logo äri.png muster äri.png tallinn_joepera_4jj2194.jpg taust äri.png The innovative Estonia: from top science to e-government Arko Olesk Tallinn University/Postimees Guest Lecture Course in Masaryk University logo äri.png March 21-24, 2016 logo äri.png muster äri.png •Outline of the course •History of Science in Estonia •Current Cutting-Edge Estonian Science •E-stonia: Pioneering Public e-Services •Not just Skype: the Sweet Fruits of Estonian Start-Up Culture •Science and Innovation Communication and Education in Estonia logo äri.png muster äri.png •ESTONIA •Area: 45 339 sq.km •Population: 1 311 800 •Capital: Tallinn logo äri.png muster äri.png •Extremely short Estonian history •First traces of settlement approx. 9000 BC •Independent tribes until 13th Century •The Estonian Crusade 1208-1227 •-> Danish, Swedish, German, Polish, Russian control •Independence in 1918 (February 24) •Occupied between 1940-1991 • • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcFDrA8topY logo äri.png muster äri.png •University of Tartu •1802 – Universität Dorpat •1919 – University of Tartu • 1632 – Academia Gustaviana logo äri.png muster äri.png •Explorers Johann Adam von Krusenstern - First Russian circumnavigation (1803-06) - „South Sea Atlas“ Otto von Kotzebue - Two circum-navigations (1815-18, 1823-26) - Oceanographic study of the Pacific Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen - Antarctic expe-dition in 1819-21 Ferdinand von Wrangel - Arctic Sea travels 1820-24 logo äri.png muster äri.png • •http://www.muuseum.ut.ee/teadlased-maailmakaardil/ logo äri.png muster äri.png •Georg Wilhelm Richmann (1711-1753) Proved that thunder clouds contain electric charge. logo äri.png muster äri.png •Thomas Johann Seebeck (1770-1831) • •discoverer of the thermoelectric effect • •described the action of the spectrum of light on the chloride of silver logo äri.png muster äri.png •Karl Ernst von Baer (1792-1876) •Discoverer of the mammalian ovum •Founder of embryology logo äri.png muster äri.png •Karl Ernst von Baer •Erosion of river banks •founder of the Russian Geographical Society •pioneer in studying biological time •„On Estonians' Endemic Diseases“ • • logo äri.png muster äri.png •Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932) •Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909 •work on catalysis, chemical equilibria and reaction velocities •Ostwald process (patent 1902) for the manufacture of nitric acid • logo äri.png muster äri.png •Other Tartu professors •Alexander Schmidt - foundation for the creation of anti-coagulation systems and towards the development of blood transfusion •Emil Kraepelin - founder of modern scientific psychiatry; diagnosed skizophrenia •Moritz Jacobi - study of magnetic motors, discoverer of galvanoplastics •Ivan Kondakov - invented synthetic rubber • • logo äri.png muster äri.png •Other Estonian-born scientists •Heinrich Lenz – Lenz’s law „If an induced current flows, its direction is always such that it will oppose the change which produced it.“ •Jakob Johann von Uexküll – zoosemiotics, „umwelt“ logo äri.png muster äri.png •Astronomy tradition in Estonia logo äri.png muster äri.png •Astronomy tradition •Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve (1793–1864) •Geodetic arc - the first accurate measuring of a long segment of a meridian (UNESCO World Heritage object) • logo äri.png muster äri.png •Astronomy tradition •First measurement of star’s distance – Vega (1837) •First observed supernova from outside our Galaxy (1885) logo äri.png muster äri.png •Ernst Öpik (1893-1985) •distance to Andromeda galaxy •density of white dwarfs •predicted the frequency of craters on Mars •thermonuclear reactions as stellar energy source •Öpik-Oort cloud – origin of comets logo äri.png muster äri.png •Jaan Einasto (b. 1929) •Large-scale structure of the Universe •Dark matter logo äri.png muster äri.png •Science in Independent Estonia •Focus on national sciences • •Ludvig Puusepp – world's first professor of neurosurgery •Aleksander Paldrok – treatments of leprosy logo äri.png muster äri.png •Oil shale •1838 – first studies •1916 – first mines •1918 – start of chemical industry •1959 – large-scale electricity production logo äri.png muster äri.png •Inventors •Bernhard Schmidt • • • • •Walter Zapp – Minox camera logo äri.png muster äri.png •Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School • •Juri Lotman •The language of art, cultural rules, religion etc. are secondary modelling systems, or more complex languages built upon natural language. •semiosphere logo äri.png muster äri.png •Estonian science in exile •Jaak Panksepp •neural mechanisms of emotion, functions of play Endel Tulving distinction of episodic and semantic memory Svante Pääbo Neanderthal genome Jaak Panksepp: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65e2qScV_K8 logo äri.png muster äri.png pilt.jpg