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Cities
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cities
Brownfields do not “only live twice”: The possibilities for heritage
preservation and the enlargement of leisure time activities in Brno, the
Czech Republic
Josef Navratila
, Tomas Krejcib
, Stanislav Martinatc,⁎
, Martin J. Pasqualettid
, Petr Klusacekb
,
Bohumil Frantalf
, Klara Tochackovae
a
University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Agriculture, Studentska 1668, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
b
Institute of Geonics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Environmental Geography, Drobneho 28, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
c
Institute of Geonics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Environmental Geography, Studentska 1768, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
d
Arizona State University, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, 975 S Myrtle Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
e
Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, Mendel University in Brno, Tr. Generala Piky 7, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
f
Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 43 Olomouc, Czech Republic
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Brownfields
Local tourism
Urban regeneration
Brno
Czech Republic
Heritage
A B S T R A C T
Central Europe is replete with legacy contaminated sites, commonly called “brownfields”. The question is what
can be done to remediate them and make them again safe and useful to society. This question is addressed in
post-socialistic city of Brno, the Czech Republic. Our research assesses public perceptions of such sites that are
currently utilized for the leisure time activities. Special attention is paid to public views of heritage preservation
as an option for brownfield regeneration. The principal aim of the paper is to measure public support of heritage
preservation through the conversion of brownfields to leisure activities and tourism. Data were gathered by
means of the questionnaire survey with visitors of four brownfields currently being used for leisure time activities
(n = 130). It was revealed that the awareness of the visitors of the issue of brownfield regeneration is
very low, and that importantly affects the perception of heritage preservation of individual sites. Further, the
opinions of the respondents are significantly influenced by the local contexts of individual brownfields (predominantly
by the situation and the technical state). However, it might be stated that in locations where the
historical state of building has already been repaired, historical heritage is perceived more positively.
1. Introduction
Brownfields, either being narrowly defined as a contaminated area
or more broadly as contemporary deserted areas with a potential for a
further development, both belong to problematic places of the cities of
the developed and the developing countries (Oliver, Ferber, Grimski,
Millar, & Nathanail, 2005). The issue of brownfields is broad and covers
economic (van Duijn, Rouwendal, & Boersema, 2016), social (Simis,
Awang, & Arifin, 2016), environmental (Doick, Sellers, Castan-Broto, &
Silverthorne, 2009) and cultural dimension (Berg & Stenbro, 2015).
Brownfields regeneration is perceived as a significant element in the
development of the contemporary cities (Alexandrescu, Martinat,
Klusacek, & Bartke, 2014). The regeneration is accompanied by the
decontamination of sites, the increase in the economic activity, and it
also enables us to preserve the cultural heritage for future generations.
To spread the knowledge of these benefits among the population is
possible mainly by continuous work with the local population, by information
campaigns, or by temporary use – a kind of a trial basis – of
brownfield sites. Brownfields with temporary uses are usually perceived
by the public more positively than abandoned sites (Rall & Haase,
2011). Thus, the temporary use of brownfields creates great preconditions
for accelerating long-term regeneration processes, or even the
planning of such, and creates good conditions for public acceptance of
new uses (Pizzol et al., 2016).
The opening of brownfields for tourists and visitors seems to be
another important way how to attract public attention to brownfields
issue. An increased interest in brownfields might increase a pressure on
the decision-making sphere (Klusacek, Krejci, Kunc, Martinat, &
Novakova, 2011) and to push forward the regeneration processes
(Alexandrescu et al., 2014).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.11.003
Received 20 May 2017; Received in revised form 25 September 2017; Accepted 9 November 2017
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: krejci@geonika.cz (T. Krejci), martinat@opf.slu.cz (S. Martinat), pasqualetti@asu.edu (M.J. Pasqualetti), klusacek@geonika.cz (P. Klusacek),
frantal@geonika.cz (B. Frantal), klara.tochackova@seznam.cz (K. Tochackova).
Cities 74 (2018) 52–63
Available online 14 November 2017
0264-2751/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
T
An important issue in this connection is the protection of cultural
heritage, and brownfields are such heritage. It is predominantly about
using the spaces within cities related to some of their significant era
(Xie, 2015), which provides the given environment of the city its unique
and one-of-a-kind character.
Post-socialistic cities in Central Europe are the specific areas in
which the issue of regeneration of brownfields is being solved within
the transformation of their economies from the central planning model
in the last quarter-century (Osman, Frantal, Klusacek, Kunc, & Martinat,
2015 or Maly & Mulicek, 2016). The problem of the frequent occurrence
of brownfields in the 1990s as a consequence of this overall
transformation is combined with the economic weakness of cities,
towns and communities that might be marked as one of the main barriers
of brownfield regeneration (Krzysztofik, Tkocz, Sporna, & KantorPietraga,
2016). One of the model examples of such a city is Brno, the
Czech Republic (Kunc et al., 2014) – a significant upper-regional centre
with rich industrial history and huge efforts of the city administration
to support the regeneration of local brownfields and to preserve historical
heritage via various ways (Frantal et al., 2015).
