot for helping me with my clothes problem. On Monday I'll have to get busy shopping. B: Wait a moment. 1 forgot — there's one more must: a summer hat. Something with a wide brim, in paper-thin straw. A: Don't you think this outfit will be wasted on Brighton? Shouldn't I go to St Tropez instead? B: Good heavens, no! You're behind the times. No one who's anybody goes to St Tropez any more. VOCABULARY "FASHION come into fashion, become fashionable přijít do módy go out of fashion, become unfashionable vyjit z módy, přestat být moderní It's ia. hovor. Nosí sc to. Přišlo lo do módy. be on the way out být na ústupu give way to st ustoupit něčemu replace [ri'pleis] st with / by st nahradit něco něčím unpredictable [tanpr3;diktabl] nepředvídatelný trend trend, směr vývoje dress in the current [karsnt] fashion oblékat se podle současné módy latest fashion nejtiovcjií móda převalí [při1 veil] převládat passing fad přechodná móda, dočasná obliba reflect [ri'ftektl the period odrážet dobu imperceptible (, rrnpa1 septibl] modification nepostřehnutelná změna modify [modifat] pozměnit permutation [jp^mjuUeišn] obměna cyclical repetition dsaiklikl reps'tišn) cyklické opakování r cycle [saikl] cyklus, koloběh fashion designer [di'zaína] módní návrhář, tvůrce módy fashion magazine módni časopis read Vogue [vsug] číst Vogue {přední americký módní časopis) set tne fashion udávat módu launch a new style uvést / zavést nový styl give sb a tip dát tip, poradit present [pn'zent] new spring models at a fashion show / fashion parade [pa'reid] předvádět nové jarní modely na módní přehlídce design a model [modi] navrhnout model model clothes předvádět Šaty / modely model modelka, manekýnka look for novelty [novlti] shánět se po novinkách stylish bat módní, elegantní klobouk wear elegant [ebgant] clothes chodit elegantně (oblečen) smart elegantní extravagant [ik'straevsgant] výstřední, přehnaně módní bizarre [bi'za:] bizarní trendy módní 223 attract attention upoutat pozornost, přitahovat pozornost gtare at sb zírat na někoho It's wasted on this provincial town. Pro takové venkovské městečko je to zbytečné / škoda, in bad taste nevkusný borrid [horad] hrozný discard [di'ska.d] odložit, zahodit unworn nenošený worn-out obnošený trend towards informality [|info:'mattati] trend / tendence k neformálnosti keep in mind the practical aspects dbát na praktičnost suitable for all-round wear vhodné pro všestranné denni použití all-purpose thing víceúčelová věc work as a sweater posloužit jako svetr mass-produce masově vyrábět clothing industry oděvní průmysl, konfekce dressmaker's dámské krejčovství tailor's pánské krejčovství The tailor takes the basic measurements. Krejčí vezme základní míry. waist pas chest j. č. prsa, hrudník bust prsa, poprsí hip bok measure with a tape (measure) mčřit krejčovskou mírou go for a fitting jít na zkoušku fit padnout loose volný tight těsný close-fitting přiléhavý LESSON 19 denim [denim] dřinsovina man-made fibre [faiba] umělé vlákno creaseproof [krv.spru-.f], crease-resistant [| - n'zdstsnt] nemačkavý non-iron finon'aisn] nepotřebující žehlit creased (kriistj pomačkaný, zmačkaný crumple zmačkat, zmuchlat sharp crease ostrý puk shrink srazil se first-class prvotřídní thick tlustý, silný thin tenký transparent [Irxn'spaerant, träen'spearant) průsvitný MATERIAL material [ma'tiarial] látka, textilie, tkanina; = textile material fabric tkanina, látka affect [a'fekt] ovlivňovat cloth (mn. č. brit. [klo8s], amer. [klo:8z]) 1. látka, sukno {three yards of cloth); 1. kus látky cotton [kom] bavlna wool [wul] vlna, vlněná příze, vlněná látka woollen [wuln], amer. woolen vlněný silk hedvábí; hedvábný corduroy [koidaroil manšestr terylene [tcralim] terylén (brit. obchodní značka podobný tesilu) DESIGN distinctive feature (di | stirjktiv 'fi.ča} charakteristický rys plain 1. prostý, jednoduchý; 2. nevzorovaný pattern vzor, vzorek; patterned vzorovaný design [di1 zain] vzor, návrh stripe pruh; striped pruhovaný checked, brit. téi chequered [čekad], amer. též checkered kostkovaný dotted puntíkový sported vzorovaná floral [fto:r3l] květinový, květovaný geometrie [[džia1 metrik] geometrický colour scheme [skř.m] soulad / výběr barev spectrum [spektram] spektrum, rejstřík barev colourfast stálobarevný, nepouštějící barvu bright jasný subdued [ssb!dju:d] tlumený pastel [píst I) pastelový garish [geariš] křiklavý striking nápadný navy námořnická modř ornament ozdoba floor / ankle / calf-length délka na zem / po kotníky / do půli lýtek above the knee nad koleno maxi, midi, mini [meksi, midí, mini] lowered / raised / natural waistline snížený / zvýšený / přirozený pas tuck a blouse into the skirt zastrčit halenku do sukně belt opasek, pás, pásek slit skirt sukně s rozparkem wrap-over skirt zavinovaci sukně button-front se zapínáním vpředu strapless bez ramínek with straps s ramínky bell shaped zvonový pleated plisovaný oval [suvl] neckline oválný výstřih low / high neck hluboký / malý výstřih V-neck výstřih ve tvaru V beach jacket plážový kabátek halter [ho.lts] vršek k opalovací sukni (s volnými zády a páskem kolem krku) suit |su:t, sju:tj oblek, dámský kostým costume [kostjum] divadelní kostým; zřídka dámský kostým HAIR STYLE hair style, hairdo účes straight rovný smooth hladký curly kudrnatý permed nakadeřený, s trvalou (ondulaci) backcombed [bakkaumd] tupirovaný collar-lengtb hair vlasy po limec longhair hovor, vlasatec parting, amer. part pěšinka fringe [frindž] ofina ponytail [psumteit) opon bobbed haircut chlapecký sestřih (dámský) cut one's hair ustřihnout si vlasy have a haircut dát se ostříhat hair cut snort, close-cropped hair nakrátko ostřihané vlasy chignon [ši:njan] uzel lock lokna wave vlna have one's hair done dát si upravit vlasy hairdresser's kadeřnictví hairdresser, hairstylist kadeřník get a new hairdo, change one's hairdo zmínit si účes ask for a shampoo [šaem 'pu:J and a set chtít mytí a vodovou wash, shampoo umýt (vlasy) set one's hair with curlers natočit si vlasy (na natáčky) hair slide sponka do vlasů hairpin vlásenka, pérko do vlasu tint, dye (dai] barvit rinse přeliv bleach odbarvil Wood blonďák; blonde blondýna; blond, fair-haired blond, plavý dark-haired tmavovlasý chestnut [česnat], dark-brown kaštanový brunette [bru:'net] bruneta light, fair svetlý light-brown světle hnedý auburn [o:t»:n] tizián red rudý, rusý, zrzavý red-haired, ginger-haired [idžindža'head] zrzavý wear a wig nosit paruku hairpiece pfičes(ek) prematurely bald [Iprema&ti / 'premačuali |bo:!d] předčasně plešatý / lysý bald (beaded) holohlavý, plešatý ACCESSORIES accessories [ak 'scwnz] doplnky complement doplňovat gloves [glavz] rukavice handbag kabelka hat with a wide brim klobouk se Širokým okrajem scarf šátek, sála shoes střevíce, boty sandals [ssendlz] sandály Hat-heeled s nízkými podpatky high / medium heel vysoký / středně vysoký podpatek JEWELLERY jewellery, amer. jewelry [džu:alri]/ ŕ. šperky, klenoty, skvosty; a piece of jewellery šperk jewel drahokam necklace [neklis] náhrdelník bracelet [breistat] náramek brooch [brsuč] brož pin spona earring náušnice ring prsten pendant [pendant] přívěsek costume jewellery bižuterie fake stone umělý kámen imitation [iimaUeišn] napodobenina precious ston* [|presos 1 — ] drahokam se mi precious stone polodrahokam gem (opracovaný) kámen MAKE-UP cosmetics [Tco/.'mctiks] kosmetické potřeby / přípravky, kosmetika have a beauty treatment jit na kosmetiku beauty parlour ['bju:ti i pa :1s], beauty salon [sxlon], amer. beauty snop kosmetický salón idakc oneself up, make up one's face nalíčit se, upravit si obličej showy nápadný decent nenápadný wear a lot of make-up mít na sobě hodně líčidla go with one's Complexion [ksm'pleksn] hodit se k pleti rouged [ru:žd] cheeks namalované tváře put on / apply [?1 plai] one's lipstick použít rtěnku pale / dark shade světlý / tmavý odstín put on / use eye shadow nanést oční stíny eyelid ['ai|lidj oční vičko eyebrow pencil faibrau | pensi] tužka na obočí pencilled eyebrows namalované obočí pat on one's mascara [ma; ska:ra], amer. [ms'sksrs] dát si líčidlo na řasy eyelashes [ailaeíiz] řasy do / paint one's nails lakovat si nehty nail varnish, amer. nail polish lak na nehty put on powder nanést pudr jar of skin cream / face cream kelímek s krémem na obličej cleansing face lotion [, kienzirj 1 feis , bušn] (čisticí) pleťová voda have » facial [feišl] dál si kosmetiku a masáž obličeje scent (sent) zejm. hrit. voňavka; a bottle of scent lahvička s voňavkou scented [sentidj voňavý, navoněný perfume (paifjuim] parfém perfumed [p3:f)u:md] naparfémovaný cologne, eau