1
I] -r*>6ofc
^■-j,;^ p4-a4 Vn ^ -io |   | Nfc+±+- I   -4-1 /Used when you want to show thanks or happiness. , 'HI i ii >} v'OMi A
•aia* JEXpal'x  JaIUkj *xVpt t?'2:3x 1//<_V '-^ a J o   V'tffrtM'J'C'tns /#44 7l^r "l-frfr jf.^sl-ji ji-g- ufl a)..§- ./
39 ^-v r(H ~T£So£J
/ A tells B to do something, so B does that thing. / A kj B Siil u(T * V A 7} B oflTll Br V «1-4 . ^ ^ *} A 4 ^
(A tells B to do something, so B does that thing. /AJttB^irJ^, B<ttfl»ff4fr. tiSSSili m? t# A . / ^
; ^(ifttltf-^MoT^-tit Ltz
111^1. IEUnS-5£jMT>*££l\,
DfrB^C, li'ltiif££*±K ( a. MXiih^tLfz   b. 5fc£«L£)0
2) fiiSfctt** ( a. #floT*>£>o£   b. <£>T% *M&^*e§£ Lfcc
3) ^te&^it^&^fc&SK ( a. :&-<T^b-7   b. ^S-tf:* ) well 0^ "to
4) i3j&l) ^A/fcttB* ( a. tv^t^ofc   b. mii^tz) <OX\ -fC&tft>frt)tLtZo
49
(5) lSliŽSTi:li<7)IĚÍ: ( a. ^HŽLfc   b.       LXí> ř>v>£ L/L' )0
(6) H£B (a. I^THot   b. fp^T ) ^L^o/:c
(7) IfWŤťlii^iŤfíjí: (a. iotUi^t   b. &t:-&tir)0
(8) ^(iMÍ^^UÍPlIt^^Ciráž- ( a.  LT^bi^L/L   b. ^ŽL/:)0
(9) AP*iL££§, Xm^tekh^^ ( a. 5fcTfcč>oT   b. 3£$-tf:T ) ^tiU^t
(10) IS^IifUc^v^fc ( a. &Á,"C-&íb^£ L£   b. licá-^ŽL/Do
if		1	
	^3		B
HI -#~Ufc
^H^-^íDS S^To    (Shows the state., 'fř'«*JÍ fi'A: .'1*113. S^SW.J
/Make another person have a certain feeling bv their actions. /t^l-Sfťfí^J, it SEA \
VJ^ifMiW^o/Ai-ts]        ^7]7\ s'io.| 4§ aki-oi o]# vi^z y\^\.)
-►55^-v R^S5:^#U^i:^l^(3)J
t>s
*<A.LA. Cti
Tlie preposition [ i J is used before the words that show emotion such as [ Z> J rSS'C>7&J Plí^áj rí<Č-L,'t~    J .
50
mmw2. jEuvzozmvtaz^o
( 1 ) i£.$&tfikA,X*\<*&<nX\ ( a. t>b^bLtt^   b. l^i^Hti^ )0
i2) R\$m&^Z.t*fivX, fr&tt* (a. %^tz   b. A/T^to
(3) fotf^m^%^fz(DX\ ( a. KsfiLSLfc   b. <i>Sd£-tf£ Ltz )0
4) m*. zmmizm^xm* (a. ^o^^t^ b. w^frvz-ttz)*
5) Mifv#^L"C, Tt%/:t^ ( a. »so£   b. flfj&*<b-£fc )«,
6) /h$v^tjy^:ii'7y       ©tn J^fctf* ( a. jfrfrLfc   b. fi&fr$-£fc)0
7) |sT5W£fcML£<AT\ ifo ( a. U^tz   b. )0
8) T^Jifeft^io^LT^i^ (a. \th\thLtz   b. I±<bli<b )0
9) ^(nmW^\Z\Wtz(DX\ ( a. M^tz   b. ) <H "CTc
10) 3aii^fc*v^ ^tot, £££ ( a. it^tz   b. Mm2t£)0
	IE	1	
■			Q
im*T<*:Sl\| £ rH#«T<££l\l
2] itfL£Hfri*T<
+a i -d- -z -£r JiL-ti-4-~z       /The speaker wants the other person to ~ to him/her. /fj S'f'J'/l'fStSVo /\
m ixm + <iz£^
m^x + <tc£^ = m^x<tc^
o < 0 IS' Lt</i$l\      * 1ST A = 15 #05 A
57
_ Hd'tll* 1/ /r,        ..... .        , s.
