ůe latd dnecs the ad€ltion of sudfls to unotic€d ě.tues or oHe! srylés.
But the siudy ofÝod§ of o.hď tims a]$ i!fiuencs modern .on.ePts thrcugh
dis.oYery óf ťsrheiic veiú6 unknoÝn in our Wn ďt, Á§ in criiicism, so in his_
roricái !€É ó, thť Problem of di§ringuishing or rc]adng fió šr,,les discloýs
utru§P.ctdi, §ubtle .hď&teisiřs md suggss nď @n€P6 of fom. Th€ Poý
tL at of .ontinuiy in .ulfuť€ - a kind of inďtia h th€ Physicál seN - ladl tó
i sg!.lt lol .omDon fe.tul€s in sucesive sryles that ue odinalily .ontBted
as oPPosn€ Poles offornt ůe rcsenblmces will rcmedmes be Found mt so much
in obvioú dPe.b s i-a fairý hidden ons il)e line Pattúns ofRend$ú@ .ón,
Po§riols r<il ĚaiuÉsof tle oldcr Golhi. st/e, úd jn cóntmPoláry absrn.t
,l one ob,ene 6rm rel.tioo,h.p,liLť tl"Ý ollňprc*lonN pJhťng,
The reflnement ofsryle analys! hd @me aboul in P thrcugh Prcblem ii
whiá small ditrťÉd@had to b. dn,o8aEed md dsďibed preciselr Exmple
aÉth. .cgiona] mriations wiúin the sme cultuc; tlre prcess of hbtoli.a] dftloPn
!t flom yú lo }t l tle EloMh of indiyidual úti§s úd th€ disciiminádon
of the wo § of n6t€I md PuPil, originals md .oPie!. ln ths€ sudi6
thc úitďia íol darin8 md aíribution are oftd Ph}.i.al or sternal- nat*r of
smll ,Ťptonatic d€6il - but h€re, t@, thc geDclal úend óf rserch has been
!o look fol feaús tha! cd be |orňula!ťd in both írucrulál and ďprc§vĚ
Physiognonic lems, It is 6suhťd by múy stud.nts óat thc ďPffision €ms
ťe aU tmslatable into fom údquiljry i.m§, sinc rhe expmsion depen<ls on
prticular shapes ad colon od Ýil] bc modified by á smal ámge in the lato,
The foms aÉcoúesPndin8ly l.8úded 6 veind6 of a Paíiculď af* (aPart
frcE thť slbjed naltú), But the ElationshiP het is not ahoBďhď.leai In
genenl, úe *údy ol sryte tends toward m ev* *rolger coneladon offorE dd
*Presio!, sóm€ dšďiPiions ťe Purely morylologicd, 6 of nafulr] obFcts indecd,
orl@et hs bďn ch.mterized, lik€ crys.ls, in the hathe@dc,] langúge
of group theor]r Bur Ems Like tty}ized" 'uchaistic" 'n mlistic" '@nnďist
' 'beoque,' re sPeciÉcally hulro, í.fťring@ ďtisiic Próces$, dd imPly
sone *prssive €Fcl ft is only by aĎalog dtdt úarh€m2tie] 6guc have been
chmcterird a 'clssic' and 'ronatic,'
tlll]
T|e malršls md chafaa.rižation of lhe sq,l6 of Pdmitiv€ and euly histotical
cultules haye be@ ltrcígly i.iuenad b), th€ smdďds of E€nt !ý'e$em a!t,
Nďefinek$, n ma), be gid lhat the mlues of modern tt have led o . nole
ýrnPath4ic ad objďrive aPProrch to qotic as tha ru Posible fifu, .l a
In the pa*, a gtat dei of primitiY€ Ýork, csP.ciál]y of r€Pie§enbtionj M
reg*ded s *dss wen by ensitiye p.ople; whar M !9-1u€d Ý€re nainly the orn*
natarion md the skilk ofpdÉilit nd6try, h M beliryed thar Primitire úts
were áildlike úemPs to rePlsent naluE - aú€ĎPts disbíed by ignohíúúd
by úi!!.tiona] .oĎrcnt of úe momtous and groteque, TlE *t m rdoitted
onl) :n ne d8h (u]lúe wherc úovledgťu. nJMr iorm, m, ombineJ wi,n
d etiónal id.d vni.h blouEht be.ut), and d€colh to the im€e of nan- G8.k
út ed ůcú ofrhe ldim High R.Mn§dlcc Ý.Éthe norN fď judgiig au d,
.lthóúgh in iiňe the .láši. phe oí Goihic aúM depted, Ruskií, whD
admired Bržútinc{orks, óuld Ýlite ó!t iíchrstizn EumP€ 31o,€ 'puE .^/
Pl€cious o.ieni dr ďisB, for th€rc is non€ in Ám€icá, non€ in Ásia, none in
Afri6,' Frcm suó a vieÝ?oint aÉfindisďininarion óf Primilive sryl$ ór á Pen,
ďBriÁg sfud/ óf th.n súu.ture md expresion was hrrdly posible,
with ihe chdge in !i/€tďn aii dúing the lďt §Mnt/ rá^, náturáli§ti. EpresenE.ion
hr§ lóí ils suPďiol ýars, Bsic 6l contemPoBry P!rcrie and for
knďledg. of Pďt ú is th€ th€oretiql viry rhat what coun* in al aí ďe t\i
ejem.nary a6rhďi. componens, ihe qualilié and rclationships oftn€ ábi.ited
lins, sPos, o106, dd sufa.es, These háye No ciál&tďi!ti6: they are intiinslcrlly
exprsive, ard rhey md to.oĎsiitute á.ohereni ýióle. Th€ sáň. bn
den i€s b .ohelenr (ýellode€d) ánd exPesiťe struclule án found ]n th. ďd
ofajl culfu.s, Tne€ i§ no P&ilegcd ontent or modc of reprseitíión (.]rhouEb
th. gieát€sr work ňáy, for l6om obsue to us, ocur only in e&in sty16),
P€lf&t Ťi i§ Possihle in my subj€d míď ď sryle. A style i5 like a langugl,
wiá m internal ordg md qPreširen€§, admiftin8 a Elied intenšity ól deli,
cacy of cacmenl This apprcach is a tlativisn that does nól *clude abšolút
judgmm* oíulue; ii nake th* judgfu€ns pošible ýiúin ďery f!.Ďeoik
by abandoning a fixed nom of sqte, Such ided aÉacep&d b/ host súdeóú
of m mday, aftnough not applied wiih milofu convj.don, t. - ,]
13 Eall Rosentha] 'lhe lliíísion 0l ihe ltallan Benalssance
stylé in Uuestern Éllopean Aň'
saúce líafr sixleenk century J1unal x,4, 1978 pp. 33-45
The problematic xpet of the subject becrme apparent to me wlrile studying
individual immcg of the ditrusion oí the style fto- lely t" Spai., spe.ifr.,l,
Igliú sculp@s who Ýo&ed in sPan and sP@ish úchnďts ed sqnPbs whr
leúmed Éomstudy in lBly to wolk in the R.naissff.. sq,le, In ůisMy I c@,
to appt.i4E the difficulties the], f".ed md thó sP€cial blenr for synth6i!
reqúil€d o|.onw!t§ to th. nď sryl. who ielum€d to work in lh€n nárive lúú,
I beúň. inclaingly curiou aboút ihe Pro6s of the diÉiBionoí rhe Renan.
láí.c styb in EurcP€, ofcoulse, there are sáolan who asme inat the Ren i\.
