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A THEORETICAL HISTORY OF BYZANTIUM
Masaryk University, Brno (Spring Semester, 2019)
https://is.muni.cz/predmet/phil/jaro2019/DSMgrB19?lang=en&fbclid=IwAR1mr_BfEAmaeqrLmARxBrTtZe-
adFFW9RBouUHRV3pYeiozW0ydx9uWwWg
https://drive.google.com/open?id=14vn68p_9fRtwCNjv8MYLoh92inJfWdVV
Instructor
Matthew Kinloch
Die Abteilung Byzanzforschung (IMAFO)
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
Hollandstraße 11-13/4, 1020 Wien
matthew.kinloch@oeaw.ac.at
Language of Instruction
English
Class Schedule (Bi-weekly classes, Tuesday 14:00-17:30)
19th February Late Byzantine Historiography
Reading Break
19th March Postmodernism
2nd April Narratology
16th April Gender and Queer Theory
30th April Social History
14th May Postcolonialism
Abstract
This course will introduce students to late Byzantine history and historiography through the
examination of critical theoretical approaches to its study. The class set text is the Chronikē
syngraphē (Χρονικὴ συγγραφή) or History of George Akropolites, which narrates the fiftyseven-year
period of exile, which followed the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade
in 1204. In each class, we will examine a different theoretical approach to historiographical
analysis, with reference to key passages of the Chronikē syngraphē (read in English
translation). These topics will include Postmodernism, Narratology, Gender and Queer
Theory, Social History, and Postcolonialism.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course, students will
- have read and gained a better understanding of an example of a Byzantine
historiographical narrative, the Chronikē syngraphē of George Akropolites (in English
translation)
- have read and critically analysed important works related to key theoretical,
philosophical, and methodological problems related to the study of historiography
and the past
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- be able to relate these theoretical readings to the study of Byzantine historiography
in sophisticated ways
Assessment
1. In-class participation (10% of the final grade)
Each session includes mandatory readings, as announced in the syllabus. In order to initiate
discussion in class and to show evidence of engagement with the reading, students are
expected to prepare questions and remarks related to each reading. Grading will be based
on depth of analysis and originality. This part of the grade is based on presence and active
participation in class, especially oral contributions to class discussions on the basis of
assigned readings.
2. In-class presentation (30% of the final grade)
During the class all students are expected to present on an additional reading related to one
of the five topics discussed in the classes. Students are expected to prepare a handout and/or
PowerPoint presentation to accompany their presentation and analysis. Presentations
should be approximately 10-15 minutes.
3. Extended Essay (60% of the final grade)
The essay (approximately 2,000 words) tackles a question or a topic related to one or more of
the themes of the course. It can explore in depth a text or passage in relation to a theoretical
area treated in class. They may also select a different text, in consultation with the instructor.
The essay should include a critical assessment of existing scholarship. Students with a
working knowledge of Greek are encouraged to take into account readings of primary texts.
Please consult with the instructor about your topic.
Session One: Late Byzantine Historiography
This session will constitute an introduction to late Byzantine history and its historiography.
The focus of this class will be on the central text, around which this course will revolve,
namely the Chronikē syngraphē (Χρονικὴ συγγραφή) or History of George Akropolites, a
thirteenth-century Byzantine historiographical narrative. We will consider modern
historiography and scholarship on the period covered by the Chronikē syngraphē, namely the
period between 1204 and 1261.
In addition, we will discuss the format and assessment of the class and assign presentation
readings and topics for later sessions.
Suggested reading:
- Angold, ‘The Greek Rump States and the Recovery of Byzantium’, 731-58.
- Neville, Guide to Byzantine Historical Writing, 226-31.
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Reading Break
During the reading week students should familiarize themselves thoroughly with the set
text, so that they can bring their own ideas about where and how the theoretical readings for
the subsequent classes might be brought into conversation with the Chronikē syngraphē.
Mandatory reading:
- Macrides, George Akropolites, The History.
- Wild On Collective, ‘Theses on Theory and History’, 1-11.
Further reading:
- Laiou, ‘Political Historical Survey, 1204-1453’, 280-94.
- Neville, Guide to Byzantine Historical Writing, esp. 1-44.
- Gardner, The Lascarids of Nicaea.
- Angold, A Byzantine Government in Exile, esp. 9-33.
- Nicol, The Despotate of Epiros.
- Eastmond, Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium.
