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Learning Difficulties
Merel Hage
Counseling Psychology
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What do you know about learning disorders and problems?
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What is learning?
O
O“The activity or process of gaining knowledge or skills by studying, practicing, being taught, or
experiencing something and make the knowledge your own.”
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Learning disorders
vs
Learning problems
O
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Learning Disorders
ODisorders in:
O Basic psychological processes
O Understanding + using language
O Receive
O Recall
O Process
O Communicate
O
O
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Learning problems
O Reading problem (Dyslexia)
O Writing problem (Dysgraphia)
O Spelling problem
O Mathproblem (Dyscalculia)
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Primairy
vs
Secundary
Learning Problems
O
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Primary learning problems
O Problems that manifest on learning the academic skills itself.
O
O There is no delaying in development of the child.
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Secundary learning problems
O Problems or disorders which have effect on learning
O The learning problem exists because of other disorders of problems
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What are not learning disorders or problems?
O
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What are not learning disorders or problems?
O Less intelligence
O Vision + Hearing impairments
O Autism spectrum
O Intellectual disabilities
O Emotional Disturbance
O Disadvantages (Culture/Environmental/Economic)
O
O
O
O
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Prevalence
O
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Prevalence
O 5%- 20% school-aged children suffer from learning disorders (DSM-5)
O1 out of 5 à Dyslexia
O1 out of 50 à Dyscalculia
O
ODifferent degrees à continuum
O
O No gender differences
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Diagnosis
O  Primary or Secondary
O
O Non-Verbal Disorder or Verbal Disorder
O
O Criteria
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Verbal vs Non-Verbal
O Verbal Disorder
O                Dyslexia
O
O Non-Verbal Disorder
O                 Dyscalculia
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Diagnosis Criteria
O Specificity criterion
O Discrepancy criterion
O Exclusivity criterion
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Hypotheses
O ‘Magnocellular deficit’ hypothesis
O
O ‘Cerebellar deficit’ hypothesis
O
O ‘Phonological deficit’ hypothesis
O
O
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Dyslexia
and
Dyscalculia
O
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Dyslexia
Verbal disorder
O“Dyslexia is an inherited condition that makes it extremely difficult to read, write, and spell in
your native language—despite at least average intelligence.”
O
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Dyslexia
O Learning disorder in reading and spelling
O
O Deficit in phonological skills, independent of general intelligence
O
O Specific difficulties in processing of speech sounds à phonological skills training
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Causes of Dyslexia
O Genes
O
O Neuro(psycho)logical approach
O
O
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Genes
O 40-70%
O
O DCDC2, chromosome 6
O
OHeritable
O
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Neurological Approach
O Larger right hemisphere
O Don’t use the same brain part when reading
O Neurons on unusual places
O
Ohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zafiGBrFkRM
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Example
Ohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q27DkM4V9rA
O
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Dyscalculia
Non-verbal
O
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Dyscalculia
O Impairments in learning and remembering arithmetic facts
O
ODifficulties in visual-spatial and tactile processes.
O
O Prefer information auditorial
O
O Difficulties in executing calculation procedures
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Types of Dyscalculia
O Development Dyscalculia (DD)
O àGeneral Dyscalculia (GD)
O à Arithmetic Fact Dyscalculia (AFD)
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Biological causes
O Cortical activity à several brain areas
O
O IPS (intraparietal sulcus) à non-symbolic processing
O
O IPS, Angular Gyros, Inferior Frontal Gyros à symbolic processing, but also attention
O
O Real cause = still unsolved
O
O
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Example
Ohttps://www.understood.org/en/tools/through-your-childs-eyes/player?simq=d7e339d7-7c55-4fd0-bef6-9
4b1a640d9dc&gradeId=46a45e80-d62e-45ae-90c5-98db914b8aa2&standalone=true
O
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Link between dyscalculia and dyslexia
O 40%-50% of dyslextic people have no signs of dyscalculia
O
O Difficulties in math test à written questions.
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Working Memory
O Important role
OPhonologocal short-term memory
OThe digit span test
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Misunderstandings
O Often wrong (behavioral) diagnosis
O Lack of motivation
O Lazy kids
O
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How can you help a child with learning problems?
O
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How can you help a child with learning problems?
O Don’t force them
O Give them different kinds of tests on schools
O Be patient
O Early discovery helps the child
O Problems in whole class teaching
O
O
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Adulthood
O Disorder already exist in childhood
O
O Problems in jobs
O
O Disorder in later life
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Example:
Adult with mild dyslexia
O Difficulties with learning a foreign language
O Can’t improve their intelligence on paper
O Terrible spellers
O Slow readers
O Troubles with distinguish left and right
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Comorbid disorders
O ADHD and ADD à 50% have learning       disorder too.
ODevelopmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)
àCerebellum
O
O
O
O
O
O
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Conclusion:
We don’t know enough about this disorders yet
The umbrella could be bigger than we thinking now
Hard to find the causes of these particular kind of disorders
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Thank you for listening!
O
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References
OSkagerlund, K., Träff, U. (2016). Number Processing and Heterogeneity of Developmental
Dyscalculia: Subtypes With Different Cognitive Profiles and Deficits. Journal of Learnning
Disabilities, 49, 35-50.
O
OGiofrè, D., Stoppa,  E., Ferioli, P., Pezzuti, L. & Cornoldi, C. (2016). Forward and backward
digit span difficulties in children with specific learning disorder. Journal of Clinical and
Experimental Neuropsychology, 38, 478-486.
O
OLee, I. H., Rojewski, J. W., Gregg, N., & Jeong, S. O. (2015). Postsecondary Education Persistence
of Adolescents With Specific Learning Disabilities or Emotional/Behavioral Disorders. Journal of
Special Education, 49, 77-88.
O
O
O
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OBiotteau, M., Chaix, Y., Albaret, J. M. (2015). Procedural learning and automatization process in
children with developmental coordination disorder and/or developmental dyslexia. Human Movement
Science, 43, 77-88.
O
O Ghesquière, P., & Ruijssenaars, W. (2005) Handboek orthopedagogische hulpverlening
O
O http://www.dys-add.com/index.html
O
OMercer, K. A. (2012). Students With Learning Disabilities and Attention Disorders: Stories of the
College Choice Process. (Under the direction of Dr. Audrey Jaeger and Dr. Joy Gayles).
O
O
O
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Questions?
O
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