sance style cmerg.d spontmeouly and somewlrat aonymously all acrcss Europú
out of the cuhural conditions oí. simPbr rhe spilř of the agE, Ió!éhos anoi,
tbose favoring a pan-European gmsi§ of rhe §§,le a€ histolians of Painting, i;
gre* Pa(t be.a& of úedtáoidináry dď.lóPnént ol sPatial
'llu§ion
in ůí
Pdnting ol fláňdeí in th. ady fifmnrh enfu)r Mó$ of th.sc sóóI"rs s€n,
lo dme !h4 qh!l ú úU. ól PJlilln8, \ hi"lr L g.nPŤJy JcúPřd J. Lh. kád,np
J óilhe ťnód, n Jso úu oí Lhe onď ď§, oul, Á we,hJl.ď. óJ is noí Ll;
@e. Hišloriáns Ýhó sP.cialize in s.ulptut ó.cdionally cil€ isolated immces oi
lat€ &Jurcenth-centDly Mtulalism in noftheln Euope as anticiParory of thť
fumismc, hut lv óallenge thé Primág ól lblians iĎ tl€
'ormulation
of thr
fuMisgme sryle. Hisorians oí atónectun unaninou§ly Ťedit Bfunell§c]'
ýih tle invdtiv€ fuíi}.l of cl§ical form úd t@gf,ize that Mo 8.neŘtion§
of Ielian úclrit{ts sranded and e]aboŘred the style befor€ my tll-E]e claý
si.ál oldús aPpeúed in ůe !§t of Eúó!e, clgl]y, therefóe, lisbrim óf t}t
úi.e mjór ď6 h!. úy diffeEnt ided of rh. g€nčis oftle Raaišdce §ry]e,
ol e b.ý o jl oí ,h! nPó,e, il femed lo fť. % ,o gan ň
d.nc. of úe Pbces ofthe ditrusion oríle funaissánce §q.]e in árchitetule and
,.u]P,UF, H-," l .hJ P,4en, .one PlelmlnJl) fl,del/r @n!ďnlnE th,
Dloú.. ln ď!n ..tm úd, mó, bljeny, in *ulPrule Jnd, hrJl), ' .hJ, olŤe|
sone sP€.ul.tions on Ýnat hápPened in Pa]nting.
,r§ nN! archiEctulal hiíolius se it, tl€ Prc@! of ditrusion b€8 in !lo_
rme Říy in ihe fifreenth cenfuly vhetr Brunelscii, lď8ely in the @nl* of
ecclqidrnal @nfrn§ions, frInulatd his ida of Roňd ai.hhetúre on the
b6is oťancienr ruins in Rone údRoman*qu€ buildin§ in Flotrcc, Thse he
obYiousl, aaePted ď surcga€§ for cldsiel nodels, Tn€ sýďiry and Gúaint
of hi5 architeclun] forms Ýou]d seň to b. in @o!d with th€.dmnarion or
.ontenPohly FIorenline hunmhts for RePublic@ RoĎe, P d/ b{aN noEne
@ founded duiing ú.tPeliod md Pťdj, b€cáuse itj aúhors Prcyided
PhilosPh'c.l supPoit foí the fuPublicm gov€bment of FloÉnenoÝ endan-
8§Ed from ýithin add wirhou!, DsPne th€Ň Politiú] inPl'catiods, the nst
Italian úntei. to ádo the nď aíchtecfua] sq,Le were rhóý rú]'olby lignúi,
sPeclÁcálly Lione]io ďE§€ of !eí,rá, Fedďi@ da Moni€felío in Urbino,
Allonso l ofÁr€o!, the Kin8 oí NaPle, and lhe Princ€ly poPe, Nióolď V in
Rome, \Ýhjle thge *ner adoPr€d rne nBÝ sryl. bďoÉ I4ro, sryaat othas folloÝ€d.hod].
including úe PrinciPaljti6 orRimin', Mantu úd Milan ind the
EPubLio of §iea and Yenie (ihou8h in rhe lattú te úe §t/e M iníuded
Rthel thúádoPted officially), Irom úese cenks, the sryle in úchiEcfu,e M
difu*d ďel h,Ly i! the ldt guuter of the century,
In rh€ Prin.iPáLids of dE .úlyadopten, notabl1 Feran, Uibino, NáPlés,
Mantua and the Valicm, thc new §q,le Ýó úed Píh ily to Enďar€ th€n
nedi*l osdes by adding clasi.ál ftm6 to doo$ dd windows, Ea en to8gia
and Polti@€d court}Ťds Ýith &cadš on cldricél co]un!§. A! tin6 cl6siQ1 ele
m€nts Were Páinted on fud6 md inreliol walls. Rc§tričt d b].the fo*tes func_
tion and the nediewl di§Posirio,s oťtheir Qsdes, rhc loíds ofIBi), m e re.dily
dúPlayed then knowlůd€e of the archiBfuE of tlle mcients
'!
enpolál ýNc
tuB ofwood, cmw údPtdter eered for omcial fesrivilis, úiuňPhal otries
úd rMPdons and P€ďorme6 ófvďios kindl, of @use, tige re lo* to
u§, od §o * the convlisatio.s ol ú§ ]oid! with ďchit€ctural theoriss suclr
as A]bďti, Filee sd FlúÉscodi Ciolgio Mťtini, all of whom made the
rcundl óf the najor @uú ofIrá],1!6e cotrvďsatións ánd epheneral daon_
tiols fu! .out ftsivals plar€d e majol rcl€ in the .onvďsion of the anb6sado6
of EurcP€m PdnG ro ňe new sryle. Quite unde6bndab!. in óe 3eŘice of the
loó óf ]la], Tusan th.olisB {nd d§i8ngs weE incliled ro 3uPPE$ Repúb,
'iun Roman modet ,n hvor ol lhe mole.PPrcPliJ e imPerJ -ol:r,, , lb Lh.
,Nh !l }Jd ben ň,mulaed by Blúe'l.,,li jl Be'y in die ún,qr ol*Je.
6ticr1 á&hi@lúe, und€i the guidanc€ of R.Publican idea]s, was firut accepted
outside th€ Éíitoryo1 Florence by Pseudollona!ós Ýho used it primdly for
s€i8nolial funďiots ánd fawled ihPeriá] R.mú sóurcB, Ál W shill s.. thj6
.édn€crion of ú€ style by ln€ ,k ,' ď ňid-entúry hčiliáted its diffusioí t)
A style is ditrued not x a toúl .ón6g!Řtión but, ríher, in tlre li€m€nts
ďPeri.nad by alien§ ofulie.] backgfuuód§ Ýho Ýisited ditrerent Isliff eiEs
fu valious lengris óf tim€ ai dilTeEnt Mg€s of tlc dď€lóPneót of rh. st],le,
InďiBbl],, e.h visnol ame áwáy wirh . di1reEnt and v€.y Pcftoňá] idea ofthe
néý§tyie, In spite of a]l thesc ýariab]g in the difusion of the sq,lc Éóm 4ro to
1600, soh€ genelal pattďn§ aE Feded bI the .hafting of the óIónologio] úd
g@gnPhkál disdibutjon of.oíďďe data: G) dE sďé!á] ái.hitectúraj gmا
ómEissioned in th. fun"n!"nc€ §ty]c óutsid€ ltdyi (2) úes.j,l d6s of ti.