- Ducellier, ‘Balkan Powers: Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria (1200-1300)’, 779-802.
- Madgearu, The Asanids.
- Korobeinikov, Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century, esp. 7-20.
- Macrides, ‘The Historian in the History’, 205-24.
- Macrides, ‘The Thirteenth Century in Byzantine Historical Writing’, 63-76.
- Angelov, Imperial Ideology, esp. 1-25.
Questions to think about:
- What and who are most important in the history?
- Who tells the story and how?
- What ideological positions motivate the telling of the history?
- What/who is (and is not) represented?
- How does Macrides’ introduction and commentary influence your understanding of
the text?
- Does the sort of history that the Wild on Collective are calling for match the type of
history offered by Macrides in her introduction to the Chronikē syngraphē?
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Session Two: Postmodernism
In this class, we will discuss postmodernism, a movement/collection of critical approaches
that developed from the late 1950s across a range of disciplines, including history. Our focus
will be to examine the relationship between postmodern critiques of knowledge and history
writing. Essentially we will ask ‘What can we know about the past on the basis of history?’.
We will then try to relate the questions raised by postmodern critiques to both what we do
when we read a narrative like the Chronikē syngraphē and what these texts claim to be doing.
In thinking about the claims made by the text, we will focus on the prooimion (preface) of the
Chronikē syngraphē.
Mandatory reading:
- Macrides, George Akropolites, The History, 105 (§1) and ???.
- Jenkins, Re-thinking History, 6-32.
- Macrides, ‘How the Byzantines Wrote History’, 257-63.
- Wild on Collective, ‘Pandering to the Timid’, 1-5.
Presentations:
- Clark, History, Theory, Text, 86-105.
- Treadgold, ‘The Unwritten Rules for Writing Byzantine History’, 277-92.
Further reading:
- Haldon, J., ‘‘Jargon’ vs. ‘the Facts’, 95-132.
- Kaldellis, ‘The Manufacture of History, 293-306.
- Lilie, ‘Reality and Invention’, 157-210
- Macrides, ‘Editor’s Preface’, ix-xi.
- Kukkannen, Postnarrativist Philosophy of History, esp. 1-13.
- Jenkins, Re-thinking History, esp. 33-69.
- White, Metahistory, esp. 1-42.
- White, ‘The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality’, 5-27.
- Pihlainen, The Work of History, esp. xiii-17.
- Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition.
- Derrida, Of Grammatology.
- Bradley, Derrida’s Of Grammatology.
Questions to think about:
- What is the relationship between history, historiography, and the past?
- What can we claim to know about Byzantium from reading the Chronikē syngraphē?
- What does the prooimion of the Chronikē syngraphē claim that the text is doing?
- How far do Macrides and Jenkins’ conceptions of history match up? What are the
differences?
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Session Three: Narratology
In this class, we will examine approaches drawn from narratology (the study of narrative), a
sub-field of literary criticism and a domain of research in its own right. In particular, we will
discuss what narratology offers the historian of Byzantium. We will starting by examining
some of the basic constituent elements and qualities of narrative texts and histories (e.g.
narrators, plot, events, characters). We will then examine in detail characters, before asking
how a narratological approach to character and characters might impact on the reading of
Byzantine historiography. Together, we will ask what a narratological reading of the
characters found in the Chronikē syngraphē might mean for the sort of things scholars say
about people from the Byzantine past, using that text as evidence.
Mandatory reading:
- Macrides, George Akropolites, The History, 270-1 (§52), 305-8 (§63), and ???.
- Bourbouhakis and Nilsson, ‘Byzantine Narrative’, 263-74.
- Jannidis, ‘Character’, 1-12.
- de Jong, Narratology and Classics, 3-6 (§1.1), 17-19 (§2.1), and 37-42 (§2.7-9).
Presentation:
- Margolin, ‘Characterization in Narrative, 1-14.
Suggested reading:
- Bal, Narratology.
- Genette, Narrative Discourse Revisited.
- Messis, Mullett, and Nilsson, Storytelling in Byzantium, esp. 1-5, 71-87.
- Genette, Palimpsests.
- Herman, et al., Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory.
- de Jong, Narratology and Classics, esp. 167-95
- Cupane and Krönung, Fictional Storytelling.
- Roilos, Medieval Greek Storytelling, esp. 115-30.
- Kristeva, Desire in Language.
Questions to think about:
- What does narratology suggest about the representative potential of historiography?