de cologne [ | au da ks1 bunj kolínská (voda) deodorant [dii'audrsnt] dezodorant DESCRIPTION OF A PERSON I have a nice figure [rigs] mít pěknou postavu tall [to:!] vysoký be (of) average height [|«vridž 1 hait] mít průměrnou výšku broad-shouldered [|bro:d 'sauldad] ramenatý of medium [mi:diam] build střední postavy slim stihlý min hubený gaunt [go:nt), haggard [haegsd] vyzáblý, vychrtlý stout [staul] silný, tlustý, zavalitý fat tlustý have a dark complexion [kam1 plcksn] být tmavé pleti, snědý pale bledý (sun)tanned opakuj with regular features s pravidelnými rysy handsome [haiiisam] hezký (zejm. o mutí) attractive půvabný; not unattractive nc nehezký a real beauty skutečná kráska, opravdová krasavice homely amer. nehezký, fádní plain nehezký (zejm. o zené) freckled píhovatý scar jizva special mark zvláítní znamení birthmark mateřské znaménko wrinkled [rirjkld] face vrásčitý obličej walk with a stoop chodit shrbený, sehnutý Additional phrases from the text Nevertheless, they never repeat. Přesto se neopakuji. draw on a whole range of possibilities čerpat z Širokého výběru možností There's one more must. Je tu ještě jedna naprosto nutná vře. You're behind the times. Jsi pozadu za dobou. I have to get busy shopping. Musím se dát do nakupováni, no one who's anybody nikdo, kdo něco znamená 1. Translate: ,. he's annoyed when people stare at him; set the tone in fashion; encuess permutations of fashion; crease-resistant; discard some clothes; corduroy trousers; non-iron fabric; close-fitting jumper; smart dress; checkered skirt; bell-shaped; go for a fitting; bust, hip; high-heeled shoes; necklace, pendant, brooch. be of medium build; stout man; wrinkled face; parting on the left side; pins and curlers; chignon; wear a wig; bald; ginger-haired; chestnut; auburn; garish colours; use perfume; complexion. 2. Distinguish: tight — close-fitting; dye — bleach; auburn — dark-haired; chest — bust; tailor - dressmaker; precious stone — fake stone; bracelet — brooch; bareheaded — bald; fabric — fibre; trouser crease — creased trousers; denim — jeans; belt — waistline. 3. Translate; móda je nevypočitatelná; zahájit novou* módu; zvyknout si na nový styl; shánět novinky; nejprve mít námitky proti změnám; zdá se to podivné; po letech se ťo jeví jako směšné nebo hrozné; trpělivě sledovat ustavičné změny; nejvíce pozornosti věnovat praktickým zřetelům; předvádět současné modely na módní přehlídce; hromadně vyrábět oděvním průmyslem; jde to na odbyt; konfekční šaty padnou; odložit téměř nenošené šaty; cyklické opakování některých charakteristických rysů módy; délka sukně pod kolena nebo nad kolena; rovná sukně; plisovaná sukně; hluboký výstřih; zvýšený / snížený pas; změřit boky; móda ovlivňuje materiál i výběr barev; jasné a tlumené barvy; bavlna, vlna, hedvábí a jiné přírodní materiály; geometrický vzor; umělé vlákno; jednobarevné sako; vzorovaný šátek; květovaný vzor halenky; kalhotový kostým; tendence k větší neformálnosti. 4. Enumerate: 1. different lengths of dresses; 2. different necklines; 3. various materials for dressmaking; 4. various shades of red and blue; 5. a number of cosmetic items; 6. several kinds of jewellery; 7. things for a young woman to wear at a formal party. 5. Answer according to die text: 1. What is irrational about fashion? 2. Does fashion develop in sudden stages? 3. Can any new model be mass-produced? 4. Do men accept the rule of fashion as much as women? 5. Do styles return? 6. What are the main features of a woman's dress that are subjects to fashion changes? 7. What has to be chosen to match the dress? 8. What does Vogue magazine say about the fashion for this summer? 6. Find three responses: 1. You're behind the times. 2. Could you give me some tips on what clothes to wear? 3. Why's he dressed in black? 4. You must be awfully cold in just a T-shirt. 5. What will you wear on the trip? 6. This dress of mine is a disgrace. 7. Do I look all right? 8. Are those shoes comfortable? 7. Complete the statements: 1. What we accept as fashion now will ... 2. Men see no point in ... 3. They pay greatest regard to ... 4. As a rule men don't want to attract... 5. Men would be annoyed if... 6. Take for instance ... 7. The materials in turn may be plain or... 8. When it gets cold on the beach, you can just slip on ... 9. Wait a moment, I forgot — there's one more must: ... r III 8. What preceded the statements? 1. .. .but then everybody gets used to it. 2. ... in short, things never repeat in quite the same way. 3 ... so this outfit will be wasted on Brighton. 4____with the holidays coming up I'll need the money. 5— and that's why 1 decided to change my hairdo completely. 9. Topics for discussion: I. The present trend in fashion. 2. The things I lack in my wardrobe. 3. The art of make-up. 4. Does the tyranny of fashion lead to much waste? 5. Do clothes help to give a person a feeling of competence and to overcome any inferiority complex? 6. What do you think of modelling as a career? 7. A description of two persons who are unlike one another (their physical features). 8. My attitude to fashion. 9. The young and the old, town people and country people: differences in dressing. GRAMMAR 1 PŘÍTOMNÝ ČAS PROSTÝ A PRŮBĚHOVÝ (DODATKY) Prostý přítomný fas se užívá, kromě pro děj obecně platný a časově neomezený : 1. jako okamžitý přítomný čas, a to: a) v rozhlasových sportovních komentářích v popisu, co se právě na hřišti odehrává: Johnson kicks the ball to the middle of Johnson kope míč do středu hřiště, tam the field, Matthews takes it and runs ho přebírá Matthews a běží s nim forward - he shoots - it's a goal! dopředu - střílí - a je to gol! Moore passes to Best. Moore přihrává Bestovi. b) při předváděni chodu nebo procesu: First I mix then I add ... Nejprve smíchám..., potom přidám... c) v instrukcích: First you take some flour, then you Nejdříve vezměte trochu mouky, pak mix the fat and the sugar. přimíchejte tuk a cukr. d) u výrazu I hear, I see, {gather, když mluvíme o něčem, co jsme ujistili; dále u Ijbrget (nemohu si vzpomenout, nevím): I forget how old he is. Zapomněl jsem j Zapomínám, jak je starý, (opak k ,,I remember") I hear that your wife is ill. Dověděl jsem se j Dovídám se, ie tvá žena je nemocná. e) pří citování: A jungle society conforms to jungle Společnost podobná džungli se při-laws. způsobuje zákonům džungle. 2. jako historický přítomný čas Mluvčí v živém vyprávění jako by zapomněl na čas. Často se přítomný čas střídá s minulým. V angličtině v psaném projevu se vyskytuje mnohem řidčeji než v češtině - jen při vyprávěni historek v přímé řeči osob; v autorské řeči vzácně. At that moment, in comes a police- Vtom vejde policista. man. 3. pro budoucí čas, zejména pro něco, co bylo dáno na program nebo je v souvislosti s časovým rozvrhem: Winter term starts on September 20. Zimní semestr začíná 20. záři. The last train to Prague leaves at Poslední vlak do Prahy jede v 10.30. 10.30. Průběhový přítomný čas se užívá, kromě pro děj právě probíhající a pro děj blízké budoucnosti, též v dalších třech případech: 1. pro vyjádření nějakého zatvrzelého zvyku, který je mluvčímu nepříjemný; sloveso však musí být provázeno příslovcem always, constantly, never, forever aj.: They're constantly coming and going. Pořád chodi sem a tam. He's always doing things like that. Pořád dělá něco takového. 2. spojení průběhového tvaru slovesa be s přídavným jménem vypovídá o právě probíhajícím konání či jednání (přídavné jméno samb o sobě představuje charakteristiku, kterou poznáváme z jednání); He's being silly. Chová se hloupě. He's being clever. Předvádí se, jak je chytrý. She's being jealous. Chová se žárlivě. Obdobně lze užít přídavná jména awkward obtížný v jednání, careful opatrný, careless nedbalý, neopatrný, cruel krutý, funny legrační, zábavný, greedy nenasytný, naughty rozpustilý, noisy hlučný, rude hrubý. Není však možné řict *he 's being tall protože being tall se nepoznává zjednání. Průběhový přítomný čas je možný i s podstatným jménem v přísudku: He's being a nuisance. Chová se protivně / otravně. (He's a nuisance.) (Je to protiva.) 3. pro činnost, které věnujeme pravidelně určitou část svého času: I'm working at the university. Pracuji na univerzitě. I'm studying music. Studuji hudbu. Tm playing in the university team this Letos hraji v univerzitním družstvu. year, Poznámka: Průběhových tvarů přibývá. V minulých stoletích byly vzácnější než dnes; srovnejte Polonia k čtoucímu Hamletovi: "What do you read, my lord?" V moderní angličtině přibyl např. průběhový čas u have (v jiných významech než „vlastnit"), be a u sloves pocitů: We're having a party. I'm having it repaired for you. I'm hoping. I'm feeling better (zde vyjadřuje naléhavost). 