Patlon$ ánd (r) the nitionáliq, of tl€ ďchitd, sPccjfic.lly lblian! Ýofting
órcad and anis* fom other cultural tea wno visited ]e]y ád duin€d tó
th€ř hoíelsdJ to M* in the Renaismc sryle,
Ti. éďIieí álchit€aulal Mlk refle.dng the nď.9,1€ óútsidc Itéb- arc Gn,
E€d áround Buda in Hun8ar7, whet Mátti6 coNins, ó. Kin8 óf Hungeťr,
b€an €nováting seúl of his midm6 in the 46os, cóďinú, thc 6st
FlroPan rul$ tó ádoPt th. Rmáiss ft sry]e in ar.hifururc, lB qui.kry
follow€á by th. Kin8 of Polfid in rlc r47os and the Bolrmian óUrt .t Pá$e
in the l49os, The pEc.cious ReMi$ance in e6l€!n PurcPe w.§ únfortunately
inEúupied b]- the indsions ol th€ Túl§, In wsÉlnEúoPe, áide frcň ú€
nodst čháPel de§igned in the !47o§ bI Fi reko Láúfua fór Réne ďAnjot
!n thc úthedhl ol M"&ill€s, th. 6st buildin8 to €flfti ih€ R€nai$án@ sřj,le
M§ thc Paláce ól thc [Mendó,á] in cógólludo i. cstile, dsign€d by Lďmžó
váz9uez, á sPmish alchitect who rerurned &om Mudy in Italy about a88,
In th€ l,ii€ valley in Flffe, litde mote thm ornament recalls Clralld \altlt
imponarion of lialian ťtisms to Amboise in I49r. Though ýsrern Pafuns
adopÉd th€ style a g€nention aftď thoe of €sein Eúope, thďé M a seady
ďPánlion otthe sryle uĎtil it M 6iml,dbblish.d in noý of ws€m EubPe
by the ňiddb óf the sirtedth cennrry, 1n Eng]md mon of the buildingš in.th€
funáisinc. sryle ME él€.ted ali* 4io ad they were predominmry ouúy
houRs. of o!E., in England and elsewlE€ in noíhínEuioPc the §ryl€ oitinued
to €xPed well áftr ny terminál date of t6oo, but heE w. al€ Prinárily
conerned witn the proces of tlre infusion ol the sryle, not is 1 ll s@p€ in an),
ft is evident that thrcu8hóut tlúsálPine EurcPc, rh. ovďhelming nájolit/
ofMr}l in thc R€naksanc€ sg,l€ wft seiEnolia] residences, conc.n&ed mund
the l€ádin8 court.cntďs ofEuřoP€, ln HunEaIy, Boh€mia ed lolmd, pruiou
to trJo therc ဠeight€n *iEnorial lesidence a againa only thrc civic builé
ings; and of the ta ecleiatical mtlc, eiglrt aE seignorial buial chapels. ln
FŘdt pFiou to 1rJo, thirty foú ro}ir l§id@.és .nd cháteáu fut built or
rcnoýái€d in the envúo.s of !úis, thc tóirc valley md No@andý oíthe foú
.iyic buíldings knoÝn ío úe jn this P€liod, ihe toÝn h,I in Pads aňd the
§áffgc in L}Bn Ý€€ d6i8ned by atcnnec* in the *wice of IŘncis I úd a
thiid. rt Bca!8€ncy. Ýs commissioned b1 rhe Duke of orlems, It muld scem,
thelďórc, thát ňffy civic buildings owd ti€it Renii§n@ style b piincely
Paúons rarh.r rhan civi. authoriné. seiForial Miden6 atrd latrcn€. á-l!ó Prcdonila&
in th. Ábúó-Gúl@q úe Lowlmd§ ed En8lúd,
In sPain, ihe Pictúe is quiE direreni Ec.lšislio-l .ohhissions outnumbe!
ršid€ntial oi civic buildings ihfuuchou! the ú\$nt! €ntury. \wórk in the úew
st/e ďe nď @nenúÉd* cou! ftnt€6 alone beŘu6e dte, Ý€É exccuť€d for
bórh eel6i6tical úd se.úlúpáúos in hoý ofsPain, Th€ cátholi. noĎúclB,
who iniliat.d núy buildings, did not adoPt ol €ncoul€e the Renafuan@ sryle
i! rcya] iesidences. tn th€ íď cN i! whió ůey reno%ted fud cdtI6, tH.
decoladon M ďlied ouI in ůeMudeje ý},le, ÁJound I'oo, When lh€y ordďed
the buildhg offour nospi*Js folowinE ine duciform Plff in sdtiego de com_
postela, Toledo, Gnnada md Vate,cia, th€y folwed rhe g€nď,l dfuPositioĎ of
Iilaee! nospital for tle sforza in Milm, but that ltalian mod€] M Pobab]y
3úggesed by lhe alchbisloP ofTololo, ?edrc Gonzalez de Mendoa, a ladi!8
frnge]i$ of ú€ ný st te, Not until the lr]os, w!ď Ciad6 V odered the renr
várion of ihe @rla it Madíid, Toicdo md Gmada w* t}re Renaissúe sryle
.óPlord fo! a rcyal rcaidse in sP.in, but by th6 ihe srrl€ had been írnny
esiablsh.d, Pi@il/ by n.mbes oí rh. M.ndoa and lons<a fanil-ie, mmy
of ýhonr had held mbďladolial PolB in ltaly, ole of theh, Ini8o ropd d€
Mendúa, while in Ron€ ťound §o, !@I a Plú fui thc.iulch ofsan ánbnio
in Mondejú in Csti]e, Áltlrou8h it Ýs neyď óĎPl.ted, it hó úe disid..ioú
ofbeing the first cnuch wnh clssica.l pilsos md ornment in wšl€ln Eump.But
n m on-ly in the Drcs thal th€ Renaismce sr},l€ M 8ďeralll áccePr€d for
cnuch atchhcctule in §Pain Ýith the desi8n of the Hieioí),mite church in
Gnnada b/ a floÉntine, ]arcpo Torni l'Indrc and tie cathedral in the sme
city by Diego Siloe who }rad studi€d for m qt€Dd€d
Period in ltsiy. Their funaiý
soce idea were developed in tne cathednls ofMala6a, Jaen, and Baa ad, ulúhateý,
in fal os M*i.o dd Pďu. ln FIm€ in úe §es evidele of the
Renab§an@ ýylc in churchs is linited o ornment aPli€d to rhe Goúic Pies
ofsr, Eusbch€ i! Pťis and a f€v 6nial§ i! íhe fofu oft andelabra on the chget
of st, Pi€úe ár cren, fte 6si.huich to bc d.si8n.d in the lw sryie m the
chaPel of ůe loyal chata! at Ánet d§igned b), Philibeí d€ l'orme in tJ.19. ln
the r6t ofEuloPe, the ac@P@.e ofůe ťúnais§d@ sq,le ňI .húrá chitec_
lure, aPďr fiom sei8noria-l buria] cnaPe]s, occ!6 evcn latei
k is also ďidenl that Princs md theil hi8h6r Dini§t rs.onnis§ioned m6t
of tne alchitecrulal wor[s in tne Reaišmce sryle oudde ltál)a Not oný ihe
dgnorial rcsidene md burial chaPels, Ýhich make uP the gl€atr Pfi ofáíó!