- Should we treat the people presented in histories as representations of humans from
the past or should we treat them as characters?
- What are the consequences of this decision for historical analysis, both in theory and
practice?
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Session Four: Gender and Queer Theory
In this class, we will discuss gender, sex, and sexuality as categories and objects of historical
analysis. We will discuss various critical approaches to gender and sexuality, before
analysising the potential of gender and queer theories for historiographical examination. In
particular we will examine both contemporary practice in Byzantine historiography and
critically read passages from the Chronikē syngraphē featuring female characters/women. In
addition, we will consider discourses of power, which underpin the text, focusing especially
on compulsory heterosexuality.
Mandatory reading:
- Macrides, George Akropolites, The History, 123-4 (§8), 132-3 (§11), 169-70 (§23), 222-3
(§42), 246 (§48) and ???.
- Mikkola, ‘Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender’.
- Ballif, ‘Re/Dressing Histories’, 91-8.
- Kaldellis, ‘The Study of Women and Children, 61-71.
Presentations:
- Butler, Gender Trouble, 1-46.
- de Wet, ‘John Chrysostom on Homoeroticism’, 187-218.
Suggested reading:
- Laiou, ‘The Role of Women in Byzantine Society’, 233-60.
- Rubin, ‘The Traffic in Women, 157-210.
- Clark, ‘The Lady Vanishes’, 1-31.
- Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, esp. 1-29.
- Scott, ‘Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis’, 1053-75.
- Lanser, ‘Gender and Narrative’.
- Lanser, Fictions of Authority.
- Cixous, ‘The Character of “Character”’, 383-402.
- Woloch, The One vs. the Many.
Questions to think about:
- Are there women or men? Are there women or men in Byzantine texts?
- Can we distinguish between sex and gender in Byzantine historiography?
- How does gender contribute to the last session’s discussion of characters?
- How might it be useful to read Byzantine historiography as heteronormative?
- Who writes queer and gendered histories?
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Session Five: Social History
In this session, we will start by introducing the various different types of analysis that fall
under the broad category of ‘social history’, with a focus on political economy, historical
materialism, and Marxism. After gaining a basic knowledge of the wider landscape of social
history, we will focus on the analysis of non-elites in historiography. To this end, we will
analyse the first sections of the Chronikē syngraphē, which describes the conquest of
Constantinople, paying attention to the presentation of non-elites in the text and their role in
the story of the city’s capture.
Mandatory reading:
- Macrides, George Akropolites, The History, 106-115 (§2-5) and ???.
- Bernstein, Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change, 1-24.
- Federici, Caliban and the Witch, 11-17.
Presentations:
- Haldon, ‘Towards a Social History of Byzantium’, 1-30.
- Spiegel, ‘History, Historicism, and the Social Logic of the Text’, 3-28.
Suggested reading:
- Spiegel, ‘Towards a Theory of the Middle Ground’, 44-56.
- Haldon, ‘Social Elites, Wealth, and Power’, 168-211.
- Cabrera, Postsocial History, esp. 1-18.
- Eagleton, Marxism and Literary Criticism, esp. 1-36
- Haldon, John, State and the Tributary Mode of Production, esp. 109-129.
- Banaji, Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity.
- Banaji, Exploring the Economy of Late Antiquity.
- Banaji, Theory as History.
Questions to think about:
- What makes a history social?
- Who/what is the subject/object of social history?
- Can historical narratives be sources of social and/or non-elite history?
- Are the non-elites in Byzantine historiography real?
- Is social history compatible with postmodern historiography?
- How do the topics covered in these readings intersect with the previous session of
gender and queer theory?
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Session Six: Postcolonialism
This class will focus on debate surrounding the seminal article of Gayatri Chakravorty
Spivak, ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’. We will first try to understand the argument Spivak
made, before discussing how this concept might (or might not) be relevant to readings of the
history of late Byzantium and Akropolites’ Chronikē syngraphē in particular. This session will
draw on the knowledge students have acquired in previous classes about gender, social
history, and postmodernism. Students will also be encouraged to think about Byzantine
history in terms of critical analyses of orientalism, race, ethnicity, colonialism,
postcolonialism, and imperialism and to consider the intersection of various discourses of
power in the construction of Byzantine history.
Mandatory reading:
- Macrides, George Akropolites, The History, ???.
- Spivak, ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 271-313.
- Ashcroft, et al., The Post-Colonial Studies Reader (London, 2006), 7-11, 36-44.