Thus, the main aim of the paper is to measure public reactions to the
idea of supporting heritage preservation through the conversion of
brownfields to leisure activities and tourism. Brno was chosen as the
case study.
2. Conceptual background
2.1. Urban brownfields, industrial heritage and public opinion
The ongoing discussions about the regeneration of abandoned sites
resulted in several issues connected to urban brownfields: (i) the uncontrolled
expansion of built-up areas on city margins, i.e. urban sprawl
(Halleux, Marcinczak, & van der Krabben, 2012; Vaclavik & Rogan,
2009) and on the contrary the re-urbanization concept (Ourednicek,
Simon, & Kopecna, 2015), (ii) the necessity of eliminating (or at least
reducing) environmental burdens (Schoenbaum, 2002), (iii) the reuse
or demolition of brownfields as physical barriers to the urban development
(Krzysztofik et al., 2016), and (iv) the emergence of socially
excluded communities in the vicinity of brownfields (Greenberg,
Lowrie, Mayer, Miller, & Solitare, 2001; Kabai, 2017; Kunc et al., 2014;
Woo & Lee, 2016).
But we can find many interlinks in relations between sustainable
regeneration of brownfields and heritage preservation (Bliek &
Gauthier, 2007; Duzi & Jakubinsky, 2013). An occurrence of “heritage
“is quite frequently perceived as a barrier to speed-up the brownfield
redevelopment process (Berg & Stenbro, 2015). On the other hand, the
preservation of heritage fulfils the characteristics of a public good, and
increased costs for regeneration of such sites are justified (Sable &
Kling, 2001).
The heritage preservation depends predominantly on recognizing its
value by the developers (Rypkema, 2009). They are commodifying the
heritage – in its new usage they keep the “old”, i.e. such thing that is
unique to the place, making a profit, and the “old” is protected from the
demolition (Berg & Stenbro, 2015).
Public participation in the urban planning process is needed for the
redevelopment of brownfields (Loures, Panagopoulos, & Burley, 2016).
The attitudes of residents, especially regarding the preferences for different
types of regeneration, are of a great importance for this process
(Glumac, Han, & Schaefer, 2015), and public support for the brownfield
redevelopment project is seen as crucial (Kim & Miller, 2017). On the
other hand, residents perceive favourably almost all the brownfield
regenerations (Maliene, Wignall, & Malys, 2012). The attributes of a
successful regeneration based on public opinion are generally: mobility
and accessibility, use of renewable energies, environmental education,
economic redevelopment, and safety/security (Loures et al., 2016). At
the same time, the same types of regenerations may in different places
cause a different level of satisfaction (Franz, Gueles, & Prey, 2008;
Maliene et al., 2012).
We may thus conclude that the issue of preference of the relation of
brownfields towards the historical heritage (here, most often industrial)
is a significant topic when studying the broader relations of brownfield
regeneration. The literature then reminds us of the existence of a general
public opinion regarding the regeneration, yet the perception of the
given regeneration differs from the other concrete regenerations. For
this reason, we will focus our research on three research questions: (i)
are there any differences in preferences for brownfield regeneration
among visitors of particular regenerated brownfields, (ii) how different
are forms of regeneration for tourism perceived, and (iii) what role does
the heritage play in influencing visitor's satisfaction when visiting a
particular site?
2.2. Particularities of post-socialist space
The occurrence of brownfields in the post-socialist countries has
been primarily caused by a set of social and economic factors appearing
during the transition period from a centrally planned to a market
economy since 1989 (summarized e.g. by Osman et al., 2015 or Berkes,
2016). These brownfields are often abandoned former military areas,
sites left over from industrial or agricultural activities, abandoned
buildings for housing, or disused transport infrastructure (Kunc et al.,
2014). As the majority of brownfields that are located in cities usually
are of the industrial origin, wider consensus exists that this type of
brownfields is the most important for the development of cities (Filip &
Cocean, 2012). Even though the majority of brownfields originated in
the early stages of transformation together with the global changes of
the economy of the last decade of the 20th century, a wider attention to
brownfield-related issues was paid only after 2010 (Frantal et al.,
2013). The reuse of brownfields is in the post-socialist countries a rather
“new” phenomenon (Frantal et al., 2015) and the private-public
partnership, common in the western developed economies, is here only
poor (Kunc et al., 2014). Some kind of selection or prioritization of
brownfields as tools for support regeneration has emerged only recently
(Alexandrescu et al., 2017 or Bartke et al., 2016). Another problematic
issue is sometimes the unclear ownership structure of brownfield sites
resulting from the privatization process during the 1990s; due to a large
number of unsuccessful privatization projects, sites are sometimes still
blocked by banks or the absence of unambiguous ownership (Frantal
et al., 2015). A multiple ownership of sites, which complicates the
consensus-building about the future use, is also quite common.
