Diane Arbus: The Gap between Intention and Effect
Author(s): Judith Goldman
Source: Art Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Autumn, 1974), pp. 30-35
Published by: College Art Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/775864
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Diane Arbus: The Gap Between
Intention and Effect
JUDITH GOLDMAN
The recent articles on Diane Arbus' photographs all falter in
the same private, indulgent way. The writings have been
homages to suicide, eulogistic tributes, and noncritical
memoirs. Diane Arbus, who was a very good photographer,
deserves better. Not that the abundance of essays are not well
done or interesting. The nature of the subject predetermines at
least voyeuristic interest and they are competent, if strikingly
similar.
Each offers the same mixture of biographical facts: born in
1923, Diane Arbus was upper-middle class, the daughter of a
successful New York department store owner. She attended
private, progressive day schools. Her brother is the poet and
literary critic Howard Nemerov. She married young and
worked with her husband, Allan Arbus, as a fashion
photographer. She quit fashion photography in 1958 and a
year later studied with Lisette Model. She died in July of
1971-a suicide-after a career of only 10 years.
The essays couple these facts with visual perceptions about
her subject matter and technique. Her subjects were people on
edges-the physically malformed-dwarfs, midgets, giants,
twins, and transvestites with sideshow relationships to society,
and physically normal people, whose edge was a fact of their
social class and whose condition, like the malformed, was
loneliness and the psychological despair of boredom.
In most of the writings, visual perceptions dissolve into
self-revelations, as if the task of the assignment were too much
for the writer. The effect, like a potent drink, turns the critical
prose into boozey private musings, more about the writer than
Arbus the photographer. The critical reaction is redundantand
the diffuseness of its praise suggests the power of Arbus'
photographs as well as their inherent problems. Her photographs
unleash the observer's private despair and their
back-alley secrets are offered as explication as if her own
statement were not mean enough.
Cultism is easy and hard to avoid. The "Sylvia Plathisms"
that now decorate the Arbus legend and hang from it like
purple hearts are harder still to circumvent. The fault is not
critical but cultural: Diane Arbus died heroically in action.
And an assumption that where she chose to travel contributed
to her death makes viewers look away from the art. If you
look too hard, you take your life in your hands; isn't that,
after all, what Arbus did? What's more, it is in better taste to
place laurels at the shrine. But those flowers wilt into literary
trivia, and no one is well served. Who after all remembers, or
cares, that Sarah Teasdale drowned herself in a bathtub; that is
the cult of poetry, not the stuff of it. Sylvia Plath and John
Berryman are not better poets because they took their lives,
nor is Diane Arbus a better photographer for that fact.
The mesmerizing power of Arbus' photographs is also their
problem. That power derives from her choice and, more
importantly, from her handling of subject. Each picture acts
like a visual boomerang; freaks and lonely people scare us into
looking first at them and then back at ourselves. Arbus'
camera reflected the visual confrontations we choose not to
have, the appearance of horrors that stop us but are hard
see. That is never easy. Yet should it be as difficult as
pictures seem to make it? We come away from an Arb
photograph never having seen the whole picture. The visu
statement is strangely unresolved and incomplete, not beca
we get stuck in our own frame, but because her handling
subject prevents it. Something about her honesty is dishon
I do not think this happens because she chose to
photograph freaks. Though trained not to admit it, we
fascinated by the aberrant, the violent, and the perverse. W
we are assured no one is watching, we stare at cripples
auto wrecks. Although the sensationalism of Arbus' subjec
offers a cogent, if superficial, explanation of why her pictu
are hard to see, the fact that they are freaks is secondary
the larger problem of how she saw them and elected to pres
them.
