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Time and Space V
Pavel Caha
March 31 2022
1 / 39
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What we know so far
Meaning vs. marking
Verbs of mo on
Paths and aspect (Zwarts 2005)
2 / 39
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(1) S
the cockroach State
is
under the bed
3 / 39
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Paths and loca ons
1.png 1.bb
4 / 39
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(2)
from
under the bed
5 / 39
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(3)
the bed under
from
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Tsez
7 / 39
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What we know so far
Meaning vs. marking
Verbs of mo on
Paths and aspect (Zwarts 2005)
8 / 39
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Fusional/portmanteau marking
(4) plural
a. laptop — laptop-s, ...
9 / 39
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Fusional/portmanteau marking
(4) plural
a. laptop — laptop-s, ...
b. man — men
9 / 39
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Fusional/portmanteau marking
(4) plural
a. laptop — laptop-s, ...
b. man — men
(5) compara ves
a. tall — tall-er, ...
9 / 39
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Fusional/portmanteau marking
(4) plural
a. laptop — laptop-s, ...
b. man — men
(5) compara ves
a. tall — tall-er, ...
b. bad — worse (= bad-er)
9 / 39
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Fusional/portmanteau marking
(4) plural
a. laptop — laptop-s, ...
b. man — men
(5) compara ves
a. tall — tall-er, ...
b. bad — worse (= bad-er)
c. good — be -er (to be -er something, to cool-er
something)
9 / 39
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Fusional/portmanteau marking
(4) plural
a. laptop — laptop-s, ...
b. man — men
(5) compara ves
a. tall — tall-er, ...
b. bad — worse (= bad-er)
c. good — be -er (to be -er something, to cool-er
something)
(6) past tense
a. walk – walk-ed
9 / 39
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Fusional/portmanteau marking
(4) plural
a. laptop — laptop-s, ...
b. man — men
(5) compara ves
a. tall — tall-er, ...
b. bad — worse (= bad-er)
c. good — be -er (to be -er something, to cool-er
something)
(6) past tense
a. walk – walk-ed
b. come – came
9 / 39
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Fusional/portmanteau marking
(4) plural
a. laptop — laptop-s, ...
b. man — men
(5) compara ves
a. tall — tall-er, ...
b. bad — worse (= bad-er)
c. good — be -er (to be -er something, to cool-er
something)
(6) past tense
a. walk – walk-ed
b. come – came
c. keep – kep(-)t
9 / 39
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realiza onal approaches to mophology
(7) compara ve
adjec ve degree
10 / 39
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realiza onal approaches to mophology
(7) compara ve
adjec ve degree
(8) compara ve
adjec ve
tall
degree
er
10 / 39
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realiza onal approaches to mophology
(7) compara ve
adjec ve degree
(8) compara ve
adjec ve
tall
degree
er
(9) compara ve
adjec ve degree
worse
10 / 39
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sg (make)
1 děl-á-m
2 děl-á-š
3 děl-á
11 / 39
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sg (make)
1 děl-á-m
2 děl-á-š
3 děl-á
sg (ask)
1 pros-í-m
2 pros-í-š
3 pros-í
11 / 39
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sg (make)
1 děl-á-m
2 děl-á-š
3 děl-á
sg (ask)
1 pros-í-m
2 pros-í-š
3 pros-í
sg (carry)
1 ??
2 nes-e-š
3 nes-e
11 / 39
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sg (make)
1 děl-á-m
2 děl-á-š
3 děl-á
sg (ask)
1 pros-í-m
2 pros-í-š
3 pros-í
sg (carry)
1 nes-e-m
2 nes-e-š
3 nes-e
12 / 39
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sg (make)
1 děl-á-m
2 děl-á-š
3 děl-á
sg (ask)
1 pros-í-m
2 pros-í-š
3 pros-í
sg (carry)
1 nes-e-m
2 nes-e-š
3 nes-e
sg (carry)
1 nes- u (u = tense + 1st person)
2 nes-e-š
3 nes-e
13 / 39
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back to space
(10) a. above – from above
14 / 39
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back to space
(10) a. above – from above
b. below – from below
14 / 39
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back to space
(10) a. above – from above
b. below – from below
c. inside – from inside
14 / 39
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back to space
(10) a. above – from above
b. below – from below
c. inside – from inside
d. in – *from in
14 / 39
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back to space
(10) a. above – from above
b. below – from below
c. inside – from inside
d. in – *from in
e. in – out of
14 / 39
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(11) (Turkish)
a. Kitap
Book
masa-da.
table-loc
‘A/the book is on the table.