The areas occupied by brownfields usually form an important part
of traditional industrial centres in Central Europe. These are an integral
part of the identities of these cities (Suchacek, Seda, Friedrich,
Wachowiak-Smolikova, & Wachowiak, 2016). Brownfields in these locations
create important spatial barriers limiting the suitable development
of a compact urban organism (Kladivo & Halás, 2012). It is obvious
that such a huge occurrence of brownfields and following efforts
to make the regeneration of these sites easier frequently lead to underestimation
of the importance of their heritage. Buildings are frequently
remodelled or even demolished without any respect to their
historical values (Gilbertova, 2017). Such a short-term profit strategy is
fortunately regulated by efforts of the state; however, relatively low
penalties for such behavior in the post-communist countries sometimes
favours the willingness to be penalised than to invest money for the
preservation of the cultural heritage (Ashworth & Tunbridge, 1999).
Based on the above-mentioned information we can conclude that
chances for heritage preservation in the environment of the post-socialist
countries are different in comparison to the developed “western”
part of the world.
2.3. Brownfields, tourism, and heritage
As stressed by De Sousa (2000) or Alker and Stone (2005), brownfields
typically reduce the attractiveness and economic value of given
J. Navratil et al. Cities 74 (2018) 52–63
53
neighbourhoods. This problem makes the utilization of such areas for
both urban and rural tourism more challenging for a potential new
development (Pavolova, Kyselova, & Bakalar, 2012), especially if the
sites are severely contaminated. On the other hand, many brownfields
hold historic, architectural, or urbanistic values. If these sites can be
made more appealing to tourists, it would then help enhance their value
for heritage preservation (Berg & Stenbro, 2015).
The regeneration of brownfields for tourism use has been studied,
for example, by Edwards and Llurde si Coit (1996) or Levi and Kocher
(2006). An attention has been also paid to the perceptions of already
regenerated brownfields by tourists (Martinat, Krejci, Klusacek, Dohnal,
& Kunc, 2014). A lot of, even very big, brownfield regenerations in
western Europe were aimed especially at tourists with leisure and
conference facilities or hotels, as show the cases of Liverpool (UK) and
Cologne (Germany) (Maliene et al., 2012) or Thessaloniki (Greece)
(Skayannis & Kyratzakos, 2015). Similarly, it is the case of East Asia
experience (Pan & Song, 2017). It occurs most frequently in cases of
green spaces (e.g. De Sousa, 2003; Siikamäki & Wernstedt, 2008). Industrial
forests in Germany are specific leisure spaces (Franz et al.,
2008), which combine historical heritage preservation and the increase
in the quality of the environment. Another possibility how to “solve”
the dilemma of pulling down or keeping the historical values is their
temporary use as we know it from Germany (Rall & Haase, 2011). The
typical products of the travel industry are museums that provide the
evidence of the original use of areas and buildings, most often these are
former quarries as well as industrial factories (Table 1).
The attraction of tourists to such destinations might also contribute
to de-concentration of tourists from overloaded traditional urban destinations
(Russo & Van der Borg, 2010). Gilg (2009), however, indicated
that the perception of such sites by visitors is also very important
and often opposed by locals.
The tourism potential of brownfields in the Central European context
is still underestimated (Osman et al., 2015 or Stasakova & Kulla,
2016). Sometimes, the location of industrial brownfields within the city
centres creates a great potential for the re-amalgamation of such sites
into the living city organism attractive for visitors. Thus the use of such
urban brownfields for tourism and leisure activities could definitely be
an option for contributing to the sustainable urban development of cities
(Steinführer et al., 2010).
For these reasons, we consider travel industry a very specific and
significant branch that is taking part in the development of revitalization
of brownfields.
3. Brownfields in Brno
The city of Brno (population 377,973 in 2017) is the regional centre
of the South Moravian region in the south-eastern part of the Czech
Republic (see Fig. 1 for the geographical location of Brno in Central
Europe). Due to heavy industrialisation starting in the mid-19th century,
Brno was until the 1990s a city with important textile, military,
and engineering industries, once employing the majority of the population.
Traditional branches of industry underwent a major restructuring
after the fall of the Iron Curtain, while new light industries
and tertiary and quaternary sectors were continuously developed.
Traditional industrial areas in the proximity of the city centre were
intensively abandoned after 1990, while new industrial zones appeared
on the city margins. Nowadays, the majority of the Brno population is
engaged in services industries, with the quaternary sector also showing
dynamic growth. As a result of this transition, many brownfields now
plague Brno. As a consequence, Brno pays a strong attention to the
brownfield issue, systematically offering brownfields to the potential
investors. The primary focus is devoted to the most spacious brownfields
sites since they constitute an important part of the settled section
of the city centre, the so-called „South Centre“. One result of this
brownfield policy is a database of brownfields, developed in 2003,
administered by the city and periodically updated.