1.1 Explain why a particular tense or verbal form was used: 1. First you mix the eggs and sugar, then you stir the mixture, ... 2. And then he turns to me and says: "Get out of here." 3. When do we set out for London? 4. MacCarthy passes the ball to Stewart, Stewart runs forward but r is tackled by Mortimer, and now Mortimer loses the ball to Anderson. 5. She's beingjealous, and no wonder, when he's being so friendly to Jane. 6. He's always using my electric razor. 7. He's just being stubborn: he'll agree in the end. g They're constantly complaining and accusing us of neglecting them. 9. After controlling the hemorrhage, you sprinkle powder in the wound. 2 DVA PŘEDMĚTY Některá slovesa se pojí se dvěma předměty. Jeden se nazývá nepřímý a téměř vždy označuje osobu-recipienta, druhý je přímý. U sloves dáváni a sdělování (give, bring, buy, sell; leave (dědictvím); ask (sb a question), tell) je sled: nepřímý předmět - přímý předmět: She sent Jim a card. Toto pravidlo má však výjimky: a) Je-li na nepřímém předmětu důraz, stojí za přímým a má u sebe předložku to nebo for. I sent the card to Jim (= not to Bill). b) Je-li přímý předmět vyjádřen zájmenem (např. it), je nepřímý předmět předložkový: Bring it ťo me. (Ne *Bring me it.) V britské angličtině, když oba předměty jsou zájmenné, předložka to se někdy vypouští: Give it (to) me. c) Dlouhý nepřímý předmět se klade za přímý předmět. Srovnejte: She sent the nurse some flowers. She sent some flowers to the nurse in charge of the hospital ward. Prospěchový nepřímý předmět se převádí většinou na předložkový předmět s/or; ale u sloves give, promise, tell, show je to. S for je např. build (sb a house), boil (sb some eggs), make (oneself a cup of tea). Recipient však musí být životný, aby se dal užít nepřímý předmět bez předložky. Srovnejte: I'll find a place for you. — I'll find you a place. I'll find a place for the new painting. (Není * I'll find the new painting a place.) Po některých slovesech bývá bezpředložkový nepřímý předmět jen při zájmenech, zejména v rozkazovacím způsobu, tedy v hovorovém stylu: sing me a song; read me the letter; cook me a meal; wash me some socks; pour me a cup of coffee; paint me a picture; pack me a suitcase; save me some coffee. 2.1 Make sentences out of the following: give a present (she) - Give her a present. explain the situation (he) - Explain the situation to him. 1. show the way (they); 2. promise a reward (the workers); 3. buy a ticket (I); 4. pay two pounds (I); 5. suggest a solution (he); 6. read the programme (1); 7. recommend a good dictionary (we); 8. buy it (she); 9. bring it (they); 10. advise (she) what she should wear. 2.2 Translate: 1. Řekni o tom Markétě, ne Zuzaně. 2. Dej mu to ihned, neodkládej to na zítra. 3. Chce, abych mu přečetl své básně. 4. Okamžik, najdu vám místo. 5. Nakonec jsem poslal tu pohlednici strýci, a ne domů. 6. Nechal mi důležitý vzkaz. 7. Už jsi mi to přinesl? 8. Dal jsem taxikáři kufr a ori ho dal na přední sedadlo. 9. Kup mi prosím svačinu. 10. Nedávej Jimovi tolik peněz, všechny je utratí, 11. Zatelefonuj mi jejich názor. 12. Příště přinesu kvěLíny v tobě. FASHION IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 20TH CENTURY r The period from the beginning of the 20th century to the outbreak of World War 1 is usually spoken of in England as the Edwardian era, although King Edward actually died in 1910. It was an age of great ostentalion and extravagance. The English king himself set the example and there were numerous balls and dinners and country-house parties. More money was spent on clothes than ever before. The period has been defined as the last good time of the upper classes and the clothes reflected this. For men the accepted wear for all formal occasions was still the top hat and tails, but the lounge suit was increasingly to be seen. Trousers tended to be very narrow, and young men were beginning to wear them with permanent turnups and with a sharp crease in front. Collars of white starched linen were high. The female silhouette began to be slightly modified in 1908. The bust no longer protruded so far forward nor the buttocks so far back. Hips became narrow and skirls so narrow at the hem that it was difficult for a woman to take a step of more than five inches. There was a wave of orientalism following the extraordinary excitement caused by the production of Scheherazade by the Ballet Russe. It was as if every woman - and this at a time when the suffragettes were gaining more and more support - was determined to look like a slave in an oriental harem. With the extremely narrow skirt went very large hats. The silhouette, in complete contrast to that of the woman of 1860, was a triangle standing on its point. In 1913 came another startling change. Dresses no longer had collars coming up to the ears; instead, there was what was known as the V-neck. This created considerable excitement. It was denounced from the pulpit as something indecent and by doctors as a danger to health. Just before the outbreak of war there was another modification in the general outline of women's dresses. Over the skirt, which was very long and tight at the ankle, there was a kind of tunic reaching to just below the knee. The hats were no longer broad, but very small, and fitted the head closely. The war had a deadening effect on fashion, and there is little of interest to record until the conflict was over. After the war came the barrel line, with boyish bust and no waist. And then, in 1925, to the horror of many, came the real revolution: short skirts. A new type of woman had come into existence. Girls tried to look as much like boys as possible. All curves were completely abandoned and young women even cut off their hair. There was really nothing to distinguish a young woman from a schoolboy except perhaps her rouged lips and pencilled eyebrows. barrel (bajrlj sud; boyish chlapecký; buttocks [baOks] zadek; curve [lo:v] křivka; deadening effect (idednitj i'fckt] tlumicí účinek; denounce [di'tiauns] odsoudil, napadnout; determined (di:1 tn:mind] rozhodnutý; Edwardům era (ed1 woidianledwavdovskč období;extravagance (ik'strievsgans] výstřednost; female [h:meil] ženský; harem [hearam, ha;'n:mj. timer, [haran] harčin; hem lem {sukně); A JOURNEY TO ENGLAND eas A journey to England begins already before you get aboard a plane or get on a train bound for London. It starts when you apply for a passport at the district police station, handing in the necessary photographs and a completed form with such data as the date and place of your birth. Next you apply for an allocation of British currency from the State Bank. Once you have got a valid passport and a certain sum of money in pounds obtained at the current exchange rate, it is high time for you to make your travel arrangements. Going by plane is obviously quicker and more comfortable but going by train will save you a lot of money - and you are not exactly rolling in money, are you? So you will probably be content with a train, which has the additional advantage that you will be able to see some parts of Europe between Cheb and the English Channel on your way to England. When it is overcast, the plane flies above the clouds and you cannot see any of the landscape below. You will probably be low on funds. So to get the most out of your visit, you should plan your stay with the help of a good guidebook. Of course, most visitors to Britain, no matter where else they may go, spend a few days in London. What the English writer Samuel Johnson said some two hundred years ago still holds: "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life." One good idea is to make London your base. You can do a lot of sightseeing there and then you can make day trips to various places that are within easy reach of London: the old university towns of Oxford and Cambridge, Windsor Castle, near the Thames and with the famous Eton public school nearby, and well-known seaside resorts such as Brighton and Southend. Then, money and weather permitting, you might go (perhaps hitchhiking) to the old cathedral towns of Winchester and Salisbury. Winchester is memorable for having once been the capital of England; it was here that the Anglo-Saxon king Alfred the Great had his seat. On Salisbury Plain there is the remarkable prehistoric monument of Stonehenge, with its giant stone circles. From there you can go on to the West Country - the counties of