tc.tulal @hmis§ions, but a]so Inay oftle cclcsiotical md civic gen6 in alclli_
reciui. w@ *cuÉdin rhe Rlnaišdcc styl€ owing ro the inrerymtion oí the
fulin8 clós- .4.1so ]ódicatiýc of thť disdncdy sťi8dorjJ.l ssociaIiom of the sq,le in
rhe @lly sií..nth ccnfury i! the &ct thď Ňne grand prelats did not initiaĚ
Es]dcncs in lhe Renailsú@ sryle udl ťhe), wet aPPointed io hi8h 8Dvďnnmi
Po§rs. Ttis ýa truc of fudinils ceor8ť d'Ahboi§e, who beone gov*nor of
Nonándy in 1499, dd Thoóú \Volsey, ýho W appoinr€d l,rd ch cellor
In chúti.E úe natiolaliri6 ofthe chiteds inyolved in tle po6s ofditrusion,
thai i§, IŘlians wo*jng abroad md nativ€,born alchitecs Who hld sudied
in lu]l J-d ,e|Ulned o M,k ln the funj-ú.e,ryle, BUd. in ihe.óUo\ F d8:ln
,Ř ď13t ióUll in EuoP. lo hJ\e ln! Fd lúliff JLtil..b vórbne ln t\e
fuĎeišda §t!,lq vith \4oM md Gro ío]lowioe br ihe end ofthe entur]. ln
thc vet, Italia deignen are reolded at Mscilles, Ánhoi§c úd Lisbon. ln
th€ .ďc ol the httď, .h€ le]io M Andre sáMoyino, thc bes aróirďt ánd
{u]prcl oAo ábroJd i. Lh.6ílŤnú.enrury,Nonr óíh,. wolr§ lhe,., hówel
\Ái beer rJen,ifred, lld \e ud llnte evidenl .sefr on to €uaa rc\h*turc
ln ,pjf óí hl. being Lheft ne bme| Pd oj . d.&de, !i/e ,nou|d nore Lhrt lat
6Áeinrh_cenruq há]ilns Who {enr lo Hu t8á , ?o, d. Boh.miá d trn r.
Ge@nn Ffu.e and Engldd, we often invired prihalily for th€n expertis
in fórtifi.aliofu, nót b.euse th€y workd in rhe Renaissaí.e sryle, bú then th€I
woc,ometin* Ňed n mal* d.ígfu bl no.-milils o,ó:e-b,
Numúous lráli dchit€cs arc re.oded in ihe lafrď half of the sixtmá
cnfury at thc óufu ol estún EurcPe, th€ Áutro-Gú6d áE, and ?ortu8ál,
while theE í€ none í€colded in England, the Lowlands and Flma, md only
one in SDJ 1, T}b @eJ, be re.riw independenr oí,n. V6t sd ,h. .on
únued dependence oí,hr Fsr on lulEn, íol qólkl in ihe Renn*Jď ,p],,
ql
'mpoml wlhle in lne ub jl ion oí lú|im JboJd n lhe lerg.h oí,ime
théy §Jyed ln d) ó.e ďnEr Iol *nde. in lioa MrcheLé a1,1ó Évenl ,o L.
cjrhorr rn ,ourhor lpjn ]u.. lon8 eno,ď -o in,all l CóUrwai thar he hrd
*cuted in Génóď ý{il€ PriĎáti@ió adved at Font.inebleau in §r2 and @ntinued
to Ýort fól rhe Frcnch crcvn foi more th.Ď thity yeús, Also soĎ€ ltálim
ťánďs .ultómárily Ý€nt to Aúúo,German@^res ď gbalb,itý |E\61
worken], *iving in the spring údl€avin8 bďole thé .hill ofaufunĎ, and thus
inďnabb .elled "th€ MlloÝs óf sPdnď' by enyious G.rman ndons. lncide_
tálln it is olen 3uggsťed ďE the difnxion olthe Renaisane style in all the árts
m due to a urpius of tnincd ťtigns in Italy Ýho wenl
"hró,d
ró Ý,L wóík,
but ] hávé foMJLftle ďidec of this, ln mNt .sš, ďchitects -éresenr abioad
by an ldiff lord at the €ques or á fotigĎ Princ.
Thus kr l have found no recold of nadae áróntrts who Went úItaly froo
Hunláry, ?ola,d, Bóhemia, Áuília, G€rman]a sPitrllúd ól s@ndinávia, lón
End;nd, ónly hhn shuE is LnoM b hat 8óŇ to ]blý wh.rc he M Ňnt b,
lhe Duk€ ófNóíhúnb.ímdin §ro fot thé exPr6s PuIpŇ ofýudying an
'entRo@n aná mode!ó tbiim .Ichiteculq and some ol ýhar he l€alned @
includ€d in a íelise Énih€d in §ó], Fle,ch íchite$ 6sr wenr b kah in óc
Ir]os, when Niol* Bachdier ac@nPmi.d the BishoP óf Rode to Ýnic. úd
lhilib€í de l'orm€ Ý€nr to Roňe, while Duerceau úd, Possibly, Jean Buuút
folloÝed in th€ §4os, Appá€nrly á sP ish ďch'ted, Lorcnzo va,qua, hs úe
diýincdón of bcing the fiN 3li€n ť.hitď b sudy in liiy dd !o l.rurn (in
488) ro Ýo.k in rh€ Renai$mc. sryle in his n.tive land, More than á g€nerarion
psed belorc rvera] o.ho <pnďG LA]on,o BeíU8lcle. Baltolorc odonw
bie@ )no. íd redo M,úU.4 EnL .o luly lo,*,ended Pe|iod" oí,lld\
-d;.. ,],",.
",","
l, 7-1rlc. m.de d.hile,lulá] o6i8fu in ll. ns ,nk,
This grcuP Played a ňo€ aclive ble d\.! my of th€ kali]ff in th€ iníoduc_
(ion ;d,plead ol,h. Penai*ú(e "ryl.