Presentations:
- Todorova, ‘Balkanism and Postcolonialism’, 175-95.
- Gaunt, ‘Can the Middle Ages be Postcolonial?’, 160-176.
Suggested reading:
- Maggio, Can the Subaltern Be Heard?, 419-43.
- Parry, ‘Problems in Current Theories of Colonial Discourse’, 27-58.
- Spivak, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason
- Spivak, In Other Worlds
- Young, Postcolonialism.
- Said, Orientalism.
- Hallaq, Restating Orientalism
- Mishkova, Beyond Balkanism
- Chakrabarty, ‘Provincializing Europe’
- Todorova, Imagining the Balkans.
- Heng, The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages
Questions to think about:
- What is a subaltern?
- What is postcolonialsim?
- Are these concepts relevant to Byzantine historiography?
- Can Byzantine studies be postcolonial?
- Is Byzantine studies fundamentally imperialist AND/OR colonialist?
- Is Byzantine studies/historiography a suitable place for contemporary politics?
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Bibliography
Set Text
Macrides, R. (trans.), George Akropolites, The History: Introduction, Translation and Commentary
(Oxford, 2007).
- Heisenberg, A. (ed.) and Wirth, P. (corr.), Georgii Acropolitae: Opera (Stuttgart, 1978),
vol 1. [Original medieval Greek text]
- Blum, W. (trans.), Georgios Akropolites: Die Chronik (Stuttgart, 1989).
- Dayantis, J. (trans.), Acropolitès, Chronique du XIIIe siècle: L'empire grec de Nicée (Paris,
2012).
- Panagiotou, A. (trans.), Χρονική συγγραφή, Γεώργιος Ακροπολίτης: εισαγωγή,
μετάφραση, σχόλια (Athens, 2003).
General Reference
Haldon, J., The Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History (Houndmills, 2005).
Herman, D., Jahn, M., and Ryan, M.-L. (eds.), Routledge Encyclopaedia of Narrative Theory
(London, 2005).
James, L. (ed.), Companion to Byzantium (Chichester, 2010).
Jeffreys, E., Haldon, J., and Cormack, R. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies
(Oxford, 2008).
Kazhdan, A. (ed.), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Oxford, 1991), 3 vols.
Shepard, J. (ed.), The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire, c. 500-1492 (Cambridge, 2008).
Secondary Literature
Angelov, D., Imperial Ideology and Political Thought in Byzantium, 1204-1330 (Cambridge,
2006).
Angold, M., ‘The Greek Rump States and the Recovery of Byzantium’, in J. Shepard (ed.),
The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire, c. 500-1492 (Cambridge, 2008), 731-58.
Angold, M., A Byzantine Government in Exile: Government and Society Under the Laskarids of
Nicaea (1204-1261) (Oxford, 1975).
Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G., and Tiffin, H. (eds.), The Post-Colonial Studies Reader (London,
2006).
Bal, Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative (Toronto, 2009).
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Ballif, M., ‘Re/Dressing Histories; Or, on Re/Covering Figures Who Have Been Laid Bare by
Our Gaze’, Rhetoric Society Quarterly 22 (1992), 91-8.
Banaji, J., Exploring the Economy of Late Antiquity: Selected Essays (Cambridge, 2015).
Banaji, J., Theory as History: Essays on Modes of Production and Exploitation (Leiden, 2010).
Banaji, J., Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity: Gold, Labour and Aristocratic Dominance (Oxford,
2007).
Bernstein, H., Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change (Black Point, 2010).
Bourbouhakis, E. and Nilsson, I., ‘Byzantine Narrative: The Form of Storytelling in
Byzantium’, in L. James (ed.), Companion to Byzantium (Chichester, 2010), 263-74.
Bradley, A., Derrida’s Of Grammatology (Edinburgh, 2008).
Chakrabarty, D., ‘Provincializing Europe: Postcoloniality and the critique of
history’, Cultural Studies 6 (1992), 337-57.
Cixous, H., ‘The Character of “Character”’, New Literary History 5 (1974), 383-402.
Clark, E., ‘The Lady Vanishes: Dilemmas of a Feminist Historian after the “Linguistic
Turn”’, Church History 67 (1998), 1-31.
Clark, E., History, Theory, Text: Historians and the Linguistic Turn (Cambridge MA, 2004).
Cupane, C. and Krönung, B. (eds.), Fictional Storytelling in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean
and Beyond (Leiden, 2016).