15 / 39
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(11) (Turkish)
a. Kitap
Book
masa-da.
table-loc
‘A/the book is on the table.
b. kitap-ta
book-loc
‘in the book’
15 / 39
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(11) (Turkish)
a. Kitap
Book
masa-da.
table-loc
‘A/the book is on the table.
b. kitap-ta
book-loc
‘in the book’
c. o.adam
he
park-tan
park-from
kostu.
ran
‘He ran from the park.’
15 / 39
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(11) (Turkish)
a. Kitap
Book
masa-da.
table-loc
‘A/the book is on the table.
b. kitap-ta
book-loc
‘in the book’
c. o.adam
he
park-tan
park-from
kostu.
ran
‘He ran from the park.’
d. ben
I
park-a
park-to
kostum.
ran
‘I ran to the park.’
15 / 39
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.
Path
Loca on
Ground
park
SM
GL
ta
Path
from
n
16 / 39
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Path
Loca on
Ground
park
SM
GL
ta
Path
from
n
Path
Loca on
Ground
park
SM
GL
Path
TO
a
16 / 39
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What we know so far
Meaning vs. marking
Verbs of mo on
Paths and aspect (Zwarts 2005)
17 / 39
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.
(12) M
the cockroach V
emerged
from
under the bed
18 / 39
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(13) M
the cockroach V
under the bed
path verb
19 / 39
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Verb-framed vs. sa elite framed languages
(14) Spanish
a. Juan
Juan
{ ??corrió/
ran/
*anduvó/*
walked/
gateó
crawled
} a
LOC
la
the
enda.
store
‘John ran/walked/crawled to the store’
20 / 39
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Verb-framed vs. sa elite framed languages
(14) Spanish
a. Juan
Juan
{ ??corrió/
ran/
*anduvó/*
walked/
gateó
crawled
} a
LOC
la
the
enda.
store
‘John ran/walked/crawled to the store’
b. La
the
botella
bo le
entró
moved.in
a
LOC
la
the
cueva
cave
( otando).
oa ng
‘The bo le oated into the cave’
(Lit. ‘The bo le went into the cave oa ng’)
20 / 39
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Verb-framed vs. sa elite framed languages
(14) Spanish
a. Juan
Juan
{ ??corrió/
ran/
*anduvó/*
walked/
gateó
crawled
} a
LOC
la
the
enda.
store
‘John ran/walked/crawled to the store’
b. La
the
botella
bo le
entró
moved.in
a
LOC
la
the
cueva
cave
( otando).
oa ng
‘The bo le oated into the cave’
(Lit. ‘The bo le went into the cave oa ng’)
20 / 39
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(15) M
la botella V
a la cueva
entró
21 / 39
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.
(16) M
Juan V
anduvó
XXX
a la enda
22 / 39
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Path verbs
(17) Path verbs in English
a. He jumped in the lake (direc onal)
23 / 39
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Path verbs
(17) Path verbs in English
a. He jumped in the lake (direc onal)
b. He swam in the lake (only loca ve)
23 / 39
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Path verbs
(17) Path verbs in English
a. He jumped in the lake (direc onal)
b. He swam in the lake (only loca ve)
(18) Path verbs in Czech
a. Dej
put
ten
the
kabát
coat
vedle
next to
bundy
jacket (direc onal)
23 / 39
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Path verbs
(17) Path verbs in English
a. He jumped in the lake (direc onal)
b. He swam in the lake (only loca ve)
(18) Path verbs in Czech
a. Dej
put
ten
the
kabát
coat
vedle
next to
bundy
jacket (direc onal)
b. Kabát
coat
visí
is hanging
vedle
next to
bundy
jacket (loca ve)
23 / 39
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Path verbs
(17) Path verbs in English
a. He jumped in the lake (direc onal)
b. He swam in the lake (only loca ve)
(18) Path verbs in Czech
a. Dej
put
ten
the
kabát
coat
vedle
next to
bundy
jacket (direc onal)
b. Kabát
coat
visí
is hanging
vedle
next to
bundy
jacket (loca ve)
▶ The point: mo on can be coded in the spa al marker or in the
verb.