in cenk ánd A-dJUqJ, Ar kÁl lóUl
oLhel spJbh l(hlúfrs nuóird 'n ldy b.íore lBlel lnóJd Equiled ótr J]
,fi
,lí
l
:
i
]
)
]]
i
l
Púnis§ion
jq
§rr, but aftď d]at t]mť sPaiards conti,ued to uúli4 tulian ť.hi
mru8] ďeatisé, such 6 rho6e oťserlio and Vi8nola, Ií@ní.s io th. á.tit
rcl€ ofspmish archn4ts, úeIrená remin€d d.Pedd6t oD lhliús fur the nftt
fórt, }tffi of th. $similation of ttle qJ., ronuat€]y fól tlc IÉnóafcln<_
tulal hdition, the Italian designeN who ýoi].€d theE (FŘ Gio@ndo, t ón do,
Prinati.ció,ffd scdio) ý.íeoflighel aliber dBn those invited b rh€ 6t of
EmPc in ó. sixk.nth centql Tle ltálián! wer€ the oně Ý!o ac.oňmodat d
íaditiona-l Frená ď.nite.tunl q?6 b the ne Rod6sane sryl€, whďe6 ln
spain md Erylmd th* ask m rc.omPlished les suldy ánd hore slowly by
na.ires. k mut be r@EniEd, llowď€!, thíin ňe desi8n oí couní, houš§,
English álchiiets also benefited from tlte leliať ammmodation of the clď§i@]
od.is to the Pďilion-and-corjdor fomat conmon to both the Fnn.h md
Tie informtión gí!ďed íhu fal nak6 Posjblc dE ploíin8 ofthe diírúion
ofthe funaiss G rchitecruEl s9,1e ůon ltalim to rcitiaíy.enle* in the res
ofEurcPe, ln th€ ďli6t ilsbnce ofdifi'usion, th€ King of Húýry who wanrd
an lt liú chiteď ro Éno%te1is estle ar Buda in th€ I46c, qune nafuhlly
conBcted pdnc€l], fules, the duts of lerrua má Milan, shorů afrer. Rene
d'Ánjou mad. ďlangeh4ts Ýit! tle KinE of Naples for lrmGco bMná to
@m. io Mmeillé, ffd thar ýe ťléPoit in which chďles \aIIl load€d ýo §hiPs
with ýork orťt md iGtim ďtism to intrcduc€ lhe nď §t]-le ro lŘnce, NaPl6
may áso be tlre catel in whi.n brmzó vázguež ácauied alclritectural tpatory
that he mP]or€d in tne very ally Prlac in cogo]ludo, begun in la9r,
Arcund §oo, Milan md Payia incEded in imPortd@. Refl*tions of the
rrmbald sryle m found in G@rE€ d'Ámboiset rsid€nce ai Ga'llon in Nor
Fard, b€un in Irot, and in th€ chateau of tne Loire rDl]€],: and, aoud the
sú. tine, Lomb{l& working in the pon ofGenoa nade porBl§ údcouí9áds
that v€rc shiPP€d ro ll calahoía úd Ya.l.ncia in §outhestďn sPain, Át th€
sm€ time, EmPelor Mďimilih l ar lnBbruck be8an to look to Milan, thou8h
he nmi had enou8h i!@me io suPloí grúd §úi. ď.iit€.tural prcjeďs, and
latr viema, G@ and D6d€n deP€nd€d álmosi .g!,lly on Milú and Ýnje,
Ilorntile, *pecially thore workin8 i, Rom€ in tle edy §i*eíth enlurj/,
belrne impofunt for §Pain, The Torni brorheB ame iom that ambi€nce ar the
cnd of úe seónd d€qde md so did the sď€lal refultring sPaniúdj nenrioned
eúlicí,Bú!!gu€e, M&hu€ and siloe, tlough the later cerráinly Ýórk d ýith
oiáona in NŤ].s md Prcbab|, in cďqla, florentinB ftIe inď€6in8ly imPor
fut to lHncis I, bur of ťhoF Ýho wdl ro lqncc, only Leonardo is ]<nom to
hare made architectunl dsigns, while ?limatieio úd sellio, who wr firmly
rooEd in the FloEntin+Roman íadition, wft Bologn6e b}, bifrh, Henc,
while llorena didnt at first play 6 imPoíali a rcl. d the se@ndaly 6t€s of
Milú, Genoa, Feíar& Rone ed NaPl6, sh€ ws álMF in úe background 6
úe foúntainhe.d of the sryle, and she beqme a moE acriv. Pďti.iP.nt in rh€
Prcas of difiaion in rhe nBt úid ofth€ siŇ@nú enturr,
ftom rh€* Italian cities th. róL of diffi$ion M ped on ro noíh€n EulóPan
cenEs, of thos€ in esr€rn EuloPc. onl), Buda M of internationál imPóF
bDcq Ýhile in úe w6t, Gai on Ýs quickly s@.eded 6 . radial center ol tllc
§5
§nle bv the lniř "a]l$ Jound 15 5 J-d Lh.n lry h^ bnl ^o,L(
in Pún ,rd
páne:neblel_ *a ,,]o, r}e ó|tr:n.,nr ,ryle 'n Jchi,r,lUÉánd ,,,,Iió
;;.ái.n b,-"d th;* h"d úaórdin{y di$usio,, not oný in lŘnce bú
.lso in the rowbnds, Enelend, s.ddiíivh ind G€man]r An otrshóót óí th€
lonoinebleau §chool is thi entel ófAnMrP, which in úe§6ós beáme imPor
*" r., ,h. p"bl'o-i., .r p,,lďn bool, oiď-hilŤrulj] o ,l ient ,iL, l\ď oí
ú,- r,"a.*-,:" V.*, Ň"..n,e,:h h.Aun ,{ŤrJ lfJorf,óplJ\J,",.,
n,.ion"t .; .o.o*rt. ,o ,h^Ý lr IÉr." d lh. Lowlnd<, hul th,, is
n,óbáblv oU.. :n pán, ,ó lhr prcÝin,-,} ol Vill- Jno V.n:ce,nd, ,r Pď,, o ,h"
ii".i." .i i".." i" p-,p.-ú Giir,-y ffiong ,i8hl plrf]ir8§, xbrul onc
h,,.d,éd ind frftf du\e. ;d "ounr, r"d nunenu, frce'mpďDl,nří \xhih
;nere v.l. nJnv'llJll, ir ,h" Ablo cďTJ lÉ ln me llF* h,|t
"/
r\e ,
.-*l -"n*'th- e. ,l-ost 4dsively oeupřd {irh rh€ €nďíion 2nd
deoation oi the interior of pdncdy 6idenc6 Ďthd rhan in áKhřďfu$l
.élin,li soáir the|ev.f mdyďnFB olrá ) eqJ] mPo""nď l"ú|lÝ,lom
,r," i.los. Á. *,.. *,, t ;. er 6l,héRc lnš,ňď,nle,o d,, N@ §/órld,
hU, i;,h" j516 <.Uii Jl,l-|,r.l, l j MJdjd \ad lo lPPloK Jl P"oie,
, lól ŤJl",
h ldinŇ ln the @Ióni€5,
]he ;,endi] ře.|,ni.Ť,,he diq'on,l,L. ReM'*l,e,ry|, r 1o! ('@,
Th. ini l ^pénb otd:ff!ýon w.|., :. rhe n
'n,
diplo ná,,
"l
l'Jliln d h'n
"h* r,-ó;i _o_1§, ffd lh..Jly Jdopleh,il rnrolp'nc Furop,r we-e
,h. Ďnnú§ Lhď ÝrPd, Thl, it dsďibed "(