■  ■       ^^^s^^i-n =ricr|4-      J-^ ; \ y*-}/!--rV      / *~ ausative without an imperative meaning. \
4-p =c i — -rate f — /-*-*5-rr- -z. U- -fa /n^m     / Expression used when asking the other person politely.   ' #'J< fLIftilfe'SbRftfc J£ \
CTJf^ + <££^
(The sentence form has many types of expression according to the politeness level. / \
A : < fc*$V\
o
«S3. JEUWSofciitffcSlV,
(1) W-x.i^o feot^^^t ( a. B'oT   b. f^tt ) <££v
(2) ai^i^r*, 4s-m± ( a. ft^t? b. ft^x ) </i£v>0
StLo II'<
(3) *, fflA^^^-A/:fa„ ^Hfc ( a. ^oT   b. )
52
(4) t*A,%m^X~tfr0 ^iot (a. m^X   b. Wfr-£X ) <ŤzŽ^0
C»A,1ÍA i
(5) JiW^PWt-t^í^ ( a. flot   b. <ŕi$V>0
(6) #ÉÍ>*CV>fcV>fco XiáítU ( a. lot   b. IWt )o
i 7) h, ^-t^:(í;^foti^^ ^(áí§ÍÉ-Cl-0 fclf^iiftTľ ( a. lot   b. H£
8) "t&Š-tfr/U ŤffcjFÍ&fctttLfctfrrN ( a. ¥iiĽC   b. -f-ilS-tŕ-C ) <ŕi£v>0
9) *(?)A(^tmh ( a. WfrLX   b. $S^$-ŕT ) <ŕi£i>o
10) ^íor^tt^o -ďO ( a. t^-C   b. iŽŽ-frf) <ŕi£v*0
(Explanation: The stronger position person (A) gives and order, the lower person B does something. A is the subject. / m.miK (a) fa*>&mummi\ (b> mm. a*jkw. °J 4# ( a ) o] 'ij 3 ž-K.1, 49!4# ( b ) °] JF-<S°Jn# fícf . a 7}      7} .
if-5 t HIS	Ľ U J: It I» mm	
I	#<	
		
		+              = E^-tírá
		
		
		
		
i?E S "tíľ ^)        —    š% c£ lS~
53
►jTbirLTTS. I - -4-. r -/--I \s+,==1 / Verbs with no causative form/WT^inJ-T^fSHl-ff$fiM/ \
/Be/understand/need/see/hear/bc able and other potential verbs / W / Wfl / WIH / f if HI / W#JE /1?, ^äjis], EMtiiJUäßl» / N V°J4 / o|sflsl-r4 / / M.°14 / 1-^4/ f-S] f-A} . 7l-fe-S-A> . ,
(DffeS/]i5] ilj Silo] (intransitive verbs which have transitive forms /Wfflitf föf&SfjlBlfl4! § Kji§!/E)-§-AHI 7r?i 4^Af )
V = g|J|5] (^intransitive verb/grjjn]/A}^ 60i§^-
A 60 PP^T B let V T^> o    (A tells B to do something, so B does that thing.    ft. Aiff? t K , B (it K ')AS] °j ^ AS. B     V 04 .
.... ^{i^^^^^ri L7to *ft£:£tu±£3&!
V=-ffeÜJp] (transitive verb,/lii^iH]/Er^-A|.)
ACDpP^T B [iVT^o    (A tells B to do something, so B does that thing. / <i. A iTjifr^ K, BföÄ^o /AS] >g|21BcVW.