23 / 39
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(19) Czech
a. Petr
Petr
{ se plazil/
crawled
belhal
limped
} do
into
obchodu
store
‘Petr crawled/limped to the store.’
24 / 39
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(19) Czech
a. Petr
Petr
{ se plazil/
crawled
belhal
limped
} do
into
obchodu
store
‘Petr crawled/limped to the store.’
(20) M
Petr V
se belhal
obchodu
do
24 / 39
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What we know so far
Meaning vs. marking
Verbs of mo on
Paths and aspect (Zwarts 2005)
25 / 39
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3 types of paths
(21) a. Alex swam (*in/for an hour)
26 / 39
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3 types of paths
(21) a. Alex swam (*in/for an hour)
b. Alex swam to the beach (in/*for an hour)
26 / 39
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3 types of paths
(21) a. Alex swam (*in/for an hour)
b. Alex swam to the beach (in/*for an hour)
c. Alex swam towards the beach (*in/for an hour)
26 / 39
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3 types of paths
(21) a. Alex swam (*in/for an hour)
b. Alex swam to the beach (in/*for an hour)
c. Alex swam towards the beach (*in/for an hour)
d. Alex ran around the lake / though the grass (in/for an
hour)
26 / 39
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Telicity (situa on aspect)
▶ Telos: the natural endpoint of an event
27 / 39
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Telicity (situa on aspect)
▶ Telos: the natural endpoint of an event
(22) Atelic verbs (states, ac vi es)
27 / 39
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Telicity (situa on aspect)
▶ Telos: the natural endpoint of an event
(22) Atelic verbs (states, ac vi es)
a. John remained under the bed for an hour / *in an hour
27 / 39
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Telicity (situa on aspect)
▶ Telos: the natural endpoint of an event
(22) Atelic verbs (states, ac vi es)
a. John remained under the bed for an hour / *in an hour
b. The children laughed for a minute / *in a minute
27 / 39
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Telicity (situa on aspect)
▶ Telos: the natural endpoint of an event
(22) Atelic verbs (states, ac vi es)
a. John remained under the bed for an hour / *in an hour
b. The children laughed for a minute / *in a minute
(23) Telic verbs (achievements, accomplishments)
27 / 39
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Telicity (situa on aspect)
▶ Telos: the natural endpoint of an event
(22) Atelic verbs (states, ac vi es)
a. John remained under the bed for an hour / *in an hour
b. The children laughed for a minute / *in a minute
(23) Telic verbs (achievements, accomplishments)
a. John broke the s ck in a second/*for seconds.
27 / 39
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Telicity (situa on aspect)
▶ Telos: the natural endpoint of an event
(22) Atelic verbs (states, ac vi es)
a. John remained under the bed for an hour / *in an hour
b. The children laughed for a minute / *in a minute
(23) Telic verbs (achievements, accomplishments)
a. John broke the s ck in a second/*for seconds.
b. Mary arrived in two minutes/*for two minutes.
27 / 39
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Telicity (situa on aspect)
▶ Telos: the natural endpoint of an event
(22) Atelic verbs (states, ac vi es)
a. John remained under the bed for an hour / *in an hour
b. The children laughed for a minute / *in a minute
(23) Telic verbs (achievements, accomplishments)
a. John broke the s ck in a second/*for seconds.
b. Mary arrived in two minutes/*for two minutes.
c. Michael found gold in just ten minutes/*for two
minutes.
27 / 39
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Telicity (situa on aspect)
▶ Telos: the natural endpoint of an event
(22) Atelic verbs (states, ac vi es)
a. John remained under the bed for an hour / *in an hour
b. The children laughed for a minute / *in a minute
(23) Telic verbs (achievements, accomplishments)
a. John broke the s ck in a second/*for seconds.
b. Mary arrived in two minutes/*for two minutes.
c. Michael found gold in just ten minutes/*for two
minutes.
27 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(24) a. Michael ate apples/chocolate for an hour/??in an hour.
28 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(24) a. Michael ate apples/chocolate for an hour/??in an hour.
b. Michael ate the apple/ ve apples in an hour.