,o.iJl,gloup di'Lion" i- ,h i,
-.ť .t,-" *,t i. , *o","",nnal gorerring . rs rLr hld regu,:r ,h;nreh o
---,.i-"". ,t,o"q]1 d,olom,"r, q, : rd Jo r rr*mnrlgt, Tl-e+ p,n,e
,"; ,r".;, -,.' r.s eriolored |h. ns lryh p,, nln'y lo ho, c,i,lenr,,nd
rl**.r,-a, -a r", ,.p.".v
",i",-h,-,,ule
vh e h,|"latr,ní
.".i..i.;.bo* "i,h
i",*"xion,],Ďíer go,mll ró,in,d t,om u,:ng
,he sáe oec úc *l-p'e "eF,oF,Ed
Jbóul tu,opp,of,, ,e rha , gen_
"-,;" r ri. **-" _h,, *..i|ř,uF il Ihé Rcnai$ď.e,íyl" \ád l,J'u" o,Lq
rhln the r.,-h.řore lor ruoper p-n6 ffd,hei, nrrnre , a rd, prlum;bl,,
ia, ďhď ó .niEl oalot ol,h. a,y, 'pecu]l
io, or the rá]Ue lan l" mJdc
-"-,."Á;"*t, "ner
a bnet -* e ol h" ditrú ón or,lé R"J:"ill'' lsle in
ssed' p,óbl.m. 'n úr.hlíing ol (UlPruml wolA ,hóUld be nn,ed, NlJ'y
".;,..-"]].,,.",e noub]v hL, ň,.{i,s, ie|:er d ,,.lJalš m:gal, í,om l\f
,,l".e. n whió ,ha ,ee Ťád.:,d ,hn i," Ý'dom "cll do,d,nrd 4 ,r, q"
i.-" t"., -." *"to-," +-,l(h:,.ffJre, heU Ý ol,}e lúnóds FJ ecón
niPíl lhe relia.ul rnift oílh€ p.riod, *pa'3l,J ir Bonenir Uelm;ňÝ sM, +,,
nd ánd lh.-LoÝlJ.d§, *hjk in Hu"s,íy sen fole ý§ de{úyPd b) lh'
Tulš, Molďe, ploblem at posed foi some scholaru by the áflinit], of soĎe
.-,h-. (hool;il\ .o..,. or t,"t:,. Rr l,qnf ,,ulPluŤ, e(oe"iJll, ,hc
**.. <,loural fo,ns oí Ll-é D-Fn.r (ryle in fineen h'enfury |-Brf sd
,"-,,.-"..i ,r,. ."+a =.,:]r m i. m;io,|,:] derll l rhe ,lrum o' rh,
Nďhédffdih Germm íditionj búi none of rhs€ have ben includ€d in Ďy
áalt óf the difusioí ol th. Ihlian funais§ánc€ srte be,aú€ bórh rchools arc
enóIk undčstánáable úthih th€n óM elt úaditions,
_']nf
PInLr} ,!UPLH] 8s,. i, lohed in !!e dltú|on ól !h. R"nJ,.Mfn.júd€ fuml,"'1 lrcnLno|. fosrn,, !(leiAli*]:.u]p,J,e
"rt...*
riijipoí 48, J,l ďnfrút, l he w,j*l *idrn, e n, ,,'. ,"l:';';.l;:;::;"].;ld) ,. toJd in lJmJd Wher, rn rl,g, tulMo ttnnt. e\r_uEd €lieí. úáiŤpejt mouýs lDm chi|,si; nĎl dooh: b.l iothlng.ffe o| LhL p,e.o.lou,DlíuJUn ol the neq []olenl:n. )Pk 0 JDri!, l_ ,h" |Al,,h; K,;;"ii.;;;la|rbe.4úd bete ihrorJry \.ulplule l,i \em(hio. beredd@ o. Maao in.]oúe| i|ooke,lol hi, re.id€nej jn úd"lohd BLdl, ln lh. ,,;;,il:#uW&1, iho,úa bru€]iL rc [an.ť D/ Rroe d fuio l, maoe rj,,r." ,J"iiŇlE. bU !rq!h !-LiPlo! ,(D nol b h"r
^ponded
o .h.., ó;;;;me,lc@\, ú,he laTiliJ ď.hllf.lula] ..n1.1. ol rjt.ao, qt,u oa tu,"-
"na
u ,ne !,o,G v.]ls údn fu,l, q ,he nv,ple cndlJly i:;J;,;:'ii;;;íldmlJ l .a]]ed J Lomb{d o ]nfubruď m-.l.B!,,l
Ť nefl e{:Wť ďd h. ;ňili"..".jiŤ;g:}":-;:ifl,:tr]úFbj Lnť @Et,háPel sh|_h tr& lo include óoul 6.r *. li*.i.Ů*l;.ln.Díok, qecuEd by Gďm 5cu]pto6,
in J.inR,Le, .]re n<Ý .ýle B €fun,u"Uined by ún
w,len úMúi§,whik in rtre !&l, oí]} rolbd .;nlinko ;.,.yr". j...ď.[ívdy]n funeBry múh.ns, In huch ofnóílB"ieTiJ !ďm4), §ý rlú,, -; ;i*,;i:.j:ijJ.i..'H:;ť:JrupÉarht 5cu]prural kadidon lor mue lhe i
",,,;-ffe bJ.k vigumbÝ l".h.l..,il;;';iř;:;;'fl,úl-ry b( Cďm v
loú.JnídPlule ind nJl.ells lbrn.-- "-"'jG úJ',púU'ujďh in
qr.o..ide fion !he,e kbujarioh,c !hí Pledoň.nú_e ol one.o]púJ] Rťnlelu1B,.), no jumln.,, 5epu1.lxA m,de ;p ,boLt & pe,_ent o, ,É,.j"";;;,l@m*,,n, m LD8l jd úd lol-d,.b". i,rfi, ] *.;.. -j,r,; ;;.ii.;
..li:i:,:i]r ?
oDť fureló doaúrn§ weE omoision.d,. .l,. R.;:;-;;,L/ť pŤv i to ls\o, but úe Efule do6 nol ptdoTinl,e beo_.e ol ůe;;.
*i*: fr:: lJ,'ffi ;:"Á,ťf, H:l::X
,;i:iťŤ:-i,,-,:::
ffdrum lq úó.Jlpj. fuop., l-, r." .l,,,p,* i. J.
"*-,;,;'l.ř*illxm, Jj. m.d h o,n. NuM p-,.d - ú.,.,;.,.s,,".i.;,r,.'i.n"ji
i:
ne MJ:)§Ť.ť \ťe qni.h hJd be.n dsejopj -i-.i,y i" .-ii. -lomil. l,LJly Ltr otpo]).<hro-y * ** oJa.g, Á""il", .l*.r. * ,r,. ř.t
skrť lnde $s \| j.i) no Ý(u]ú !ul.,l,,.
lYJnd no'mnn lubpe
,l ] :ť :]]]] tl1'. :l iurFuť in .he ie,ds .e
"nle
\ďr Áo p in6 Jndu,n'@úuslňúgnlh( pd!.n"g.,",.,]p*.",*a.;;;JJ.ž;;;
I^**,"...l, r,-,Á.c,.ái. ;.;ífi ;i:lEo nd roýo.d lhe RÉrJi)ýn(
"íyh
in J.hk.,,,* l,non,.Ť,."of í@! ohb" li.- D;;;;#ill.;ii*'j.i:';:;.J,t:
l*'.*oli;i;" "'' ''*o'*'y Lhe Mendoal h.d (mPlqrd r l- *ri"
"]ii]kIJa,(ulPlotr i! northgn fUíUPe sfue an@n&F,].l P,in.ťl) .oJfu Lhď sďc lLL"i_!,";;
;řJff;".ři:#:ff:l§:;
Ir7
f.r rcUlpfuE, ahhough Augsbu€ lnd Núiébb.lgwel€ ihPorBnt addnioN in
Geman]4 In the lati$ ha]f oí lhe sin€enri centur/ i, Gelmany úd Auýria,
ney la]ian s.!lP@rs Ýeťe át Ýorh bur thel w.t usúI\- limired to figural
suryíisingly fď EurcPfu sclnPtoí orh€i th Ausló-Geióus and sPfriálds
Ýent b ltály 6 íudy fumissanc€ or cient sculPfu€. whilé Mi.h€l !ac!ď
ňúthave visiřd lalu ind Mmfua p!ďiou lo executin8 his Páinriígs of the
st, volfgáng alfuPie.e in th€ t47os, the íip lďt his sulPtuEl fom únalŤected,
A Eenďatión láter, in rhe fir* daade of the sixteenth cenurv á fď youn8
Geroán s@lptois (d!e Virner bíotheB úd HerinE Loy) made bťiďftiPs tó túly;