We are, remember, a third party to the photographic reco
The observer and creator was Arbus and the photograph
captures her past encounter. The docile subjects were
participants, who worked with her in a picture-taking process
that was active. What is disturbing about her photographic
record is its ceaseless consistency. Identical compositions
repeat to the same effect. Subjects are almost always presented
dead-center in the foreground of the square picture plane,
against a soft-focused ground, or in the enclosed space of a
room. The uneven edges and the occasional black line that
borders the abstract ground literally and figuratively frame the
subject and push them out to confront and envelop us. Her
camera's invariable focus was on the subject's eyes. In
photograph after photograph, they stare out with frozen
despair. The eyes of a Mexican dwarf in a hotel room carry the
same wistful vision as a woman on a park bench. Their dulled
expectation is that of the Junior Interstate ballroom dancers,
the tattooed muscle man, and the young man in curlers. Each
ART JOURNAL, XXXIV/130
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Diane Arbus. The Junior Interstate Ballroom Dance
Champions, Yonkers, N.Y. 1962, photograph.
Diane Arbus, Topless dancer in her dressing room San
Francisco, Cal. 1968, photograph.
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August Sander, Verfolgter Jude, Koln 1938, photograph. Sonnabend Gallery.
suggests endless replays of an original confrontation.
Arbus fixes her subject's eyes in an additional symmetry
that nears contrivance and often precludes a composition's
successful completion. In a photograph of a nudist lady,1
breasts, vulva, knees, and peeping teatlike toes reiterate the
shape of her winged sunglasses. This alignment freezes the
preening woman into a naked statue, and makes her
adornments of the clothed-a bracelet, a necklace, and a coy
towel-suggest nakedness, not nudity. They act as a reference
and judgment on a way of living. The camera has stripped bare
the nudist's freedom. Immobile and lifeless, the lady as object
is seemingly the picture's subject. In fact, she is the whole
picture, a more than adequate conception; but pictorially, it
doesn't work. The nudist lady sits on the picture's surface,
while her breasts push out of the frontal plane and break the
surface, causing the background to literally fall off. The
picture reads in one dimension-as a visual narrative fact. But
the narrative, in overwhelming the visual, subverts it. The
photograph does not read as a whole picture. It is as if Arbus
became so caught up in the storytelling that she forgot about
her picture. The technique employed is conventional portraiture,
yet the camera does not portray qualities about the
subject that are in and of it, but a suspiciously prearranged
storyline from outside the picture plane. Successful photographs
combine plastic qualities with literary narrative. When
the two break down, when the narrative is not about the
picture, or when it overwhelms the picture, something goes
awry, and a photograph cannot hold together as a whole.
In Arbus' photographs, narrative and visual facts splinter
into a strange and twisted moral tale. The Topless dancer in
her dressing room (1968), sequined and centered in the picture
plane, is balanced by the dressing table on either side, a mirror,
and the three lights behind her. The shabby background of
empty glasses, scrambled clothes, and a decaying wall,
documents the picture's point about a transient, plastic life.
The dancer is equated to her background. The picture almost
works, but the composition's well-planned artifice divides the
visual and narrative facts. The eye reads the background as an
indictment against the subject, while the subject's alignment
makes the background hard to see, almost visually extraneous.
There are countless other examples of Arbus' symmetry: a
curtain, reinforcing stage center, parts to reveal a naked man
being a woman; the woman with pearl earrings is further
centralized and mimicked by her rounded jewelry, and the
twins echo each other.
The obsessive nature of Diane Arbus' vision is revealed by
the repetition of compositional technique. Both form and
metaphor are familiar, the simple snapshot suggests a happy
"instamatic" life. And because similar groupings fill our own
picture albums, we misconstrue Arbus' evenness for fairness.
By turning a known convention inside out, Arbus captured the
fears, taboos, and fragmentation of 20th-century life. The
brilliance of her invention explains our fascination and
discomfort, for her camera exposed a despair that was not, like
Dorothea Lange's, the result of an economic condition, but
rather the result of an emotional famine and interior drought.
ART JOURNAL, XXXIV/I
August Sander, SS-Mann, Koln 1938, photograph. Sonnabend Gallery.
32
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Arbus' use of the snapshot transformed the nature of
photography; yet if her achievement was great in a general
sense, it was also extremely problematic.