Somerset, Avon, Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall. It has its own character, quite different from that of the North or the South. The scenery here is still unspoiled by civilization; Plymouth in the south and Bristol in the north are the only large cities, Bath and Exeter the only large towns. Exeter is the starting point for Dartmoor, a wild tract of moorland (The Hound of the Baskervilles takes place here). Bath is worth seeing on account of the impressive remains of its Roman bath, built two thousand years ago on the site of the only natural hot springs in the country. It is likely that you will be nearly broke by now even if you have been staying in youth hostels and generally roughing it - eating fish and chips or hot dogs and chocolate and buns. So you'd better hurry back to London to enjoy the hospitality of your friends for a day or two and to regain some weight - and to see perhaps the Botanical Gardens at Kew, the Observatory and the Maritime Museum at Greenwich, and Hampton Court, all three of them in the immediate environs of London and part of Greater London. Then you can set out to the east and south, heading for Canterbury, known as a place of pilgrimage in Chaucer's time, or one of the well-known seaside resorts such as Brighton or Bournemouth. And now it will already be time to send a few last postcards to friends and to think of some presents to take back. The time flies incredibly fast when you are abroad, and sooner or later the day will arrive when your friends will see you off at Victoria Station, from the same platform where they came to meet you three weeks before. Then it will be "Goodbye, Britain," or rather, "Goodbye, England," because you will not have seen anything except England. There are still Wales and Scotland .., Well, perhaps next time. At the Customs and Immigration A: B: A: B: A: B: A; B: A: B: A: B: A: B: May I see your passport? Here you are. What's the purpose of your visit to Britain? I've been invited to stay with friends. How long are you going to be in Britain? For about a fortnight, maybe longer. Your visa expires in a month. But you can get it extended. Yes, I know that. Have you been to England before? No, never. Your passport's in order, sir. I hope you enjoy your stay here. We get some fine days in June. Thank you. Goodbye, sir. Goodbye. A: B: B: A: B: A: Have you anything to declare? Spirits, cigarettes, tobacco? Well I've got several gifts for my friends: two records, an art book, a silk scarf - shall I open my luggage for inspection? Yes, please. Thank you, that's all right. Books and records are duty-free. Is this all your luggage? Yes, that's all I have. Have you got any foreign currency on you? I've only got some small change - Czechoslovakian crowns. Good. Well, that's all, sir. Thank you. VOCABULARY PASSPORT apply for a passport [pa-.spo.t) žádat o pas issued [išu: neb° ^ dokonavé r 2.1 Reply: Did he do it? At first he wouldn't do it, but in the end he did. 1. Did he stay over the weekend? 2. Did he have a second helping? 3. Did he buy a bigger car? 4. Did she promise to correct your translation? 5. Did they accept the present? 2.2 Translate: 1. If you would let me know your decision as soon as possible, I'd be extremely obliged. 2. You'll have seen Wuthering Heights - it was shown on television. 3. I wish you wouldn't always let them catch you unprepared. 4. At times he'll ask the strangest questions. 5, The cinema wnnlH ««t t.nn----1- ' "» 2.3 Supply three more versions of the polite request: Please pass the bread; I can't quite reach it. 2.4 Change into constructions with will or would: 1. All he was willing to accept was five pounds. 2. If you were kind enough to show me precisely what to do, perhaps I'd manage. 3. This is probably the correct answer. 4. I think you've heard about what happened last night. 5. Sometimes he was silent the whole day. 6. He often listens to records for hours. DAY TRIPS FROM LONDON Dover Foreign visitors coming to Britain from the Continent by the Channel ferry see, as their first glimpse of the country, the high white cliffs of Dover. They are formed where the chalk of the North Downs reaches the shores of the Straits of Dover. The name Albion - applied to Britain as a whole - is derived from the Latin albus, refering to the white colour of the cliffs. They are now topped by Dover Castle, a former fortress guarding the entrance from the Continent. Nowadays it is a romantic spectacle, especially when floodlit at night. The English Channel at its narrowest spot between Dover and Calais is a stretch of water 35 km wide and only about 40 m deep, and for that reason very stormy. The crossing of the Channel is very often accompanied by seasickness, which is why many people have gladly given up England's insularity (the "protective moat") and prefer the tunnel between England and the Continent (opened in 1994) to the Channel ferry, especially if they want to take their caTS with them for a holiday in France (previously, the cars had to be ferried). The idea of a tunnel under the Channel has f ascinatedmany engineers for the last 150 years. Actual construction was begun in 1880 by an English railway king but soon afterwards the Government asked him to stop. Now twin 50 km-Iong tunnels carry trains with people and cars 40 km below the sea bed. The trains leave from Waterloo Station in London and enter the underground near Folkestone. Every summer people try to swim the Channel. Strong currents make it impossible to swim in a straight line, so that the distance that must be swum is much greater than 35 km. The first man to succeed in swimming the Channel was Captain Webb, an Englishman. This was in August 1875. He landed in France 21 hours 45 minutes after entering the water at Dover. Since then there have been many successful swims (including three by Czechs) and the crossing time has been more than halved. Several men have completed nonstop two-way swims, and one man has crossed the Channel twenty times. Canterbury Canterbury is an old town and the ecclesiastical metropolis of England. The pilgrimage to Canterbury, immortalized by Chaucer, was very popular in the Middle Ages. The goal of the pilgrims was the shrine of Thomas Becket, whose murder in the cathedral in 1170 marked the culmination of a long conflict between the Church and the State. Much of the cathedral is built in the Late Gothic or Perpendicular style of architecture. Rochester Rochester, about 45 km from London by road, is a picturesque old town near the mouth of the Medway. The things to see here are the castle, the cathedral, and the old houses associated with Charles Dickens. Rochester was his home for the last thirteen years of his life and some of its houses have been identified as houses described in The Pickwick Papers, Great Expectations, and a number of other novels. Hastings Hastings is associated with the Norman invasion and the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066 - the last successful attempt to invade England. On the site of the battle, Battle Abbey was founded by William the Conqueror and an altar was erected on the exact spot where the English King Harold had been killed. In 1966 great celebrations were held commemorating the 900lh anniversary of the battle. This occasion brought about a sudden increase in the number of persons claiming Norman descent. Genealogists say, however, that only about six families could establish male-line descent to an ancestor in the Domesday Book (1086). And just because a name was in that register it does not necessarily follow that its bearer was at Hastings. Only about 33 of the 8,000 men in William's army have been identified. Chartwelt Manor Charlwell Manor in Kent, the home of Sir Winston Churchill, is open to the public. The house contains it collection of Churchill memorabilia recalling its former occupant and his many-sided life. Brighton Southend, Margate, Ramsgate, Eastbourne, and Brighton may be regarded as London's seaside resorts. Brighton, which can be reached in one hour by electric trains running from London, is the largest seaside resort in England. Most of Brighton's architecture dates from the beginning of the 19th century, the Regency period. Besides the shingly beach, a promenade extending for six kilometres, and the usual places of entertainment, there is the Royal Pavilion, a grandiose mock-Orienia) palace, finished in 1822. A new university, the University of Sussex, was founded near Brighton in the 1960s'. r ['riidžnsi j-) období regentství (/. konec vlády