The previous studies of brownfields in Brno found that the distribution
of brownfields is spatially uneven (more brownfields are
concentrated in some urban districts) and higher rates of regeneration
have been detected in the densely built-up areas (inner city zones and
housing estates), while lower rates are registered in the areas with a low
population density and with a greater supply of green spaces (Frantal
et al., 2015). Brownfields are not perceived by the inhabitants as an
urgent problem to solve and the inhabitants are rather content with the
city brownfield regeneration policy that already exists (Kunc et al.,
2014). The potential development is associated especially with the
South Centre (proposed future CDB of the city), where the most positively
regarded brownfield regeneration by Brno citizens is situated the
Vankovka shopping mall, a contemporary art gallery and the adjacent
Triniti office centre (Kunc, Klusacek, & Martinat, 2011) – and
many other nowadays still not-regenerated brownfields (Kunc et al.,
2014). Implications about the place-making of urban space of Brno by
its re-use by urban farming has have been widely discussed by
Koopmans, Keech, Sovova, and Reed (2017). Coherences among
brownfields regeneration in Brno, its use for the leisure time activities
in the context of heritage preservation have not been previously stu-
died.
4. Methods
To fulfil the aim of our paper, the questionnaire survey was undertaken
in four regenerated brownfields.
Table 1
Selected tourist destinations in Europe focused on former industrial activities.
Source: authors' own processing.
Name of a brownfield site Focus Location Country
LWL Industrial Museum Zollern II/IV Colliery Mining and heavy industry Dortmund Germany
LVR Industrial Museum Mueller Cloth Mill Industry Euskirchen Germany
Netherlands Steam Machine Museum Industry Medemblik Netherlands
Ironbridge Gorge Museum Origins of industry Telford UK
National Coal Mining Museum for England Mining Wakefield UK
Royal Gunpowder Mills Industry Waltham Abbey UK
Be Mine Mining Museum Mining Beringen Belgium
Eden Project Quarry Bodelva UK
Zollverein Coal Mines Mining Ruhr Region Germany
Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape Mining Cornwall, West Devon UK
Thessaloniki water supply museum Pump house Thessaloniki Greece
Big Pit National Coal Museum Mining Blaenafon UK
Vitkovice Lower Area Mining, iron industry Ostrava Czech Republic
Tarnowskie Góry coal mine Mining Tarnowskie Góry Poland
Guido Mining Museum Mining Zabrze Poland
J. Navratil et al. Cities 74 (2018) 52–63
54
4.1. Study sites
To select the study sites, the Brno brownfields databases, both existing
and already regenerated, 196 sites in total (Fig. 2) were utilized.
This database provided information about 25 brownfields already regenerated
for leisure time activities with a straightforward touristic
utilization. All sites were visited and four sites were selected – a
shopping and an amusement centre, a family amusement park, a
paintball zone, and a laser tag arena (see Table 2 for a description of
individual sites). They included three sites originally hosting industrial
use, and one that was used as a railway stock. In one case, architectonical
heritage was taken into account during the redevelopment (the
Vankovka shopping mall).
4.2. Questionnaire survey
The perception of the heritage preservation related to the brownfield
regeneration for leisure time activities and tourism was studied via
semi-structured interviews with visitors of the four above-identified
brownfield sites, using a questionnaire form. The form was prepared on
the basis of a thematic literature retrieval and was tested on 20 respondents
during September 2013. The gathering of questionnaires was
carried out in October and November 2013. The respondents were
asked for cooperation in front of the individual buildings before or after
their visit. Every tenth respondent was asked to cooperate to enable at
least partial random character of the sample. In total, 150 questionnaires
were collected, with 20 questionnaires being excluded from
the sample due to unreliability. Thus, the following analyses are based
on responses from 130 respondents (for the distribution among
brownfield please see Table 2, fourth column).
The questionnaire consisted of 11 questions focusing on (i) the
perception of former brownfield visited, (ii) general perceptions of
brownfield regenerations, (iii) the importance of brownfield regeneration
for current visitors, and (iv) the perceived heritage preservation by
brownfield regeneration.
In its first part, we wanted to gather data regarding the awareness of
the visitors. Thus, our first question was: “are you aware that the site
you are visiting was a regenerated brownfield?” with answers: “yes” or
“no”. The second question was “what was the purpose of your visit”
with a choice out of two stated responses: “to use the opportunity of the
service offered” and “a desire to see the regeneration of the former
foundry”. The third question was: “evaluate please which alternative
reuse options would be most preferred for a given visited site.” The
evaluation was done on a scale of 1 to 5 (with 5 being the most suitable
alternative for reuse), a list of alternatives was: leisure time/travel industry
(i.e. the current use), industry production, administration
buildings, shopping centre, residential housing, car park, park, aquapark.
The fourth question was prepared in connection with the third
question: “Evaluate please the functionality of the regeneration of the
given visited site.” The evaluation was done on a scale of 1 to 5
(1 = very bad, 5 = very good).
General perceptions of brownfield regenerations were studied
within the second part of the questionnaire. The fifth question was
aimed at the reputation of actual brownfields according to their origin,
and respondents were asked: “how do you evaluate the possibility of the
reuse of brownfield of different origin.” A five-point scale was used
(1 = very low possibility, 5 = very high possibility) and the list was:
industrial brownfields, agricultural brownfields, post-mining
Fig. 1. Location of Brno in the context of Central Europe.
Source: authors' own processing based on data Eurostat GISCO; ArcČR 500 – Arcdata.