Derrida, J., De la gramatologie (Paris, 1967) // Derrida, J., Of Grammatology (trans.) G. Spivak
(Baltimore, [1967] 1997).
Ducellier, A., ‘Balkan Powers: Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria (1200-1300)’, in J. Shepard (ed.)
The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire, c. 500-1492 (Cambridge, 2008), 779-802.
Eastmond, A., Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of
Trebizond (Aldershot, 2004).
Federici, S., Caliban and the Witch (New York, 2004).
Gardner, A., The Lascarids of Nicaea (London, 1912).
Gaunt, S., ‘Can the Middle Ages Be Postcolonial?’, Comparative Literature 61.2 (2009), 160-176.
Genette, Narrative Discourse Revisited (trans.) J. Lewin (Ithaca, [1983] 1988).
Genette, G., Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree (trans.) C. Newman and C. Doubinsky
(London, 1997).
Haldon, J., ‘‘Jargon’ vs. ‘the Facts’? Byzantine History-Writing and Contemporary Debates’,
BMGS 9 (1984), 95-132.
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Hallaq B. W., Restating Orientalism: A Critique of Modern Knowledge (New York, 2018).
Heng G., The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2018).
James, L., ‘The Role of Women’, in E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon, and R. Cormack (eds.), The Oxford
Handbook of Byzantine Studies (Oxford, 2008), 643-51.
Jannidis, F., ‘Character’, in P. Hühn et al. (eds.), The Living Handbook of Narratology
(Hamburg, 2013), http://www.lhn.uni-hamburg.de/article/character
Jenkins, K., On ‘What is History?’: From Carr and Elton to Rorty and White (London, 1995).
Jenkins, K., Why History? Ethics and Postmodernity (London, 1999).
Jenkins, K., Re-thinking History (Abingdon, [1991] 2003).
Jenkins, K., Refiguring History, (London, 2003).
de Jong, I., Narratology and Classics: A Practical Guide (Oxford, 2014).
Kaldellis, A., ‘The Study of Women and Children: Methodological Challenges and New
Directions’, in P. Stephenson (ed.), The Byzantine World (Abingdon, 2010), 61-71.
Kaldellis, A., ‘The Manufacture of History in the Later Tenth and Eleventh Centuries:
Rhetorical Templates and Narrative Ontologies’, in S. Marjanović-Dušanić (ed.), Proceedings
of the 23rd International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Belgrade, 22-27 August 2016: Plenary
Papers (Belgrade, 2016), 293-306.
Korobeinikov, D., Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century (Oxford, 2014).
Kristeva, J., Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art (New York, 1980).
Kristeva, J., Revolt, She Said (trans.) Brian O'Keeffe (Los Angeles, 2002).
Kuukkanen, J.-M., Postnarrativist Philosophy of History (Basingstoke, 2015).
Laiou, A., ‘Political Historical Survey, 1204-1453’, in E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon, and R. Cormack
(eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies (Oxford, 2008), 280-94.
Laiou, A., ‘The Role of Women in Byzantine Society’, JÖB 31 (1981), 233-60.
Lanser, S., ‘Gender and Narrative’, in P. Hühn, et al. (eds.), The Living Handbook of Narratology
(2013). https://www.lhn.uni-hamburg.de/article/gender-and-narrative
Lanser, S., Fictions of Authority: Women Writers and Narrative Voice (Ithaca, 1992).
Lilie, R.-J., ‘Reality and Invention: Reflections on Byzantine Historiography’, Dumbarton Oaks
Papers, 68 (2014), 157-210.
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Lyotard, J.-F., La condition postmoderne: rapport sur le savoir (Paris, 1979). // Lyotard, J.-F., The
Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (trans.) G. Bennington and B. Massumi
(Manchester, [1979] 1984).
Macrides, R., ‘The Historian in the History’, in C. Constantinides, N. Panagiotakes, E.
Jeffreys, and A. Angelou (eds.), ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝ: Studies in Honour of Robert Browning (Venice,
1996), 205-24.
Macrides, R., ‘The Thirteenth Century in Byzantine Historical Writing’, in C. Dendrinos, J.
Harris, E. Harvalia-Crook, and J. Herrin (eds.), Porphyrogenita: Essays on the History and
Literature of Byzantium and the Latin East in Honour of Julian Chrysostomides (Aldershot, 2003),
63-76.