28 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(24) a. Michael ate apples/chocolate for an hour/??in an hour.
b. Michael ate the apple/ ve apples in an hour.
(25) divisivity: Take a predicate P (e.g., chocolate vs. ve apples).
28 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(24) a. Michael ate apples/chocolate for an hour/??in an hour.
b. Michael ate the apple/ ve apples in an hour.
(25) divisivity: Take a predicate P (e.g., chocolate vs. ve apples).
a. The predicate is divisive if it is possible to split it in two
parts, and the predicate applies to each part (apples,
chocolate)
28 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(24) a. Michael ate apples/chocolate for an hour/??in an hour.
b. Michael ate the apple/ ve apples in an hour.
(25) divisivity: Take a predicate P (e.g., chocolate vs. ve apples).
a. The predicate is divisive if it is possible to split it in two
parts, and the predicate applies to each part (apples,
chocolate)
b. The predicate is non-divisive if it is impossible to split it
in this way (the apple, ve apples)
28 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(24) a. Michael ate apples/chocolate for an hour/??in an hour.
b. Michael ate the apple/ ve apples in an hour.
(25) divisivity: Take a predicate P (e.g., chocolate vs. ve apples).
a. The predicate is divisive if it is possible to split it in two
parts, and the predicate applies to each part (apples,
chocolate)
b. The predicate is non-divisive if it is impossible to split it
in this way (the apple, ve apples)
(26) cumula vity: Take a predicate P (e.g., chocolate vs. ve
apples).
28 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(24) a. Michael ate apples/chocolate for an hour/??in an hour.
b. Michael ate the apple/ ve apples in an hour.
(25) divisivity: Take a predicate P (e.g., chocolate vs. ve apples).
a. The predicate is divisive if it is possible to split it in two
parts, and the predicate applies to each part (apples,
chocolate)
b. The predicate is non-divisive if it is impossible to split it
in this way (the apple, ve apples)
(26) cumula vity: Take a predicate P (e.g., chocolate vs. ve
apples).
a. The predicate is cumula ve if it applies to the sum of
two objects in its denota on (chocolate + chocolate =
chocolate)
28 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(24) a. Michael ate apples/chocolate for an hour/??in an hour.
b. Michael ate the apple/ ve apples in an hour.
(25) divisivity: Take a predicate P (e.g., chocolate vs. ve apples).
a. The predicate is divisive if it is possible to split it in two
parts, and the predicate applies to each part (apples,
chocolate)
b. The predicate is non-divisive if it is impossible to split it
in this way (the apple, ve apples)
(26) cumula vity: Take a predicate P (e.g., chocolate vs. ve
apples).
a. The predicate is cumula ve if it applies to the sum of
two objects in its denota on (chocolate + chocolate =
chocolate)
b. The predicate is non-cumula ve if it does not apply to
the sum of two objects in its denota on ( ve apples +
ve apples ̸= ve apples)
28 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(27) a. The children laughed for a minute / *in a minute.
29 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(27) a. The children laughed for a minute / *in a minute.
b. Marry arrived in two minutes/*for two minutes.
29 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(27) a. The children laughed for a minute / *in a minute.
b. Marry arrived in two minutes/*for two minutes.
(28) divisivity: Take a predicate P (e.g., laugh vs. arrive).
29 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(27) a. The children laughed for a minute / *in a minute.
b. Marry arrived in two minutes/*for two minutes.
(28) divisivity: Take a predicate P (e.g., laugh vs. arrive).
a. The predicate is divisive if it is possible to split it in two
parts (sub-intervals), and the predicate applies to each
part (laugh)
29 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(27) a. The children laughed for a minute / *in a minute.
b. Marry arrived in two minutes/*for two minutes.
(28) divisivity: Take a predicate P (e.g., laugh vs. arrive).
a. The predicate is divisive if it is possible to split it in two
parts (sub-intervals), and the predicate applies to each
part (laugh)
b. The predicate is non-divisive if it is impossible to split it
in this way (arrive)
29 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(27) a. The children laughed for a minute / *in a minute.
b. Marry arrived in two minutes/*for two minutes.