J. Navratil et al. Cities 74 (2018) 52–63
55
brownfields, military brownfields, transport brownfields, residential
housing brownfields. The sixth question was connected with the issue of
the visitors' awareness of the brownfields revitalization, asking: “were
you informed about the regeneration of brownfields from media?” with
possible answers “yes” or “no”. If answering yes, the respondents were
asked in the seventh question what kind of information they received
from the media.
In the third part, the influence of travel industry on the regeneration
of brownfields was tracked. The eighth question was: “have you ever
visited a regenerated brownfield within tourism activities?” with possible
answers “yes” or “no”. If answering yes, the respondents were
asked in the ninth question which brownfield they visited during their
holiday.
The tenth question concerned the satisfaction of the visitors with the
heritage preservation. We asked the respondents if they could evaluate
the regeneration of the visited sites with respect to preserved heritage,
evaluation was done on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = very bad, 5 = very good).
As to the basic segmentation of the respondents, women slightly
prevailed in the sample (53%), while a two-fifths plurality of respondents
belonged to the age category 18 to 24 years. University
students represented more than a half of the sample, with the next 40%
made up from the economically active population (see Table 3 for basic
segmentation of the sample). The average age of the respondents was
low, reflecting the actual age structure of the visitors of the sites. More
than 80% of the respondents had a secondary education with a final
exam or higher as their highest level of education. An important part of
the segmentation characteristics of the respondents is related to their
actual place of residence – 3 types are further mentioned as (i) BrnoFig.
2. Location of surveyed study sites within Brno.
Source: authors' own processing; data ArcCR 500 – Arcdata Praha; geoportal.gov.cz; www.brno.cz.
Table 2
Basic characteristics of surveyed brownfields.
Source: authors' own processing.
Name of the brownfield site/
location
Original use Contemporary use Number of
respondents
Comment to the location Size of
the site
(m2
)
Accessibility by
public transport
Status of the
operator of the
site
Vankovka (now RAG)
(Dornych street, Brnocentre)
(Fig. 3)
Foundry Shopping mall
(+gallery)
42 Proximity to central
railway station, wider city
centre
3
700
Very good Owner
Bongo Brno (Prazakova street,
Brno-South) (Fig. 4)
Production area Family amusement
park
19 Outskirts of the city,
proximity to highway
700 Medium In rent
Paintball Hall Brno (Benesova
street, Brno-Centre)
(Fig. 5)
Railway stock Paintball zone 37 Immediate part of the
central railway station,
city centre
700 Very good In rent
Laser Game Brno (Hybesova
street, Brno-Centre)
(Fig. 6)
Production area Laser tag area 32 Part of the wider city
centre
400 Bad In rent
J. Navratil et al. Cities 74 (2018) 52–63
56
inhabitants (=citizens of Brno); (ii) close-visitors (=inhabitants of
South Moravian Region); and (iii) far-tourists (=visitors outside the
South Moravian Region). Almost a half of the respondents lived in Brno
and 90% came from the South Moravian Region.
4.3. Data analysis
The fit of the collected categorical data was tested against theoretical
distributions with the Pearson Chi-square test. Potential
Fig. 3. Vankovka shopping mall, originally hosting industrial use, architectonical heritage was taken into account during redevelopment.
Source: archive of authors.
Fig. 4. Bongo Brno, originally hosting industrial use.
Source: archive of authors.
J. Navratil et al. Cities 74 (2018) 52–63
57
differences among the sites (four sites – Paintball Hall, Laser Game,
Bongo Lark, Vankovka) and the types of visitors (three types – Brnoinhabitants,
close-visitors, far-tourists) in ordinal scale were tested by
means of the Kruskal-Wallis test. The Friedmann test was used to test
the differences in the perception of the possibility of use for brownfields
of different origin, as this evaluation is not possible to concern as independent
one from the other. In two special cases, the redundancy
analysis (RDA) was utilized. This multivariate technique was used when
more than one dependent variable was measured – (i) the evaluation of
alternative reuse options (8 options, each is dependent variable), and
(ii) the evaluation of the possibility of the regeneration of a type of
brownfield according to its origin (6 types, each is dependent variable).
The statistical significance of the site and type of the visitor impact on
the structure of responses was tested.
5. Results
5.1. The perception of the given regenerated brownfield
Nearly three-fifths (58%) of the respondents were not aware that the
site they were visiting was a regenerated brownfield (see Fig. 7 for
results of analyses). Statistical differences have been found in the
awareness among the four study sites (Chi-square = 9.331; d.f. = 3;
p = 0.025). A higher level of acquaintance with these background facts
was ascertained in the cases of the Vankovka shopping mall (now the
Richard Adam shopping mall – a former foundry). On the other hand, a
lower level of an acquaintance than expected was found for the laser
game. The awareness of the Paintball Hall (a former railway stock) and
Bongo park visitors is as expected by null model. No statistical difference
was found among the types of visitors (Chi-square = 2.106;
d.f. = 2; p = 0.349).