Jiřího II!, 1811-20; 2. umělecký styl let 18/0-30); reside [r^zaid] sídlit; residence frezadns}; be in residence sídlit, být usazen, pobývat; royalty [roisUÍ] královská rodina; ahřngly Jširjgli] oblázkový; shrine (šrainj svatyné; spectacle (spektakl] podívaná. Slate Apartments reprezentační místnosti (pro slavnostní příležitosti); straits úžina; stretch úsek; top st pokrýt vrchol néčeho; Tudor Gothic [(tju:dí 'gothkj ludorovská gotika (asi 1500 1580) Vlastni jména: Albion [elbisnj Albion; Ascot [askst]; Brighton [braitnj; Canterbury (k*ntsbri]; Chartwell [ča:twelj; tbe Chilierm [čiltanz] vysočina severozápadné od Londýna; the Domesday Book ['du:mzdci i buk) anglická pozemková knika z let 1086-7; Eastbourne [i:stbo:n]; Eton [i:tn]; Etonian [ii'taunisn] žák Školy v Etonu; Harold [haerald] poslední anglosaský král (1066); Hastings [hcistirjz]; Kent (Vent) hrabstvi v jihovýchodní Anglii; Margate (ma:gitj; tbe Medway [mcáweil/ihoanglická řeka; Ramsgate [rxmzgit]; Rochester [ročists]; Windsor [wtnzsj Windsor Windsor, 35 km west of London, is quickly reached by coach or railway. By steamer i I takes some five hours but the scenery along the river Thames more than compensates for the extra time. Nearly all the British sovereigns since William the Conqueror have resided in Windsor Castle, though the oldest part now only dates from the fate 14(h century. The castle precincts and parts of the park are open to the public and so are the State Apartments when the Court is not in residence. The Apartments contain a priceless collection of pictures, furniture, china, and lapeslries. From the terrace there are line views of the Chillerns and of the river. The castle itself may seem strangely familiar to Czech visitors, for Hluboká Castle in Southern Bohemia was rebuilt by Princess Schwarzenberg in the 1840s in imitation of "Windsor Castle, so impressed was she by Tudor Gothic. Not far from Windsor Castle is the most famous of English public schools, Eton (gounded in 1440; the first primitive schoolroom has been kept to this day); the young Etonians are conspicuous in the dark tailcoats and top hats that they wear as school uniforms. Near the town is Ascot, where a horse race, traditionally visited by royalty, is held each year in mid-June. altar jo.lis) oltář, ancestor [">>■"■"'■ j:„„, Z v*, bo .-Mho *«""■<>• * s infiniuvem "eb0 8 a výrazy why, "hat about, how about ■ Why get so upset? Why not enjoy oneself? What about you? How about joining us? c) Věty začínající infinitivem s to: To think I was once a heavy smoker! Oh to be in England now that April's there! (R. Browning) To read Lady Chatterley's Lover at the age of ten! d) Věty neslovesné: You and your statistics! Now for some fun! Me a liar! Proč se tak vzrušovat.'' Proč se nebavil? A co ty? (v angličtině zpravidla není „And") A co tak připojit se k nám? Když pomyslím, že jsem býval silný kuřák! Být lak v Anglii, když je lam duben! Číst „Milence lady Chalterleyové" v deseti letech! Ty a tvé statistiky! A ted rějakou zábavu' Já a lhát! 4.1 Complete the statements: 1. What a long time it took him before he...! 2. What a time we had at the party! I remember... 3. What an enormous interest in politics! The people at the meeting ... 4. How I used to dislike her! When I was supposed to meet her, I . , 5. How about joining us? We're going to ... 6. Why get so upset? ... 7. You and your promises! ... 8. To think I nearly married him! ... r BASIC FIRST AID First aid experts stress that knowing what to do for an injured person until a doctor or trained person gets to the scene of an accident can save a life, especially in cases of stoppage of breath, severe bleeding, and shock. Most accidents occur at home. Annually they far outnumber those in other locations, such as in cars, at work, or in public places. Measures for some of the most frequent emergencies are listed here. Animal bites. Wounds should be washed with soap under running water and the animal should be caught alive for a rabies test. Asphyxiation. Start moulh-to-mouth resuscitation immediately after getting the patient to fresh air. Bleeding. Elevate the wound above the heart if possible. Press hard on the wound with a sterile compress until the bleeding stops. Burns. If mild, with the skin unbroken and no blisters, plunge into ice water until the pain subsides. Apply a mild burn ointment. Do not try to clean the burn. Apply sterile compresses and keep the patient quiet and comfortably warm. Cuts (minor). Apply a mild antiseptic and sterile compress after washing with soap under warm running water. Electric shock. If possible, turn off the power. Don't touch the victim until contact is broken; pull him from contact with a rope, wooden pole, or loop of dry cloth. Start artificial respiration if the breathing has stopped. Fainting. Seat the patient and fan his face if he feels faint. Lower his head to his knees. Lay him down with his head turned to one side if he becomes unconscious. Loosen his clothing and open the windows. Keep the patient lying quietly for at least fifteen minutes after he regains consciousness. Stings from insects. Remove the sting and apply a solution of ammonia and water or a paste of baking soda. LIFE EXPECTANCY IN BRITAIN A- r ^ and diphtheria. There are about six per cent more male than female births every year. Because of the higher mortality of men at all ages, however, there is a turning point, at about fifty years of age, at which the number of women begins to exceed the number of men. This imbalance increases with age, so that there is a preponderance of women among the elderly. ammonia [a'maunia) čpavek, antiseptic [|£n!a'septik) antiseptikum; apply st to st [a'plai] přiložit, nanést něco na něco; asphyxiation [S). St Andrews [stu ';rndruv|: S»iilinj{ |sl.i:lin|; St Giles (snt 'džailz| sv. Jilji; Traquair jira'kwea] Mouse: the Tweed |lwŕd] I. Answer according to the text: i. What does the southern halt' of Scotland consist of.' 2. What makes Edinburgh unique? 3. What changes did the Act of Union (1707)'bring to Edinburgh'M. When did the prosperity of Glasgow begin? 5. Why is there a large football stadium in Glasgow? 6. What makes Dunfermline, now a textile-producing town, a place of historical interest? 7. Why are Stirling Castle and Si Andrews notable places? 8. Why do the Scots recall Bannockburn wilh pride and Hodden Held wilh grief? 9. Who founded New Lanark? ID. What is Traquair House? ii. Whai soil of inspiration did Sir Walter Scott find in the Border Country9 12. Why is Gretna Green a name familiar in both England and Scotland? 2. Translate: být od sebe osmdesát kilometru; město postavené na útesech; rozpustit parlament; Zákon o unii; zřidit doky a loděnice podél řeky; historické srdce Skotska; zachovat rodný domek jako muzeum; připomínat se s velkou pýchou; přivodit drtivou porážku třikrát větší armády; poskytnout přístřeší třiceti panovníkům; trosky opatství zničených nájezdy; zavést sociální opatřeni pro dělníky; uzavřít sňatek bez souhlasu rodičů. 3, A lexical exrrcisv. raid ?aw ^rt v T ^ ľ* inhabilam? °f Scotland. 2 Distinguish: attack ľrónttŕr ~~ Va"ey ~ g,Cn; soccer ~ foo(baI1' ™* " cliff - crag; border GRAMMAR 1 VETY UVÁDĚNÉ SPOJKOU THAT Spojkou that se může uvádět věta: 1. předmětná a podmětná; that (= „že") se může vypustit: He said that he would come. Řekl, že přijde. We were told that he had left. Řekli nám, že už odešel. We've heard that there'll soon be a Slyšeli jsme, že brzy dojde ke změně. change. It's such a pity that he can't come. To je taková škoda, že nemůže přijít. It's no secret that he's going to leave. Není to žádné tajemství, že se chystá odejít. 2. účinková; that = „že" (ve spojeních „tak, že; takový, že; takže"): I'm so cold that I have to return home. Je mi taková zima, že se musím vrátit domů. He speaks so quickly that I can hardly Mluví tak rychle, že mu skoro vůbec understand a word. nerozumím, 3. účelová (viz 14. lekce); před spojkou that (= „aby") stojí in order nebo so (in order that je nehovorové a následuje po něm may / might; ne can j could, will I would): Bring it nearer so that I can see it Přines to blíž, abych to lépe viděl. better. He sold the house so that they could Prodal dům, aby se mohli přestěhovat move to another town. do jiného města. 4. vztažná (viz 10. lekce), that — „který, jenž": He's not the man that he was. Není už to, co býval. the letter that came dopis, který přišel 5. prací; vazba s that je synonymní k How I wish..., ale je velmi knižní. Oh, that 1 could be with you again! Kéž bych zase ynohl být s tebou! 