^ : ö/lo (:?ci';fi,timt^>^H^T<i>o)
(In the case of a transitive verb sentence such as Küf Sr^ltÄ . the |~ £ J which indicates the actor becomes [~UJ . /.^iiJ + HiJÄ i&#mm, to ~«tt**it«;, ffiStii^l+W r*j, rftW£*^teS*f*8W«;Fffl rA£j, ffi&:&ffl fAi:j= /
MI^#±£>A<Dt|i^ ^£^T&<A r~TWc£<J
/ Where the other person is a superior person the T ~ "C ^1       <I J form is used rather than the causative. /
t it A.
íA does something. As a result, B does something. s'f£Affy%#fŤ$ffyigtt K, B Ě ÍSldíŽSifeiSfŤílĚtt^ll1'. /' \ A A ^^Hl tVcf . -J.A £ *i is B y\ V <&t:r .
at
m^^(Dt>mi\ S^bUbT^o - 1^61^6
f^ŤJiv^-f b(2>^ Lt\ M£(±bí±b£-« í)^)fio
^(±Ťh^(0^6^^cO^@< ^£^b^b£-tfrT^0
cřAiř-j
gf     k'7-ximomm'tfz^t^i(Dx\ ůj-žví^ž-čž l?z0
(Oí\
V*
Oftenused with T-ř což žj r~Tj3<J rSĎl^j ./£ffl ~ *<F>Ít . l-X&<.    ÚtrJl-_ 'féíífflo 1*1.
Žit
fCOiij r^Tii<j rSĚUj 21- SĎ1 *V*«fe
/ Often fUjis used where someone does something because of their wishes. /\f\ ^All^HillSl-l "ftH't, f$f$X-|^  "JH£ffl \
IH'ti'Zt
55
tri" C i'*«')»!
►r~-r|   *ÖI   ^_3&£lr<fi£Ö 7" yH&,{ \      f Often used together with |~ ^'C L ä Ö J ., '£fn |" ^ T L £') J \
O rAliNfcV-es/S-eäJ
/ll =g-l ==i ^p.  u- — / —     4„ + -fc /There are cases where a causative verb can be used as a transitive verb. \
(W &s<& ->
(I) « < (3)*i* -(5)1? -(7)i,C -(9) &h —
(II) ftctr -(13) feä -
(2) JAO
(4) (6)
(8) WLtik (10)
(i2) >bui-& (i4) a*
56
(15) #x.a -> ( )
(16) í#oT< £ — ( )
(17) #&^tr - ( )
(18) fr; - ( . )
ft A. I» i orí
19) Mitlitt á - ( )
20) fötdfcfcff? - ( )
21) h^m-r - ( )
22) ®£l!lt£ - ( )
23) mis£-f á - ( )
24) ^fci/t - ( )
25) m^^oit^ - ( )
26) fr\šÁ,žM& — ( )
27) M&čH - ( )
28) ŤVtrSrái" - ( )
29) ÄS^Ífo - ( )
30) r&ŠréTá - ( )
- xm*_
- m±_
(4) Blílŕi ľl/*°- h *#itJ t^LÍL/:o WTfcS/Uá h        Ž Lfc0
- 5dí±__
- xm±_
A'A. t < It ílAl»i
- _
(9) &t± ľfŕlirl^oT^J tííítLIL/:„ ^íiiffl^otll Lfcc
- &í±____
(10) Xm± mMtt&^Á t^LtUo í?ľí)lä»$S:ť<ÍLfco
->  XMli___
(11) rMtffcS^J fc^LÍUo ^íáM^žL^o
(12) ft£í± rSttM^fcS^J h^LÍL/:o ^£íá$l£áĚ^3: Ltz0
- _
- mm±_
(is) mm rMf£í#*>&£v>j t^iáUc Ť^Mif»míLfco
- tm _
5S
tU'IÍÔ It
A:v^x., fíMU__
A:i^x.>__
4) q : ¥äĹ& [ím^^néžRtz^i tis^x^tir^ Píiít^
A:v^v^x-,___
A:v*l>x., MíU____