Only a marginal part (3%) of the respondents stated that their visit
was linked to a desire to see the regeneration of the former foundry – all
are visitors of the Vankovka shopping mall and Brno-inhabitants.
The visitors are satisfied with the functionality of all four regenerated
brownfields – medians for laser game, Paintball Hall, and
Bongo park are “very good”, for the Vankovka shopping mall “good”
(Fig. 8). The statistical test found a significant difference of ranks (the
Kruskal-Wallis test: H (3, N = 130) = 8.0756 p = 0.045) indicating a
slight difference among evaluating the functionality of the four sites,
however, 2-tailed multiple comparison tests showed no statistical differences,
the highest z-value 2.148 was found between the ranks of the
laser game and the Vankovka shopping mall. The difference was also
detected with the type of the visitor (the Kruskal-Wallis test: H (2,
N = 130) = 7.689; p = 0.0214). For far-tourist and Brno-inhabitants,
the median is “very good”, for close-visitors it is only “good”. The
multiple comparison test revealed a greater difference between closevisitors
and Brno-inhabitants (z-value = 2.354; p = 0.056, thus at the
edge of the statistical significance).
An actual regeneration of former brownfields is only one of the vast
list of the potential regenerations. The respondents were asked to
evaluate the suitability of alternative reuses from their point of view.
The most suitable for all four sites seems to be the current use for
tourism and leisure time activities. Such result corresponds with the
previous result, as – medians for laser game, Paintball Hall, and Bongo
park are “most suitable“, for the Vankovka shopping mall “suitable“. As
suitable were also found shopping mall for laser game, park for laser
game and Bongo park. No other reuse was found suitable for Paintball
Hall visitors. Overall, these differences among visitors to four sites are
statistically important (RDA; pseudo-F = 4.4; p = 0.020). No
Fig. 5. Paintball Hall Brno, originally used as a railway stock.
Source: archive of authors.
J. Navratil et al. Cities 74 (2018) 52–63
58
differences among far-tourists, close-visitors, and Brno-inhabitants
were found (RDA; pseudo-F = 0.9; p = 0.508).
5.2. General perceptions of brownfield regenerations
The general perception of brownfields was assessed on the basis of
the evaluation of the possibility of reuse of brownfields of a different
origin for different purposes. No differences were found between the
structure of answers and the site where the answers were collected
(RDA; pseudo-F = 2.5; p = 0.234) as well as among the types of the
respondents (RDA; pseudo-F = 0.8; p = 0.629). The possibility of use
varies significantly according to the respondents (Friedman test; Chi
Sqr. (N = 130; d.f. = 5) = 127.895; p = 0.00000). Post-residential
brownfields (abandoned prefab houses, dormitories for workers, etc.),
industrial brownfields, and military brownfields are perceived as being
the most preferable (Fig. 9).
On the other hand, agricultural and post-mining brownfields were
ranked the lowest regarding the regeneration options. To deepen the
knowledge of public awareness of brownfields regenerated for tourism,
respondents were asked about sources of information on these sites and
on other particular brownfield sites. Only one-tenth of respondents
were informed, using various sources of information, about other successfully
regenerated brownfield sites. No statistical differences among
Fig. 6. Laser Game Brno, originally hosting industrial use.
Source: archive of authors.
numberofrespondents
Paintball Laser Game Bongo Vankovka
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
no
yes
Fig. 7. Knowledge of visitors that they visited regenerated brownfield.
Source: own survey, N = 130.
leisure time
industry
administration
shopping
residential
car park
park
waterPaintball Laser Game Bongo Vankovka
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
preferences
Fig. 8. Preference for re-reuse options of the visited sites, median and 2nd and 3rd
quartiles are shown.
Source: own survey, N = 130.
J. Navratil et al. Cities 74 (2018) 52–63
59
sites (Chi-square = 2.571; d.f. = 3; p = 0.463) were found. However,
once again the statistical difference in brownfield awareness between
Brno-inhabitants and close-visitors was found (Chi-square = 6.369;
d.f. = 2; p = 0.041). Brno-inhabitants are better informed about
brownfield regeneration than close-visitors.
5.3. Regenerated brownfields as tourism “destination”
Only one-fifth of the respondents stated that they have visited regenerated
brownfields for leisure time activities before. Even if the
respondents were aware of a visit to some other brownfield, it was
usually another case study of this research (the Vankovka shopping
mall, and the Bongo Park). Most usually mentioned examples of regenerated
brownfields reused for tourism outside Brno were the
Granary (Sypka), a leisure centre in Jevišovice (South Moravian
Region), the Wellness Babylon Centre in Liberec (the Liberec Region),
and the Permonium family amusement park (a former mine) in
Oslavany (South Moravian Region). No differences among sites (Chisquare
= 3.466; d.f. = 3; p = 0.325) as well as types of visitors (Chisquare
= 2.183; d.f. = 2; p = 0.336) were found.