úd a lď nole Ýent in tne ldt third of rhe .enfuq, wilh úe bmk *plained b1
thé diýuPtivé reli8ióú di§Púte§ ó€thé intéeenin8 yéú,Belore §oo V§.o de la
Zťa rerurn€d ÉonIdy b,{vila od Dmian Fómenl, tó Valeó.a ánd in the
y.es ,rl7-trí9, rhree mjoť sPdish scdPús (siló., ordonez ánd B€íug@te)
rerumed o Spain afta *rnded Pďiods ofýudy in l$!r B. enthattineadd
áe te*tictions on tnvel abrcad, four other smlptors rc known tó have sudiéd
ih lbly, Thu sPain maintain€d a 6iily ýeáy confut Ýnh rhe ltalim dďelóPIn
sum, the panerns ofdiffusiol in rhe vo t* have much in cóňnón, ln
both .á6 the p.úons Ý€le Pimeily pdncs and a sei8nolial ait 8enE Pl€_
doňinat€d in ea.h, Thoý genF palatial l§iden.es and funeHry nonWenB
, were §uffi.'endy .óm!l* in fórm to embody the primary desi8n pd.ciples and
á fai Páft óf ihe che.Élisti. ňotiɧ oleeb mediw and also to display tle
feling fór fórň P..!]iť tó th€ §rrle, Á Paláti,l €.iden@ b the bst of all pos
sibl. genrcs fór th. diffulion óf the Renr§an€ sryle in úchitecue, whqeo
leser Mís .uci as isólácd Potáls, loggitr sánďes ór PriúechaPels ýould
íoi in th€ňs]B be 3Dfr.idl ró ad€quátely lďe,] rh. €$.ntiá]s ol ll,e style. In
rculpture, the fetmding tmbá (which w3 f2vored over the s?ll tómb in no
ofEurope) ws the no* ompl* of genrs in the scrnptural medim. wió rne
pmsible emeption of monmental foultaim, The tomb us!á]ly included á
rccumbent effigy and pnying Águres of tlre deceaed s wel] a ál.gori.ál ýaru_
ary in nich6 ol plac€d alolg the s]ds of thc rcprnóre ad, on the stylobate,
n.mtiýe Élieli.Leser s.ulFural genre, such s bu* porúa]a, reliefs of dt
Madonna and Child, or ryen €gusúi monunenB ft rm linited in fom,
Píhaps, indieli€ of ihe imponme of the ptimaly vehicle in tle din:úion ol
the sqjle i§ tbe fact that rhet M a long delay in the ditruion ofm impotant
Itálió sculPfu€l 9?e not in.luded in rhe !ohb, rh.t is, tlr€ staoe *andiry &ee
ólán ár.hitďtulrl flmfuolI and dé§i8ned tó be of alĎost €qual itu*st ftom
á]l áígl€s ófÝis_su€ly úe most imPo!€nt á.hiďement ofltalian funaisane
*ulPtos- Á lď foúntiins ýidt fÉeaBnding (but not n€.esarily Plutifacial)
íáluei Ýcté bmugh! frcn Flo!én.e to Buda in ňe I47oš end to Gaillon &on
G.nóa ánd v€ni.c alound I'to, aod Gtlini mad. a Poje.t foi a gigantic fountáin
lór F6.i. l in the ády lr4os. btrt nónlbliáns rúrnédóblivióús to rhe
ptoblem ofpluri6cial design in íatuara Even ihe south G€lnm sculptor who
begú lo mak€ ýátueíšin Ýmd md brona round 5ro did nol d€si8n rheh
rr3 T
Wh{ ňť 6,mi] Pfub|m qA Do,ed in J .eriš ol Ťonuh.lral bun,ái,, l!b m^ \Jmnl\lo ted lol Ó€ fuil v]Uff, ol <o-,h UermJ lki.o
]
l hi., ulpiúJ.Jnd ú^hif(|,J E.n,e thJl fMd & PnmJ] th'-6rú,lhe
PJUonJgf .n a tA\ il,elELled (ouE (ťnre^, ed Á.e q;,.",..i-.P. i'
,iv.rBl Jmu8rh.m, Ihoe.ondilofu en oUlá3€d,h.únlnued qPloHl:;n oirne PoďUJ,oi th. \qle in e4!h denre, úd Ú1 mJv Aťn bF lqu| emrnx qol
Lne llPld ďd 9J!fslu] dúfLion oÍ..ryl., trPJuofu8f in Jn imPďko
",y'e
l.
deoninuoa dd UntomPe(ili4 .1d if lhe wo,k.oĎTi"'on;d D..a. -Fvl ú 8efu.s úd e \a{.kd in _nle]ď.d *rkĎ, diŤ!.on i. n;l li|.e]y ."
ták€ nh.é
nre pFdomine-e ol i]r.,eigno,iá].lós L P4lo1, md ll-e Dl,n.el\ DJ]Jf
úd luďJJy monufrú. ó lhc 8.nE\ ó.y -on m:,.ioned ln a."*,qri, *q,
gslcrniLlb l ,.J Elue B 5rmboli. Htln rhJr l$.Irel( oí. oJ§e, , h;.noi:e
lgnolá] fun.dofu @ orcPiFd íol b hUnJnn\,
iho hrd^de]inaEd ůe.ďfiglBlion ol ihe Renái)v;. Plir- Ú8.b - ,]..
bó| o'llorlr mod.L J-d in ó.:l Pecgyliú,
^a"
l,i* u.ř or l.,ohRaPhol§ dsi\ed lrcn, 4,|quiry, T\. e PrhnHl ,ďelen@ lo ff!ienl RorflogRhď qiL\,-he Jr_}Llť(m !heoli5§, mrm,1,ofu or, IrieiJrly oíit,eJ_
Dglý gto.e.i- lšidmliJ pldc,ol loc,r Boups ÉomLhe ffi$ ,á lh€ Dlin*,
led lo (|lsá,nl..,ior Viů rhe irFgulal 4d sen &!denB] J88"8".." .i,,-.
,ur§ úa úu]]|v_ Ť"de LP ňe loni6ed .6llB inneltred írc; r;.o,r t,óo ,,
,'rr,o, 1mJn lb lo.rrcd inHK,k Jong §ú liÉmlule A rle mo* onncrh
llnl:l p:,m.€,e ánl
t. k, ,y". lo lŘain g,orn .a, * á"y -፠lú8 fu. (nld8h he J8e., one .ó4,ined or ůe Plop,gánd, o.u. or
řJET jh, m. Pa]e, ffd húmry mo-MenĎ ol , teme|,6 Jd lneil dyllti€,
Phn!š nenJbl) enPlo€d úenoí llelollal ot
"rhúdfu-J] sryl6. L!", o;
Jn(i t Rome, l4.r'd§ef .oD.ey.d Jn,de oí.ún.,hl-d
";;1,l;;;;;úf tyBnn,ca] ó§c:Ji|ofu orthe oul,djl.d ioíEs. ,rdlb s.l. ,,*.,-,"apsBlE PloDon;on4]iry mbod řd the,d.J oi stsbiliru 4nd oldel;d fun 1ó.
s.ghr tunuq ,-. J|, -l,;*d lol úe PlinUPJ'il) o\e lne ,.Publi,, And, ;lúub., lhe h€nitien.e ďbli.rd.jlh fuehhiP ws ben ;xPB..d in lhe
1MM§l. bb,ú(. ol ú6Plourc by ú..oqly fidfliJ. Jnd ]'u ornoerr
ol ,mPnlr] RoTe ó ,ň:,ed b) RebJi_ú( al.nir€.b,
.l\*
No.iJúól, Áó
Pemn D rh€ JlhnfiuJ Jd *dPfuJ .omponťn§ of,he funeR ňonl_
m.DL wri.h m:n,lŘ,ind) rcn.flned
" n lhe únfremoni." .r Ú. l"..dtrd, ol lbe hlUmPlr.n, luler wh.le mu.lr mo! úuld b€.Ja.t,l,".