6. That je také záverečnou složkou některých výrazů uvádějících čas nebo podmínku", now that teď když, the only time- that jediná doba, kdy, on condition that s podmínkou, že, provided that, supposing that za předpokladu, že. Now that he's gone I miss him. Ted když je pryč, tak mi chybí. Now that he's got married he works Co se oženil, je v práci pilnější. harder at his job. You can go swimming on condition Můžeš se jit koupat pod podmínkou, že that you don't go near the deep wa- nepůjdeš do hluboké vody. ter. 1 will go provided that my expenses are Pojedu za předpokladu, že budu mtt paid. hrazené výlohy. Poznámka: V hovorovém jazyce se spojka that v účelové a účinkové větě (za so a such) často vypouští. 1.1 Translate and identify the types of clauses: 1. Supposing that it's true; what shall we do then? 2. Make certain that he's home before you call on him. 3. I've brought both pictures so that you can choose which one you like. 4, I'll lend it to you on condition that you don't lend it to anyone else. 5. The fact that I don't like him has nothing to do with it 6. Now that the moon's out we can see the road better. 7. He's so far behind the rest of the class that he won't be able to catch up. 1.2 Rephrase and complete the statements: He's got married. - Now that he's got married let's hope he'll slop running after girls. 1. He's bought a dog. 2. He's had a motorcycle accident. 3. He's caught a bad cold. 4. He's stopped trusting us. 5. He's finally made up his mind. 6. They've changed their plans for the garden. 1.3 Complete the statements: I'll let you have my bicycle (e.g.) on condition that you lend me your guitar. 1. I'll help you with the washing-up. 2. I'll go to the meeting instead of you. 3. We'll accept your gift. 4. I'll climb the hill with you. 5. The doctor allowed me to smoke. 2 SPOJKA A PREDLOŽKA AS As se vyskytuje: 1. ve významu „stejný jako, (takový) This is as it should be. Let's return by the same road as we came. I have no time for such amusements as the cinema. We left the kitchen very much as it was before. Now he's speaking as a doctor. (Ale: Now he's speaking like a doctor.) 2. ve významu „jak": As I've explained ... As you all know ... jako, tak jak / jaký / který": Je to takové, jak to má být. Vraťme se stejnou cestou, jakou jsme přišli. Nemám čas na takové zábavy jako kino. Zanechali jsme kuchyni v téměř stejném stavu, jako byla. Ted mluví jako(žto) lékař. (Ale: Ted mluví, jako by byl lékař.) Jak jsem vysvětlil... Jak všichni víte ... 3. ve srovnávání (not) as ... (just) as ... as: „(tak) jak(o)": It isn't as easy as I expected. I like it as much as you do. She's as old as him / as he is. She's not as tall as him / as he is She's not so tall as he is. Do as I do. Act as if nothing happened. Leave it (just) as it is. as, ve starším úzu not so ... as, a ve srovnávání Není to tak snadné, jak jsem čekal. Mám to rád tak jako ty. Ona je stejně stará jako on. Není tak vysoká jako on. Dělej to co já. Dělej, jako by se nic nestalo. Nech to (zrovna) tak, jak to je. 4. v časovém významu „dokud" (while), „když (ještě)"; také „zatímco", i ve řvvýznamu „kdežto": ' As a child, he hated his father. Jako dítě nesnášel svého otce. just as his first film was funny, this one Tak jako jeho první jilm byl veselý, is sad. tento je smutný. 5. jako důvodová spojka s významem „protože, poněvadž": As he wasn't ready in time, we went Protože / Poněvadž nebyl včas hotov, šli without him. jsme bez něho. 6. v připustkové větě ve vazbě přídavné jméno nebo příslovce nebo sloveso + as+ sloveso, s významem „jakkoli": Tired as he was, he continued on his Třebaže byl značně unaven, pokračoval journey. Young as he is, he knows a lot. Much as I like you, I'm not going to help you this time. Try as he would ... v cestě. Ač mlád, už toho hodně zná. Třebaže tě mám rád, tentokrát ti pomáhat nebudu. Ať se snažil sebevíc ... 2.1 Translate with an as construction: 1. Vybrali jsme si ho za vůdce. 2. Žijí spolu jako manželé už nejméně dva roky. 3. Přijal ty peníze jako úplatek. 4. Každý o něm mluví jako o géniovi (man oj' genius). 5. Není tak hloupý, jak vypadá. 6. Mně se to líbí tak jako tobě. 7. Dívala se na nás, jako by nás nepoznávala. 8. Park je udržován ve stejném stavu jako v minulém století. 9. 1 když ta cesta byla značně únavná, byla i velmi poučná. 10. Přestože tě mám rád, musím tě pokárat. 11. Ať se snažil sebevíc, nemohl to uhádnout. 12. Ať je sebezkušenější, Smithovi se nemůže rovnat. 13. Nic s tím nedělej, nech to tak, jak to je. 14. Jak možná víte, představení bylo odvoláno. 2.2 Rephrase: He spends large sums of money - just like ;i millionaire. He spends large sums of money - just l zřícenina malého hradu na břehu Loch Ness jr^WAY TQ LEARN ABOUT LONDON If you should happen to come across a small but purposeful band of marchers somewhere in London, don't assume lhat they are on their way to deliver A petition to the Prime Minister or to lay a wreath on somebody's statue. They »re more likely to be a group of people out enjoying themselves on a conducted •walk through the capital. Conducted walks, which cost a small fee to join, are a marvellous way of learning about little-known areas of London. The aim of the organizers is to show places not usually included on tours and these cover a great variety of subjects, from history and literature to pubs and ghosts, and even famous murders. You do not have to book in advance for one of these walks; you just turn up at the advertised meeting point. This is usually a central Underground station on a Sunday afternoon at three o'clock or evening at six - though ghost hunts tend to start later, round about 9 p.m. The guide aims to arrive half an hour before the departure time. He wears a badge and is also recognizable by the briefcase or sheaf of notes which he (or she) invariably carries. While waiting to start, the guide collects the fee, distributes itineraries, and fills in time with some introductory details - such as how the meeting place got its name. Charing Cross, for example, is named after the original Eleanor Cross that marked the last resting place of the coffin of Queen Eleanor on her way to burial at Westminster Abbey in 1290. An average walk, lasting one and a half to two hours with lots of stops, attracts twenty to thirty people, but in August and September there may be sixty to a hundred walkers, led by two or three guides. Not all are tourists. Many "locals" come along, with family and dogs, for exercise and to learn more about their city. And the guides, who have had an intensive six-week training course, are experts in providing those little extra titbits of information you don't usually find in most reference books. At first the walkers tend to listen in silence, but at the end of a walk many of the group go off to a coffee bar or pub to rest their feet, talk, and exchange addresses. Conducted walks are not only a good way of getting to know London - they are equally good for making new friends. Though historical and literary walks remain steadily popular, a touch ot sensationalism is always much appreciated. The Jack the Ripper, Murder Most Foul, and Sherlock Holmes expeditions are very popular. Sherlock Holmes is so vivid a character that many believe he actually lived in Baker Street. More terrifying is Jack the Ripper, the unidentified, unapprehended murderer of prostitutes in Whitechapel back in the 1880s. Walkers are shown the spots where the Ripper's victims were found. They are also told about Victorian police detection methods - including the taking of photographs of the victim's eye in the hope of capturing a reflection of the killer. In the City walk, the Tower of London comes alive with some information about the famous people who met their deaths there in various unpleasant ways - from drowning in a butt of malmsey to execution of the scaffold, on the site of which the guide speaks their dying words. The tour then moves on to the nearby church of All Hallows-by-the-Tower, the steeple of which the diarist Samuel Pepys climbed to observe the progress of the Great Fire of London in 1666. Richard the Lion-heart's is said to be buried in the church and William Penn was baptized there. The same walk also takes in the Monument, a tall pillar commemorating the Great Fire; the walkers are told the record for climbing the 345 black marble steps to the top. Finally after passing such landmarks as the Bank of England, the Mansion House, the Guildhall, and the ancient church of St Bartholomew the Great, the party arrives at St Paul's Cathedral. This is the