Macrides, R., ‘Editor’s Preface’, in R. Macrides (ed.), History as Literature in Byzantium
(Farnham, 2010), ix-xi.
Macrides, R. (ed.), History as Literature in Byzantium (Farnham, 2010).
Macrides, R., ‘How the Byzantines Wrote History’, in S. Marjanović-Dušanić (ed.),
Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Belgrade, 22-27 August 2016:
Plenary Papers (Belgrade, 2016), 257-63.
Madgearu, A., The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire
(1185-1280) (Leiden, 2016).
Maggio, J., ‘“Can the Subaltern Be Heard?”: Political theory, Translation, Representiation,
and Gayatri Charavorty Spivak’, Alternatives 32 (2007), 419-43.
Margolin, U., ‘Characterization in Narrative: Some Theoretical Prolegomena’,
Neophilologus 67 (1983), 1-14.
Messis, C., Mullett, M., and Nilsson, I. (eds.), Storytelling in Byzantium: Narratological
approaches to Byzantine texts and images (Uppsala, 2018). http://www.diva-
portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1216614/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Mikkola, Mari, ‘Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender’, Edward Zalta (ed.) The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2017).
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/feminism-gender/
Mishkova D., Beyond Balkanism: The Scholarly Politics of Region Making (Abingdon, 2018).
Neville, L., Guide to Byzantine Historical Writing (Cambridge, 2018).
Nicol, D., The Despotate of Epiros (Oxford, 1957).
Parry, B., ‘Problems in Current Theories of Colonial Discourse’, Oxford Literary Review 9
(1987), 27-58.
Pihlainen, K., The Work of History: Constructivism and a Politics of the Past (Abingdon, 2017).
13
Roilos, P. (ed.), Medieval Greek Storytelling: Fictionality and Narrative in Byzantium (Wiesbaden,
2014).
Rubin, G., ‘The Traffic in Women: Notes on the ‘Political Economy’ of Sex’, in R. Reiter (ed.),
Toward a Feminist Anthropology of Women (New York, 1975), 157-210.
Said, E., Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient (Harmondsworth, 1978).
Scott, J., ‘Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis’, The American Historical Review
91 (1986), 1053-75.
Spiegel, G. (ed.), The Past as Text: The Theory and Practice of Medieval Historiography
(Baltimore, 1997).
Spiegel, G., ‘History, Historicism, and the Social Logic of the Text’, G. Spiegel (ed.), The Past
as Text: The Theory and Practice of Medieval Historiography (Baltimore, 1997), 3-28.
Spiegel, G., ‘Towards a Theory of the Middle Ground’, G. Spiegel (ed.), The Past as Text: The
Theory and Practice of Medieval Historiography (Baltimore, 1997), 44-56.
Spivak, G. C., ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’ in C. Nelson and L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and
the Interpretation of Culture (Urbana, 1988), 271-313.
Spivak, G. C., A Critique of Postcolonial Reason (Cambridge, MA, 1999).
Spivak, G. C., In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics (New York, 1988).
Todorova, M., ‘Balkanism and Postcolonialism or on the Beauty of the Airplane View’, in
Bradatan, C. and Oushakine, S. (eds.), In Marx's Shadow: Knowledge, Power, and Intellectuals in
Eastern Europe and Russia (Lanham, 2010), 175-95.
Todorova, M., Imagining the Balkans (Oxford, 2009).
Treadgold, W., ‘The Unwritten Rules for Writing Byzantine History’, in S. MarjanovićDušanić
(ed.), Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Belgrade, 22-27
August 2016: Plenary Papers (Belgrade, 2016), 277-92.
Treadgold, W., ‘Review of L. Neville, Anna Komnene: The Life and Work of a Medieval
Historian’, Medioevo Greco 17 (2017), 516-7.
Young, Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction (Chichester, 2016).
de Wet, C., ‘John Chrysostom on Homoeroticism’, Neotestamentica 48 (2014), 187-218.
White, H., Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe (London, 1973).
White, H., ‘The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality’, CI 7 (1980), 5-27.
Wild on Collective, ‘Theses on Theory and History’ (2018). http://theoryrevolt.com/
14
Wild on Collective, ‘Pandering to the Timid: The Truth about Post-Truth’ (2019).
http://theoryrevolt.com/post-truth
Woloch, A., The One vs. the Many: Minor Characters and the Space of the Protagonist in the Novel
(Princeton, NJ, 2003).