".,*i"tior", lhe 6ínlla] ooinL lo be máde." lhe esenliJlly,J rboli. q]Ue oiLhe 14\qlebedlo, lhe §ei8noju] gefue d t 5ď,ed fu,te Plim.9 Veti(k\ tol lhedil,
fuíon ot th< nv s9le in rrchic<ur d §culDrure,
l|" 6la ..iden.r ol Lhe t,ai- ruu.,-.i "y. . p..nling b ,omshJ
.al]ď ú ihál lol ihť otbei aa ir e*h ollulá] .* r,t. rr+os ;" rt-o.,..
]111 i I** 1" lbe 14.o_! in Áu5uiá 4d sPai,,, u,, i" p,.g** á,good dfJ \low.- lhJ ÓJ( of Lhe olhel ď^, |áinling J.o diff;u in lhll ne.dgn"olkr \lá! Plá4dno&qle.lole in:l. oďló l€e Lh Ú..lelEyó, Jre UPPď
F'ddre clar, Jd lhe lubiťo\ nfe/lv A--"l_ ^i.L" .-, _ ^_- -^ďeNltlningly
rcligióús. ve a!€ colfbnEd ýith thé znom]ous conclusion thát
páinting, whió is usuálly .onsideEd the leadin8 at of rhe Pďiod, Ms not in
lh€ qngúťdof thó diífusión of th. stylc in EurcPe, and rnis wóúld ýéhto be
du., ít lc6. in part, to lhe Elíiw lack oí Pdn€ly Patbd€e. That, loo, k ódd
beáú§e ihe J,!,,/' of lrály werc cíly ,nd cnrhusiaýic Pátrcns of ffonubenra]
munl decorations lot the great halls, courtyarú md evo facads oí th€n iési
den.es. The subjecs Ýere u§ually hisrotiel or mlthological laíátiv6 and, át
dň6. ďents in ihe life of the lo(d hiňsélft but in all 6s óe theme mre
foeBPhoric l€ltrenc€s tó hi. coúlá8e, Ýisdon, PoÝel, and n€n'flc€iÉ,
§An w muí ,.k, didnt ihe Pin6 of fuloPé eFulatc the Jighói óť lá)y jn
th. úeofpropá8anáistic nuráls in th.n Pa-la.6i on. mi8hr be inclin€d tó ilspéď
a @hniQl obíacle, becaúéthet were few plaitioner oftru€ fr6co outsid€
18ý át this tió€, bui Eulopeán prin6 @uld lrav€ fo red the Veletians who
páinřd nírŘiiÝe .}d€s on hu8€ on%.6, fist in a st in téóniqúe {nd thén in oil.
ln fad, the obsbdc ýás not tfthničá] bút gen€lic, Tl. figured tapsq. a lrighly
d*€IoP€á rePl&ntátiónál ait in the rnnó-llemišh álá, sďved to d€.ol.te ihe
intrios ofth€ 6t16 ofmóý óíEumPei ánd n hid tho ádd€d aduntáge o1.on
tibuting ro the Ýímth of nolthďn iniďios, Even aliď lŘnck 1\ g,rler, át
lonainebl€aú poPulaizd nurals wirhin elaboiately nodeled Piďtel &m6 in
thé ryos, ňe Prc$ss oftie gente r*s slm because nonnetnes continued to
fávo! ÉPstli6. Moómental muláls ll3d ď€n Ié$ ol á .h.ne in noith€ír
chúrchd§, beús vindN W€ la€er and Wll are4 sn,]lel thd in IEIy and
§treá iň€€ry M§ exe.uted in the sPlďdól of.trned gla$. oihď th{n honu
mmb] nuúls, rhe idcál g€nr. fór the diffasión óíthe Renáis§áncc sťyléin páiňlin&
naiřďjv. subjeds night háv. becn .xecutd on Pa.ls ol .ánBeš for
áltďpiees, which wŤc átaining gig tic PrcPoíions
jn late frŘeenth<entury
loly but that ptospect ws blockd by aotha obsacle, Tmsalpine Ěurope md
spln cóntinú€d to pléfď .ar€d alerpieces in polphrome r"ood,
Henoe thé ýo genre§ tlrat rculd háve §eNed bes to disPlay the esntia] Éea_
ruls ofthe ný srylé in páinting Ýere not ofuÉto eithď Piinely ó! eeksi6_
ti.ál Paíófu dling ihé l"iéfiftéenth add eíLy sifte.nlh cnt!ri6, and thé
inÉsiof, ófúe sq,l€ into the North M 1eft to lesď Pictolia] gere§ thát h]d nó
sútained Plton€c ol inpotánt soci,l fmction, TheE Ýd no Piňáry v€hic]c
compmble to thc palatial rcsidena and the funaaly nonument in the oth€l
major at*, aod tlrus the difíusion took plare wilIy lly with ie]iah Renaissána
idaš infus€d rImost iopeleptib\- at tins into noithďn Pictorial génies,
Ýhik PJnting &ed mol€ obsta.le. than orh€i májor ús,there is nó l€.šón
tó deny tbfi diffi$ión bók plád, údthat the Rcnáism.e !q,le in Paintin6 as
in archlfururc ánd sculPturc, wfi 6ómdátd by á sňáll glóuP ól2rti§s ánd
pafun. ln Flol€na in tH€.árly Áíiecnth ccntury md that from th.I44d it M.
atended and elrbonted in *cohdary c€ntefi in lialy and ihen in trtiary conk6
abrcad, Thc nw social sptem of Eulop€, úrher thm siving dse o the style, po
vid€d inýifutiolal channels fot its difrrion, Vhile thus denying á plúralisiic
genesis of the Renáis§úce style, we en ptopedl describe it a plúBlntic in
á.hiďemeni in rhlt i.dMd@l .ónÝerts all 8ď Eulope etcnd€d th€ Pót€ntiál
nř.*&*
"+tJ
The Renaissance in Eutope
A Reader
Edited by Keith Whitlock
Yale University Press
NeW Hevcn 2nrl l oní]On
coPyriól @ 2ooo ÉLcdon md cdirórizl nfu.i Th. oP.n Univ.fii$ individuá iĚfu, úe
Th. PubliďHs háE @d€ erery €foí b tq@ dre rclmnt coPFjgi. hold.is to clcď
Pďni$ions, Ifany iaft b<n inadY.ftndy omit€d this is d..Ply E8Med and will b.
corKed in ey fut@ Printin8.
sd in Adob€ 6ďmoĎd md H.lvdia condeNed b), B.í_ÉTryě{t! Ltd, Hong Kong
Priífd in Gre.t BriBin by Biddl6 Ld, Kjng'3 L}nn, Noďolt
lsBN oJoGo8r8, (hbL)
oJ@-o822rl (Pbk,)
Ubnr, óf congGs cíáloging_h-Plblicíion D&
Thc R.niišmÉin lumPc: á Édéi/ .dned by Keith lýlido.k.
ISBN oJoo_o82t8J (cIoth: allr, PaP.i) l§BN oJoo_o324,1
l Refui*úe, i, Eurcpe - civiliál,on, J, Humúifr,
ciP
A qt lo8u. E@id for úb boot i Mil2bl. fmn dt. 8rjtish lib€ry
Summary
Table oí contents
List 0í lilUstíatiOns
lntíodúction
section one
The lmlact 0íHlmanisn
section TWo
cou s, Paitons and Poets
secti0n Thle€
challon0Es t0 Authority
lndex