(28) divisivity: Take a predicate P (e.g., laugh vs. arrive).
a. The predicate is divisive if it is possible to split it in two
parts (sub-intervals), and the predicate applies to each
part (laugh)
b. The predicate is non-divisive if it is impossible to split it
in this way (arrive)
(29) cumula vity: Take a predicate P (e.g., laugh vs. arrive).
29 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(27) a. The children laughed for a minute / *in a minute.
b. Marry arrived in two minutes/*for two minutes.
(28) divisivity: Take a predicate P (e.g., laugh vs. arrive).
a. The predicate is divisive if it is possible to split it in two
parts (sub-intervals), and the predicate applies to each
part (laugh)
b. The predicate is non-divisive if it is impossible to split it
in this way (arrive)
(29) cumula vity: Take a predicate P (e.g., laugh vs. arrive).
a. The predicate is cumula ve if it applies to the sum of
two objects in its denota on (laugh + laugh = laugh)
29 / 39
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divisivity, cumula vity
(27) a. The children laughed for a minute / *in a minute.
b. Marry arrived in two minutes/*for two minutes.
(28) divisivity: Take a predicate P (e.g., laugh vs. arrive).
a. The predicate is divisive if it is possible to split it in two
parts (sub-intervals), and the predicate applies to each
part (laugh)
b. The predicate is non-divisive if it is impossible to split it
in this way (arrive)
(29) cumula vity: Take a predicate P (e.g., laugh vs. arrive).
a. The predicate is cumula ve if it applies to the sum of
two objects in its denota on (laugh + laugh = laugh)
b. The predicate is non-cumula ve if it does not apply to
the sum of two objects in its denota on (arrive + arrive
̸= arrive)
29 / 39
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Back to space
30 / 39
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Back to space
(30) He walked through the tunnel for hours.
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Back to space
(30) He walked through the tunnel for hours.
a. divisivity: every sub-path counts as a path through the
tunnel
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Back to space
(30) He walked through the tunnel for hours.
a. divisivity: every sub-path counts as a path through the
tunnel
b. cumula vity: yes
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Problems with sub-paths I
▶ We get atelic events that unfold along non-divisive paths
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Problems with sub-paths I
▶ We get atelic events that unfold along non-divisive paths
(31) He walked along the river for hours / *in an hour.
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Problems with sub-paths I
▶ We get atelic events that unfold along non-divisive paths
(31) He walked along the river for hours / *in an hour.
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Problems with sub-paths II
▶ We get telic events that unfold along divisive paths
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Problems with sub-paths II
▶ We get telic events that unfold along divisive paths
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Cumula vity works ne I
A path is cumula ve if you can connect two paths in the denota on
of the preposi on, and the resul ng path is s ll in the denota on.
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Cumula vity works ne I
A path is cumula ve if you can connect two paths in the denota on
of the preposi on, and the resul ng path is s ll in the denota on.
(32) He walked along the river for hours / *in an hour.
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Cumula vity works ne I
A path is cumula ve if you can connect two paths in the denota on
of the preposi on, and the resul ng path is s ll in the denota on.
(32) He walked along the river for hours / *in an hour.
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Cumula vity works ne II
A path is cumula ve if you can connect two paths in the denota on
of the preposi on, and the resul ng path is s ll in the denota on.
NB: such concatena on must be possible for at least some paths.
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Cumula vity works ne II
A path is cumula ve if you can connect two paths in the denota on
of the preposi on, and the resul ng path is s ll in the denota on.
NB: such concatena on must be possible for at least some paths.
35 / 39
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Summary
▶ cumula ve: along the river, towards the house,
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Summary
▶ cumula ve: along the river, towards the house,
▶ non-cumula ve: into the drawer, out of the drawer
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Summary
▶ cumula ve: along the river, towards the house,
▶ non-cumula ve: into the drawer, out of the drawer
▶ ambiguous: through the tunnel, around the house
36 / 39
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Path typology (Jackendo 1983)
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Path typology (Pantcheva 2011)
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References
Jackendo , Ray. 1983. Seman cs and cogni on. Cambridge, Ma.:
MIT Press.
Pantcheva, Marina. 2011. Decomposing Path. The nanosyntax of
direc onal expressions: CASTL, Tromsødisserta on.
Zwarts, Joost. 2005. Preposi onal aspect and the algebra of paths.
Linguis cs and Philosophy 28. 739 – 779.
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