5.4. Satisfaction with heritage preservation
The final question in our questionnaire was aimed to identify how
heritage is reflected in visitor's satisfaction with visiting a particular
site. The visitors are satisfied with the way of heritage preservation in
case of Vankovka shopping mall – median is “very good”, and in case of
the Bongo park - the median is “good” (see Fig. 10). Neither satisfied
nor dissatisfied are the visitors to the Paintball Hall and laser game. The
statistical test found a significant difference of ranks (the Kruskal-Wallis
test: H (3, N = 130) = 50.359; p = 0.0000) indicating a high difference
among evaluating the heritage preservation of the four sites. The
results of 2-tailed multiple comparison tests are highly significant as
well (Fig. 10) – the group Vankovka – the Bongo Park is highly different
(p < 0.01) from the group Paintball Hall – laser game.
It is interesting that there is no correlation between the evaluation
of the functionality and heritage preservation (the Spearman rank
correlation coefficient = 0.09).
A difference among the type of the visitor was also detected (the
Kruskal-Wallis test: H (2, N = 130) = 6.015; p = 0.049). Close-visitors
and Brno-inhabitants are more critical with the median “good”, fartourist
reached the median “very good”. The multiple comparison test
revealed a greater difference between far-tourists and Brno-inhabitants
(z-value = 2.354; p = 0.056, thus at the edge of the statistical sig-
nificance).
6. Discussion
The perception of heritage preservation related to the brownfield
regeneration for leisure time activities and tourism by its visitors were
studied within the city of Brno on four sites. The survey targeted the
identification of the awareness of respondents regarding the brownfield
regeneration and the impact of the site as well as the origin of the
visitor on this awareness. The results show that there are diverse linkages
among the variables under study. Out of a large amount of partial
results, the three following findings are fundamental for the objective of
this paper: (i) the awareness of the visitors of the issue of regeneration
is very low; (ii) interesting consequences of the perception of heritage
preservation; and (iii) the impact of the site on responses.
6.1. Low awareness
Our results support the results of the previous studies. The response
of the visitors to leisure time facilities is positive (Maliene et al., 2012).
However, the knowledge regarding the heritage of the present site as
well as the global brownfield issue is very low (Martinat et al., 2016).
industrial
agricultural
post-mining
military
transport
residential
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
perception
Median
25%-75%
Min-Max
Fig. 9. The regeneration potential of individual types of brownfields (according to their
original use).
Source: own survey, N = 130.
Paintball Laser Game Bongo Vankovka
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
satisfiactionwithheritagepreservation
a a b b
Median
25%-75%
Min-Max
Fig. 10. The degree of satisfaction with the way of heritage preservation when reusing
brownfield. Medians with the same letter do not differ significantly (p > 0.01).
Source: own survey, N = 130.
Table 3
Basic segmentation of the surveyed sample.
Source: authors' own processing.
Gender Female 53,8%
Male 46,2%
Age < 18 13,1%
18–24 41,5%
25–34 25,4%
35–44 8,5%
45–54 8,5%
55–64 1,5%
65 < 1,5%
Education Elementary 13,1%
Secondary 38,5%
Tertiary 48,4%
Profession Student 54,6%
Employed 31,5%
Self-employed 7,7%
Retired 2,3%
Parental leave 3,9%
Residence Brno 48,5%
The South Moravian Region 40,0%
Other regions 11,5%
J. Navratil et al. Cities 74 (2018) 52–63
60
Only every tenth visitor of the regenerated brownfield was able to
recall that she or he gained some information on brownfield regeneration
from the media or from the social group she or he is involved
with. Based on this information, we can conclude that the public
awareness is extremely low. The statistical treatment revealed that
Brno-inhabitants are better informed about brownfield regeneration
than close-visitors. Here, we may notice the effort of the city to publicise
the idea of public support of the brownfield regeneration (Kunc
et al., 2014).
On the other hand, twice as many of the respondents are aware of
the fact that they visited the regenerated brownfield. Such difference
cannot be coincidental. The difference may be caused by the information
provided directly within the area of the regenerated brownfield
(Hartig et al., 2012). The visits of the regenerated areas and communication
with the visitors thus may be the main key to the popularization
of the issue of brownfields (Mckean, Harris, & Lennon, 2017).
This is also confirmed by the fact that twice the amount (i.e. two-fifths
of the respondents) of those who have already visited the brownfield
were aware of the fact that the place of their visit was a regenerated
brownfield. Yet, we must understand that the site of Vankovka shopping
mall is mainly the only reason for such amount. The Vankovka
shopping mall is “a trademark” generally assessed in the Czech Republic
as an example of a successful brownfield regeneration of a
former foundry into a shopping mall and gallery (Kunc et al., 2014)
with not only preserved but repaired old buildings, as other western
megaprojects (Doucet, Van Kempen, & Van Weesep, 2011). The character
of regeneration is thus influenced by creating the awareness of the
brownfield regeneration (Loures et al., 2016).