climax of this walk through history - and the next thing most of the walkers aim for is a cup of coffee. There is also a series of audio-visual walks, which have sounds added to sight. With the help of portable tape recorders, visitors can "take a walk in wartime London", listening to the sound of bombs falling, Churchill's speeches, air-raid sirens, and the Battle of Britain air fights. The days of Dickens, Shakespeare, and Pepys are similarly brought to life in this way. VOCABULARY air fight letecký souboj air raid nálet apprehend [| xpri1 hend] polapit band skupinka, tlupa bomb [bom) bomba bring to life oživil, vzkřísit butt tbat) kid, sud climax [klaimsks] vrchol, vyvrcholeni conducted walk vycházka s průvodcem (a odborným výkladem) death: he met his death našel smrt detection method [di'lekšn |me9od] detektívni metoda diarist [daiarisl] autor deníku dying words poslední slova (umírajícího) execution I(eksi1 kju:šn] poprava fee poplatek foul (faul] murder odporná vražda invariably [in1 vesriabli] vždy matrnscy [ma.mzi] malva/ (druh madeirského vina) marble mramor marcher pochodující (osoba) murderer vrah petition [pa'tišn] petice pillar [pila] sloup prostitute [prostatju:t] prostitutka purposeful [psjpasfl] cílevědomý scaffold fskaeftd, sksfauld] lešení; popravištč siren [saiaran] siréna .steeple věž se špičkou titbit lahůdka, pamlsek wreath [ri:Ď], nin. c~. [ri;o>] vénec; lay a wreath položil věnec AU aHows-by-lhe-Tower (koste!) Všech svatých u Toweru; Bartholomew [ba; l Oobm-ju.] Bartolomej, Lleanor [clina] Eleonora; Jack the Ripper Jack Rozparovač (nezněný mnohonásobný vrah zen v Londýně * 19. stoletý Willi™, Penn (1644 až 1718) anglický kvaker, zakladatel no7Z7)frJmS [P':PSl (lfi33-'7°V úředník brúske admiralUy, prezidL Královské sPo!Í nosu 16*4-1686, a hlavne autor deníku z let 1660- 1669; Richard the Lion-heart [' laian, ha-il Richard Lvi srdce (, 157-1199, panovník HM-imy, Whitecnapcl [ Wč*nl] fl¥rf ZJa^ml^ 1. Answer according to the text: meetnaHnlkrr ofa conducted tour in London? 2. Where do its participants KrJ.- ■ ^UJ.te" who the §ulde IS? 4- What sort of introductory ^formation ,s prov.ded? 5. Are all the walkers tourists? 6. Can you mate friends on such a tour? 7. Which other walks besides the historical and literary ones are popular? 8. Why is the church of All Hallows-by-the-Tower visited in a City tour? 9. Which other City landmarks are included in the itinerary'? 10. What is (he climax of the City walk? 11. What is an audio-visual walk? 12. Which historical periods are brought to life in this way? 1. Translate: narazit na skupinu pochodujících; položit věnec u sochy; cílem je poznat světoznámá místa; zahrnout velice rozmanité náměty; mít odznak; vybírat poplatek; rozdat program cesty; citovat poslední slova (umírajícího); připomínat požár (památka); vyvrcholení procházky; slyšet zvuk sirén za náletů; vzkřísit minulost. GRAMMAR l FÁZE DĚJE: ZAČÁTEK, POKRAČOVÁNÍ A UKONČENÍ DĚJE Začátek děje se vyjadřuje slovesy start, begin (+ infinitiv nebo gerundium; po průběhové formě pouze infinitiv), set about (+ gerundium), burst out (+ gerundium): Rozběhl se. Rozplakal se. Dal se do pláče. Začal zuřit. Začal si balit věci. Rozesmál se / rozplakal se. Začínalo pršet. He started to run. He started crying. He began to rage. He set about packing his things. He burst out laughing / crying. Il was beginning to rain, (není *rain-ing) České sloveso s roz- se neznamená vždy začátek, ale i plné rozvinuli děje. Pro pozvolné dospění k výsledku je k dispozici sloveso come -f lo + infinitiv: It has come to be used as ... Začalo se to užívat jako ... She came to be known as a famous Stala se známou jako slavná modelka. model. She came to believe it. Začala tomu věřit. Later I came to know him better. Poznal jsem ho později lépe. Pokračování děje se vyjadřuje slovesy keep (on) „bez ustání, neustále, pořád", go on, continue „dál" (v souvislé návaznosti). Všechna tri sc pojí s gerundiem, continue též s infinitivem. He kept walking. Pořád šel dál. He went on reading. Četl dál. Nepřestával čísl. He continued to smile. Pořád se usmíval. Nepřestal se usmívat. K vyjádření ukončení děje slouží slovesa finish, stop, (knižní) cease; všechna se pojí s gerundiem. Dále jsou k dispozici vazby have done with it skoncovat s tím, come to an end skončit, bring st (o an end ukončit něco. finish reading dočíst (ale: finish a book dočíst knihu) finish speaking / eating domluvit / dojíst stop coming / going přestat chodit cease writing přestat psát Je-li podstata činnosti zjevná, užívá angličtina prosté finish (dočíst dojíst dopsat apod.). J ' 1.1 Reply: Why is he running? (start - it is rather late) He started in run when he realized thai it was rather late. 1. Why is he packing? (set about - train leaves in two hours) 2. Why is he laughing? (burst out - how silly we look) 3. Why is he shouting? (begin - be cheated again) 4. What is she crying for? (start - lose her handbag) 5. Why is he working in the garden now? (set about - be some rain later) 1.2 Reply: Did he stop walking when he was tired'? (keep on) No - even though he was tired, he kept on walking. 1. Did he stop reading when it got rather dark? (go on) 2. Did she stop smiling when she was criticized? (continue) 3. Did he stop eating when he found a fly in his soup? (go on) 4. Did he cease writing stories when they stopped publishing them? (keep) 5. Did he finish speaking when his time was up? (keep) 1.3 Translate: 1. Nejprve se na nás rozzlobil, ale nakonec se rozesmál. 2. Ráno ještě bylo pěkně, ale odpoledne se rozpršelo. 3. Rozběhl se, ale marně, tramvaj nestihl. 4. Rozplakal se jako malé dítě. 5. Nejprve odmítal tomu uvěřit, ale když to slyšel od tolika lidi, začal tomu věřit. 6. Stal se z něho slavný vědec. 7. Román byl tak napínavý, že nepřestával cist, třebaže už dávno měl jít spát. 8. Od té doby, co jsme se s nim pohádali, přestali jsme ho zvát. 9. Už bychom byli rádi šli, ale on pořád seděl a seděl. 10. Seznámil jsem se s nim ve svém předchozím zaměstnáni. 11. Měl by ses dát do balení, je nejvyšši čas. 12. Všechny už bolely nohy, ale on šel pořád dál. 2 ZKRACOVÁNI VĚT PARTICIPIEM S^FS KSS participium prítomné minulé perfektní aktivní asking žádaje, žádající having asked požádav pasivní | being asked jsa (po)žádán i asked žádán, žádaný j having been asked byv I (po)žádán V anglické mluvnické terminologii zobecnil název „participle" pro participium i pro příčestí, ač příčestí je přídavným jménem (asking žádající, asked žádaný, žádaná, žádané). Od minulého participia se pomocně odlišuje perfektní participium, tj. opis s having. Věty časové a příčinné lze krátit participiem přítomným, jemuž v češtině odpovídá přechodník přítomný. Krácení je v češtině možné, je-li děj věty vedlejší současný s dějem věty hlavní. V běžné češtině není přechodník v živém užívání. Zkrácená věta časová v angličtině může, ale nemusí začínat spojkami when nebo while a děj nemusí být tak přísně současný. Looking out of the window, I saw a crowd in the street. Když ... You should keep near the shore while swimming in the sea. Když ... When sunbathing, don't forget to use some cream. Když ... Not knowing where I was, I stopped. Protože ... Časový vztah děje, který předchází před jiným dějem, se dá, je-li třeba, vystihnout pomocí participia perfektního (v archaické češtině mu odpovídá minulý přechodník): Having received no answer, 1 left. Protože ... („Neobdržev") Having done the work, I had a rest. Když ... („Skončiv") Nepříliš běžné trpné participium má tvar being ... -ed pro současnost a tvar having been ... -edpro předčasnost. Z trpného participia v knižním stylu často zůstane jen tvar ...