Transport pottery of 10th to 13th C AD Diagnostic medieval pottery: 1. Glazed ware 2. Transport ware = amphorae 3. Table and cooking ware 4. Storage ware Glazed ware • Since 8th C • white ware with yellow – honey brown glazes = so called WWI • End of 9th C – beginning of 11th C – white ware with transparent glazes = so called WWII] • End of 11th C – sgraffito wares • End of 13th C – more colors glazes Specifics of transport pottery Greek amphora: Table ware Transport ware Bronze age Hellenistic period Roman period • Large trade network • Roman tradition continues to Early Byzantine period • Two points of changes:  2nd half of 7th C  9th C Main amphora types (LR – Early Byz.) Sarachane schedule Hayes, J. 1992: Hayes, J. 1992: Excavation at Sarachane in Istanbul II. The Pottery. Princeton. Sarachane = saddlers’ market The place of discovery is now an open tract of ground, southwest of the intersection of Şehzadebaşı Caddesi and Atatürk Bulvarı, opposite the new Municipal Building (Belediye) Martin Harrison The penultimate excavation campaign took place in the summer of 1968. The underpass had been completed in 1966 and was now open to traffic. Behind it are the sixteenth-century Şehzade Mosque and the modern Municipal Hall (Belediye). New road Aqueduct of Valens 1965 – 2nd season Problems with light Architectural blocks from church just appeared Mehmet Tunçdağ of the Istanbul Archaeological Museum painstakingly matching together some of the smaller marble pieces in 1967. Window frame The architect Gordon R. J. Lawson Beginning of the verse “you alone [Juliana] have built innumerable temples throughout the world” (Palatine Anthology I.10, verse 32). Exedra Column head Apostle's marble head Plaster with mosaic Volutes of St. Polyevktos church Date of the church: 518 - 522 Prof. Martin Harrison (1935 – 1992) 10th – 11th C The commonest type is Hayes 54 - round-bellied amphora - Quit large, h= 40cm - Rim varies in type - Heavy short handles - Wide sloping shoulders - Shallow rounded bottom - Made in two or three parts - Body ribbed with series a series of heavy ridges on bottom - Thick walled • Fabric: - clean-braking orange brown, brownish-red fine clay - Cream yellowish slip - One of the most widely exported of all Byzantine amphorae - From Greece to Russia - Common also in Athenian Agora - In Sarachane the main baulk of middle Byz. amphorae (30 - 50%) - They survive till 12th C Hayes 46 • Continuing from 8th C: - Smallish, round-bellied amphora with narrow neck, slight rim and shortish handles of lentoid section, later angoular - Ridged body - “ill” defined rim - Gold mica specks - Till 10th C Hayes 47 • Related to 45, 46 types • Concave neck and overhanging rim • Handles as on Type 45 (lentoid in section) • Hard granular brownish-red ware • Gold mica specks • Till early 10th C Hayes 48 - 49 • Broad, round/bottomed, with narrow neck • Body: 48 plain, 49 ribbed • Rather clean, light brown fabric • Common for 10th C Hayes 50 • Rather similar to previous types  different rim • 10th C, but may be appears ealier Hayes 51 • Broad ribbed boddy • Short neck with slight concavity • Handles fairly wide, ridged, attached to rim • Plain hard orange-brown wares • May be later version of 48 – 49 Hayes 52 • Narrow neck, slightly hollowed rim • Small ring handles • Gritty orange ware • Rare type • Early 10th C Hayes 53 • Cylindrical neck with ridge at level of handle- attacment • Body-form uncertain • Gritty brown ware with much silvery mica • Early 10th C (may be surviving from earlier periods) 11th C • There are more easily distinguishable • Types 46 – 54 are transitional forms • Also 11th C amphorae keep some “memories” Hayes 55 • Slender heavily ridged form with narrow neck • Upright round-sectioned handles • Micaceous gritty red-brown ware Hayes 56 • Slender tapering to a flattened base • Narrow tapering neck • Broad peaked handles • Wide shallow grooves on body • Thickish fabric • Brown to reddish brown • Fabric fairly clean, with rare calcite inclusions • Horizontal brush-smoothing on outside • The high-swung handles, here seen for first time Hayes 57 • Broad belied, with low tapering neck and handles attached to rim Hayes 58 • Round-bellied, with wide-flaring strap handles • Smooth clean-breaking pinkish ware • Often a series of shallow incised loops around shoulders, otherwise plain • Distinctive type, fairly common Hayes 59 • Narrow neck with flaring thickened rim pushed in by attachment of handles • Light yellowish-brown ware, loaded with fine silvery mica 12th – early 13th C • There are few basic types • They show little continuity with those of the previous centuries Hayes 60 and 61 • The commonest type is 61, 60 is its early version • 60 is not grooved Long piriform body, highbellied, round-bottomed Long narrow neck Long heavy vertical necks, rounded in section, rising above the rim Rim is usualy not visible Fabric is red, reddish brown, purplish 60 – 70 cm in high Hayes 62 • Very broad bellied amphora • Wide sloping shoulder and small narrow outcurved mouth, thin at lip • heavy, high-swung handles merging with rim • Shallow ribbing all over • Thinnish ware • Hard, clean, red-brown clay • Cream slip • Late version of 54 Hayes 63 • Ovoid body with wide sloping shoulder • Ribbing • Small mouth • Low-slung strap handles • Orange-buff to brownish red • Fine silver mica • Quit gritty • Rare Hayes 64 • Low narrow neck with bulging mouth • Thick strap handles attached under rim • No complete shape • Clean-breaking, micaceous light brown ware • Stamps on handles • Rare Hayes 65 • Small, slender, ribbed, tapering to a rounded base • Narrow neck with slightly bulging rim • Upraised strap handles • Thin, hard, clean-breaking brown ware • Many examples bear broad horizontal and vertical white stripes Hayes 66 • Tapering form • Broader than 65 • High-swung , ribbed strap handles rising from small mouth • Soft pinkish or buff ware Hayes 67 • Round bellied body, fairly tall with flattened body and rounded bottom • Handles round in section, reedged on outer faces • Small vertical mouth • Coarse brownish ware • Non micaceouse, wet-smoothed • Probably local production Hayes 68 • Smallish round-bellied flatbased type in light orangebuff ware • May be not amphora but jug Hayes 69 • Similar to 68’s fabric • Only one example of rim, neck and handle Günsenin amphora 4 main types of 10th to 13th C bearing name after prof. N. Günsenin • No transport amphorae after 13th C • Wine was transported in barrels • More centers of wine cultivation Next lecture: Cooking, table and storage ware of 10th – 13th C AD Sagalassos excavation