The level of awareness and experience then influence the public
opinion (Joerin, Desthieux, Beuze, & Nembrini, 2009). Such fact is
being reflected in the perception of the possibility of brownfields regeneration
– post-residential brownfields are perceived best (abandoned
prefab houses, dormitories for workers, etc.), industrial brownfields,
and military brownfields. Surprisingly, also industrial
brownfields fall into the first group, generally perceived in the city as
being highly problematic (Loures & Vaz, 2016). On the other hand,
agricultural and post-mining brownfields were ranked in the lowest
positions for regeneration options. Especially the latter are of a great
development potential, even for leisure time activities and tourism
(Sardinha, Craveiro, & Milheiras, 2013 or Frantal, 2016).
In several areas, the influence of the type of the visitor on the
awareness of confirmed. The most interesting ones are related to heritage
– for more see further on.
6.2. Brownfields, tourism, and heritage issues
Heritage preservation is perceived very well only on site Vankovka.
It has been already mentioned above that Vankovka is a specific example
regarding the issues of brownfields regeneration, tourism and
heritage. It is an example of commercialization of unused space, its
successful branding and building of trademark. It is the only locality
whose visitors arrived merely from the interest to “take a look how this
area was regenerated”. The heritage preservation and the reconstruction
of the historical design may be involved in the highest level of
awareness of its visitors. At the same time, their visitors are the most
critical ones in regards to the functionality of the regeneration, yet
when asked about a different utilization other than leisure time facilities
and shopping mall, they did not suggest anything.
We must mention here that with the other three localities, the
heritage was also preserved, but the buildings are the same as they used
to be 30 years ago. In the locations that are not in the good technical
state, the preservation of historical heritage is perceived not well. On
the other hand, in locations where the historical state of the building
has already been repaired, historical heritage is perceived more positively
(Berg & Stenbro, 2015).
On the whole, the regenerations are assessed better by the tourists
than by the population of Brno city or the South Moravian Region. The
difference between the perception of the brownfield regeneration
among tourists and inhabitants was identified even earlier (Kunc et al.,
2014). We must be aware of the potential problems when making decisions
about form, content and extent of the regeneration
(Alexandrescu et al., 2014).
It is remarkable that there is no correlation between the evaluation
of functionality and heritage preservation. The functionality and the
appearance with historical tradition are two separately assessed enti-
ties.
6.3. The impact of the site on responses
From the methodological point of view of the research of brownfields,
a remarkable result of this paper is the different impact of the site
on responses. The impact of the site of interviewing was confirmed with
all questions connected with the locality. The condition of the situation
thus significantly influences the opinions of the respondents about the
individual regeneration. The individual brownfields differ from each
other and any generalization must be done with a high level of caution
(Simis & Awang, 2015).
On the other hand, with any of the general questions on brownfield
regeneration, the impact of the site on responses was not proved. The
respondents are thus able to provide us with information about their
preferences or perceptions without any significant impact of the place
of interviewing, which is an important finding for further researches.
7. Summary and conclusion
We conclude that even greater numbers of unused sites can be developed
for tourism and leisure time activities which – if accompanied
by a suitably sensitive preservation of landscape, historical, architectural,
or aesthetic values – can serve as a benefit and public interest
of the whole society. It is apparent that forming and adapting urban
structures under such influences is beneficial for further urban development.
Nevertheless, the basic precondition for making such a policy
of brownfields regeneration possible is accelerating the systematic and
coordination position of the decision-makers, and to support efforts to
increase the mutual communication between private owners, public
bodies, and local citizen groups. Most important, we find that societal
concern about cultural heritage, if supported by massive educational
efforts, might become another accelerator for speeding up the regeneration
process in the Central Europe.
Low public awareness of the issue of brownfield regeneration bears
important consequences for heritage preservation. It was also ascertained
that individual brownfields are of the site-specific nature that
complicates attempts for the generalization of gathered knowledge. The
response of the visitors to leisure time re-use of brownfields is positive,
significantly contributing to the amalgamation of the formerly abandoned
sites to the vital parts of the city. It also seems that inhabitants of
Brno are much better informed about brownfield regeneration than
visitors from the wider region. We can say that the visits to the regenerated
areas and communication with the visitors thus may be the
main key to the popularization of the issue of brownfields. As an exceptional
case, the Vankovka shopping mall has to be emphasized. This
site is generally perceived in the Czech Republic as the flagship of
successful brownfield regeneration projects. From a variety of types of
brownfields, the post-residential brownfields are perceived best.
Heritage preservation is particularly well regarded by the public in
case of the Vankovka site. While admittedly, conditions and options at
brownfield sites are highly site-specific, it was revealed that, on the
other hand, in locations where the historical state of the buildings has
already been repaired, historical heritage is perceived more positively.
To sum up our results, the situation and technical state of individual
brownfields significantly influence the opinions of the respondents
about the individual regeneration options. Although individual
J. Navratil et al. Cities 74 (2018) 52–63
61
brownfields differ from one another, this paper suggests that historical
preservation can help speed the regeneration of contaminated sites and
again make them useful and safe for public use in the Czech Republic
and elsewhere.
Acknowledgement
Paper was kindly supported by the institutional funding of the
University of the South Bohemia (J.N.), by the institutional funding of
the Palacky University Olomouc (B.F.) and by the project that was
funded by the Czech Science Foundation (Geography of recycling of
urban space, 17-26934S).
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