-ed. tj. minulé participium (viz poslední tři doklady): Being asked his name, he said ... Being misinformed, I was unable to find it. Když byl (do)tázán, jak se jmenuje, řekl ... (Jsa tázán") Protože jsem byl špatně informován, nemohl jsem to najít. (Jsa špatně informován") Když byl (do)tázán, zda to místo zná, řekl Protože jsem byl špatné informován, nemohl jsem trefit. Když se ho zeptali, zda to místo zná, řekl... Překvapen výsledkem, zeptal se ... Zapomenut všemi, žil skromné. Having been asked whether he knew the place, he said ... Having been misinformed, I was unable to find my way. Asked whether he knew the place, he said ... Surprised at the result, he asked ... Forgotten by everybody, he lived modestly. Participiem je možno vyjádřit průvodní okolnost. V češtině jsou dvě souřadné věty hlavní (v jedné může být výraz „přitom", např. „seděl a opaloval se") nebo vedlejší věta, uvedená spojkou „protože" nebo „přičemž". He sat sunbathing. Seděl a opaloval se. They sat there doing nothing. Seděli tam a zaháleli. Na rozdíl od české přechodníkové konstrukce může anglické participium, zvláště v úředním a knižním stylu, mít svůj vlastní podmět: They stood there, tears running down Stáli tam a slzy jim tekly po tváři. their cheeks. I ran back, Jim following. The water being cold, they couldn't swim. Běžel jsem zpět a Jim za mnou. Protože voda byla studená, nemohli se koupat. The fine weather having ended, every- Protože pěkné počasí skončilo, každý se body returned home. vrátil domů. It being Sunday, the shops were closed. Protože byla neděle, obchody byly zavřené. That being so there was nothing to do. Když to bylo takové, tak se nedalo nic dělat. There being nothing more to see the Protože už nic nebylo k viděni, lidé ode- people left. šli. There being no taxis about they Protože neviděli žádné taxíky, šli domu walked home. pěšky. Poslední čtyři doklady ukazují, že příčina může být uvedena přípravným //. that nebo there. Vzácněji než příčinný vztah se objevuje vztah časový {There being nothing more to see může též znamenat „Když už nebylo nic k vidění") a ještě vzácněji podmínkový: Weather permitting, we'll stay here Dovoli-li počasí, zůstaneme tu ještě another week. jeden týden. Časový vztah může být vyjádřen i gerundiem za předložkou (in entering, on entering, after entering). Co nebylo nebo se nestalo, vyjadřuje without... -ing „aniž" (někdy ve variantě with no......-ing), kdežto „a zároveň, a přitom" vyjadřuje with ... -ing: He left without telling me. Nic mi neřekl a odešel. I can't read with you sitting here. Nemohu číst, když tu sedíš. With the winter coming on she decided Protože se přiblížila zima, rozhodla se to buy a new coat. koupit si nový plášť. Poznámka: Některá participia se již ani nepociťují jako participia a stávají se z nich více méně spojky: Supposing there's a war ... Dejme tomu, že bude válka ... /'// do it providing you speak to him. Provedu to za předpokladu, že ty s ním promluvíš. Judging by his appearance, he's in bad shape. Soudě podle jeho vzhledu, je na toni špatně. 2.1 Kc phrase, using as j since or when clauses: 1. The situation having improved, we became more cheerful. 2. Not having his phone number, 1 couldn't contact him. 3. The holidays .being nearly over, the pupils started thinking of school again. 4. Not wanting to make things even more complicated, I said yes. 5. The day being nice and warm, we went for a long walk along the river. 6. Having settled the main problem, we turned to a discussion of the details. 7. Not having received any reply, I thought they hadn't got my letter. 2.2 Rephrase: As I was ill, 1 stayed at home. - Being ill, I stayed at home. 1. As I believed that he was right, I supported him. 2. While I was driving along the Ml, I saw an accident. 3. When I was checking the results, I came across an error. 4. As 1 like to be alone, 1 don't mind his absence. 5. When he was introducing us, he mixed up our names. 2.3 Rephrase in various ways: When he was asked where he had been, he didn't reply. Asked where he had been, he didn't reply. 1. When he was promoted he gave a party in his office. 2. When the job was finished, the building workers moved to another site. 3. As I'm used to his long absences, I don't mind. 4. As the key wasn't found, we had to call the locksmith. 5. As the situation was bad as it was, I didn't want to make it still worse. 2.4 Translate: i. There being no reason to stay any longer, we left. 2. There being nothing more to do, the doctor set off for home. 3. Weather permitting, they'll climb Mount Everest later this month. 4. That being so, I apologized. 5. He lay in the sun, perspiration running down his body. 6. He walked away with his head raised proudly. 7. I ran, George following. THE ENGLISH AND THE FRENCH The English say that the French ... talk too fast; do not love animals, unless cooked; live in controlled tipsiness from the age of live; employ laughably small policemen: have something called haute cuisine, which is a system of disguising flavour with garlic and sauces; provide superb excuses for poor performances; are demon lovers; have a tendency to leave dismembered waitresses in luggage lockers in the Gare dc Lyon; drive their cars with deliberate intention to cause accidents; are money-grubbing people; have based their cultural supremacy entirely on a few Impressionists and some unreadable poetry; have based the myth of their fighting forces entirely on Napoleon (a Corsican), lost all their battles since then, and always called in the British to rescue them; are Catholics and not really to be trusted; only stop waving their arms to go to sleep. 77/e French say thai the English ... are arrogant (who else calls it the Rnglish Channel?); have an obsession about clogs; make poor racing cyclists; are blundering lovers, while their women are frigid; think they are" still masters of the world, which is absurd - the top nation is, oi course, Prance; speak O-level French, a language unknown across the Channel; are exploiters of au pair girls; arc calm at all times, not so much because of courage us an inability to become enthusiastic. love processions; never talk in railway carriages, in the street, or even at home; have no artistic talent, their only geniuses are a tew writers who have been hailed in France and ignored in England; expect all foreigners to speak English English, and not American English; will gamble on anything; hunt what they cannot eat; have humour but no wit. (Adapted from Punch) arrogant (a;ragant] arogantní; blunder dělat chyby; Corsícan [ko:sikn) korsický; Korsičan; demon [di:man] démon; démonický; disguise [dis'gaiz] maskovat; dismember [dis'mcmba] rozčtvrtit; exploiter [ik'sploita] vykořisťovatel; flavour ffleivaj aroma, příchuť; frigid [fridžid] chladný, frigidní. gamble hrál hazardně; garlic [ga:lik] česnek; hail oslavovat: haule cuisine {|o:l kwi'zi.n] francouzská kuchyně; laughably (la.fabli) směšně; moneygrubbing chamtivý, myth JmiG] mýtus; obsession [ab'sesnj posedlost; racing cyclist [saiklist] závodní cyklista; rescue [reskju.] zachránil; supremacy [sa'prcmisi] svrchovanost; tipsiness podnapíiost Vlastní jména: Gare de Lyon [ga:r da i\)o] jedno : hlavních pařížských nádraží: Napoleon [na'paulisn] Napoleon VISITING PEOPLE The Browns are very sociable and hospitable people. Mr Brown is a very likable man - he gets along with everybody; he is even on excellent terms with his boss. His wife makes friends easily too, so it is quite common for them to have visitors several times a week. Their visitors range from close friends, who may pop in at. various odd hours of the evening or over the weekend, to business acquaintances, who are invited in a formal way. Last week Mr Brown's brother Paul, who is always scolded for not being a more frequent visitor, showed up one evening. Then on Friday Robert, a bachelor and a colleague of Mr Brown's from another department of his firm, came to stay for the weekend; he had only met Mr Brown a short time before, and was staying at his home for the first time. And no sooner had Robert left on Sunday than David appeared a very old friend; he was Henry Brown's best man. Both Mr and Mrs Brown are always delighted to see him for a drink and a chat. His conversation is witty and he is a good raconteur. An infrequent visitor Mrs Brown: Why, it's Paul. Paul: Hallo, Brenda. B: It's wonderful to see you, Henry's out at the moment but he'll be back soon. Come in and make yourself comfortable. P: Let me see, when was I here last? It must have been last summer, wasn't it? B: Yes, it was. You know, you're the only relation Henry has, Paul. 1 think it's a shame the way you never come to see us. P: J just don't seem to be able to find the time. There's always something that keeps us at home on Sundays. B: That's no excuse. It's ages since we saw you, nearly a year. P: Well, it's rather a long way to come. B: Now that really is feeble. P: OK OK. But, while we're at it, why haven't you ever come to see us? B: Oh! Well, I mean, that's something quite different, isn't it? A guest for the weekend Robert: Hallo, Henry, Henry: Hallo, Robert. Glad to see you. Did you have any trouble finding the place? R: No, no - your instructions were very clear. Awfully good of you to invite me for the weekend. //: Glad you could come. Lcl me take your golf clubs. R: Thanks, I can manage The case's not all that heavy. H: I'm looking forward to a game after lunch. I expect you're ready for some lunch right now.