Light is crucial to the narrative of the frontal compositions
Arbus favored. Where light hits sets and activates the scene,
controlling the picture's story. And it was, I think, Arbus'
handling of light that made her narrative so dark and
overpowering. In picture after picture, light falls on the
surface: the shimmer of a transvestite's pearls, the cold,
outdoor light on a woman's cheek. Often when it is not light, a
white object draws the eye to the frontal plane: the tangled
and unmade sheets of the sexually ambiguous friends, a chair
in the foreground of the man being a woman. In reinforcing
the surface, Arbus' use of light stymied the narrative's
movement. Her frontal compositions remain static in their
symmetry and repeat the same story, forcing subject and
viewer into a predetermined mental set of despair.
It is interesting to compare August Sander's photographs of
another time and country, Germany before and after the two
wars. Sander's subjects also posed and stared into his camera.
He favored symmetrical compositions and centered subjects in
his picture plane. However, the same feeling does not ooze out
of them. More than 100 different faces stare out of
Deutschenspiegel Menschen (1962). The Sturmhauptfuhrer
(1935) is earnest, the hunted Jew (Verfolgter Jude, 1938) is
alert. We are not forced to conclusions about them. Sander's
SS man is as human as his Jew. Although frightening, the
Nazi's mien of doggish obedience is his alone. A moral
judgment is not made. The subjects are left in control of their
fates; history may interfere, but Sander does not.
Germany in the late 1930s and 1940s was not a better or
saner world than the United States in the second half of the
20th century. Why was Sander able to document his subjects
and leave them life? His peasant maidens (Bauernmadchen,
1927), dressed alike in Sunday best, though posing, are real.
That event is still alive. The smaller of the two girls has just
picked a flower, her ankles are better, her neck thinner. The
two girls seem to like each other, the landscape feels green.
In comparison, Arbus' two girls in identical raincoats (1969)
look desperate, bedraggled, and indistinguishable from each
other.2 They remind us neither of themselves nor of anyone
else, nor of the kind of adolescent love which instigates
dressing alike. Hard to see and hard to remember, they are
without pride or communication and seem predestined to
doom. As in so many of Arbus' pictures, the specific has
become the general. Arbus' girls push out of the frontal plane
and overwhelm the viewer in a nonspecific and ambiguous
sadness, while Sander's Bauernmddchen, resting in the plane,
hold it and allow us to see them. Perhaps Arbus could never
completely focus on her subjects. Her frontal approach carried
with it a compositional failing that pulled the picture apart.
The inability of the subjects to hold the picture plane kept
them from having lives of their own. For Arbus, the crucial
balance of an aesthetic distance seems to have been off.
Arbus' pictures read as one. Their intention is never clear.
That is the irony of Arbus' hunt and unquestionable talent.
Masquerading as documentation, the same fantastic quality of
an emotional netherland pervades each image and contradicts
any reality. That is their flaw. To use Arbus' own words, that
flaw is a "gap between intention and effect."
Everybody has this thing where they need to look one way but they
come out looking another way and that's what people observe. You
August Sander, Bauernmadchen, Westerwald 1927, photograph. Sonnabend
Gallery.
see someone on the street and essentially what you notice about
them is the flaw. It's just extraordinary that we should have been
given these peculiarities. And, not content with what we were given,
we create a whole other set. Our whole guise is like giving a sign to
the world to think of us in a certain way, but there's a point
between what you want people to know about you and what you
can't help people knowing about you. And that has to do with what
I've always called the gap between intention and effect .... You
know it really is totally fantastic that we look like this and you
sometimes see that very clearly in a photograph. Something is ironic
in the world and it has to do with the fact that what you intend
never comes out like you intend it.3
There is every reason to think Diane Arbus liked her
subjects. She followed their lives and worked hard at becoming
their intimate. Her pictures seem honest and meticulous, if
condescendingly sympathetic. When her friend Marvin Israel
described her contact sheets, he revealed a life:
There are hundreds of sheets where the same face never appears
more than once, all very close-up. It's like some strange catalogue.
And then there would be a contact sheet from several years later
with one of those same faces in which you can trace Diane's progress
from the street to their home, to their living room, t6 their
bedroom. These are like a narrative, a slow process leading up to
some strange intimacy.4
But there is something dishonest about Arbus' intimacy. An
air of complicity and misplaced trust escapes from the framed
FALL, 1974 33
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Diane Arbus, Masked Woman in a Wheelchair. Pa.
1970, photograph.
Diane Arbus, Untitled (4) 1970-71, photograph.
34 ART JOURNAL, XXXIV/1
1 f 0? 2 I I :
j7: I'
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subjects. That dishonesty was neither moral nor even intended,
but a kind of compulsive cheating, made by someone who had
the upper-hand. It has to do with not being completely
straight, with surreptitious intentions that were very likely as
hidden from herself as from her subjects. The pictures finally
sell their strange intimates out. Diane Arbus once said that "a
photograph is a secret about a secret." Her secret was not the
ostensible one-the intrigue of other people's lives-but that
she was a double agent, always in the act of betraying her
subjects and her art. The betrayal was not intentional; it was
an obsessive vision that isolated each subject in despair. The
effect was an aesthetic boomerang. Arbus' camera reflected
her own desperateness in the same way that the observer looks
at the picture and then back at himself. Her focus on a
narrative statement instead of on a visual one too often
prevented her from making a complete pictorial statement.
Diane Arbus took care to present her pictures as facts. Her
head-on compositions are clinical in their directness. The
accompanying captions add a further documentary quality by
citing date, place, and subject. Accordingly Arbus has been
classified as a "new documentarian" who changed the nature
of photography by focusing on interior truths. But the
similarity of despair in Arbus' pictures cancels their credibility
as objective statements. The captions further discredit the
documents' objectivity by telling us how to see the picture.
The nudist of the swan-winged glasses is a lady, not a woman;
the young man with a flag is needlessly dubbed patriotic. The
caption for the photograph of the now famous giant reads: "A
Jewish giant at home with his parents in the Bronx, N.Y.
1970." With or without the caption, the photograph is
spectacular; a young man towers over two tiny people,
stooping to avoid the enclosing ceiling. The curtain seems
trompe l'oeil. The giant's youth exaggerates the sterility of
slip-covered furniture. The picture smells from stale cigars. The
caption tells us to read this picture a certain way. The giant is
Jewish and he lives in the Bronx with his parents. A non-Jew
will see this differently than a Jew, a non-New Yorker from a
New Yorker. Regardless, Arbus has made David into Goliath
and brought the wrath of the Old Testament God to the
Bronx. That wrath is the artist's wrath and fortunately this
photograph is strong enough to withstand Arbus' inability to
keep herself out of the picture.
Diane Arbus took many good photographs, but a basic
deceptiveness that grew out of her failure to get past a private
narrative make them less good than they first appear. Her very
best pictures like Xmas tree in a living room in Levittown, L.I.
1963 are peopleless or, like the Jewish giant or the tranvestite
at a birthday party, are contained by the structured space of a
room. Often, her balanced view fixes excellent formal
compositions like the Identical twins (1967) or the Mexican
dwarf (1970) and others, too, particularly those like the
Elderly couple on a park bench (1969) where the subjects'
eyes are not directed at the camera. Among the very best
pictures are the very last taken in 1970 and 1971. Dressed in
Halloween clothes, institutionalized subjects cavort and play
for the camera, depicting a change of vision. Backgrounds are
in evidence. With the exception of three, action no longer
takes place in the center of the picture plane.s The subjects'
eyes have changed as well; they are no longer frozen in futile
expectation, and the masked subjects, unlike the earlier
masked man and woman, do not peer out from their charade
as unknowing accomplices to the event. In the end, Arbus
seemed to be leaving her own psychological mise-en-scene to
go elsewhere. 0
Nudist lady with swan sung
Arbus, Millerton, New York
not permit this picture to be r
2 Two girls in identical rain
trated in Diane Arbus, (First
plate 63. The Arbus estate wil
3 Ibid., p. 2.
4Marvin Israel, "Diane Arbus
5 The best examples of Arbus' change in composition can be seen in Untitled
(2) 1970-71, Untitled (6) 1970-71, and Untitled (7), Millerton, New
York: Aperture, 1972, plates 75, 79, and 80. The Arbus Estate will also not
permit these pictures to be reproduced.
Judith Goldman, author of many articles on prints, is Managing Editor
of Art News and teaches graphics at Hunter College.
FALL, 1974 35
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