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Time and Space I
Pavel Caha
Feb 24 2022
1 / 19
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Coding loca ons
2 / 19
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(1) a. Where is the ball?
3 / 19
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(1) a. Where is the ball?
b. The ball is under the table.
3 / 19
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(1) a. Where is the ball?
b. The ball is under the table.
▶ Figure → an object whose loca on is unknown/under discussion
3 / 19
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(1) a. Where is the ball?
b. The ball is under the table.
▶ Figure → an object whose loca on is unknown/under discussion
▶ Ground → an object whose loca on is known, we use it as a
point of reference and we start our search for the Figure at this
object
3 / 19
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(1) a. Where is the ball?
b. The ball is under the table.
▶ Figure → an object whose loca on is unknown/under discussion
▶ Ground → an object whose loca on is known, we use it as a
point of reference and we start our search for the Figure at this
object
▶ spa al marker → it tells you where to look rela ve to the
Ground
3 / 19
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(1) a. Where is the ball?
b. The ball is under the table.
▶ Figure → an object whose loca on is unknown/under discussion
▶ Ground → an object whose loca on is known, we use it as a
point of reference and we start our search for the Figure at this
object
▶ spa al marker → it tells you where to look rela ve to the
Ground
(2) Where is Mary? — Mary
Figure
is in
spa al marker
her room.
Ground
3 / 19
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4 / 19
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Czech preposi ons
(3) Spa al markers – some basic dis nc ons
a. direc onal: k,
to
z,
from
s,
o
do,
into
od,
away from
přes,
over
…
5 / 19
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Czech preposi ons
(3) Spa al markers – some basic dis nc ons
a. direc onal: k,
to
z,
from
s,
o
do,
into
od,
away from
přes,
over
…
b. loca on: u,
at
v,
in
na,
on
po,
on
nad,
above
pod,
under
před,
in front of
za,
behind
…
5 / 19
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Czech preposi ons
(3) Spa al markers – some basic dis nc ons
a. direc onal: k,
to
z,
from
s,
o
do,
into
od,
away from
přes,
over
…
b. loca on: u,
at
v,
in
na,
on
po,
on
nad,
above
pod,
under
před,
in front of
za,
behind
…
5 / 19
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How to tell loca ves and direc onals apart
(4) Compa bility with di erent verbs
a. Dej
put
ten
the
kabát
coat
{ do
into
skříně
wardrobe
/ *ve
in
skříni
wardrobe
}
6 / 19
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How to tell loca ves and direc onals apart
(4) Compa bility with di erent verbs
a. Dej
put
ten
the
kabát
coat
{ do
into
skříně
wardrobe
/ *ve
in
skříni
wardrobe
}
b. Kabát
coat
visí
hangs
{ *do
into
skříně
wardrobe
/ ve
in
skříni
wardrobe
}
6 / 19
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How to tell loca ves and direc onals apart
(4) Compa bility with di erent verbs
a. Dej
put
ten
the
kabát
coat
{ do
into
skříně
wardrobe
/ *ve
in
skříni
wardrobe
}
b. Kabát
coat
visí
hangs
{ *do
into
skříně
wardrobe
/ ve
in
skříni
wardrobe
}
(5) Cross-linguis c varia on
a. He jumped in the lake (loca ve and direc onal)
6 / 19
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How to tell loca ves and direc onals apart
(4) Compa bility with di erent verbs
a. Dej
put
ten
the
kabát
coat
{ do
into
skříně
wardrobe
/ *ve
in
skříni
wardrobe
}
b. Kabát
coat
visí
hangs
{ *do
into
skříně
wardrobe
/ ve
in
skříni
wardrobe
}
(5) Cross-linguis c varia on
a. He jumped in the lake (loca ve and direc onal)
b. He swam in the lake (only loca ve)
6 / 19
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How to tell loca ves and direc onals apart
(4) Compa bility with di erent verbs
a. Dej
put
ten
the
kabát
coat
{ do
into
skříně
wardrobe
/ *ve
in
skříni
wardrobe
}
b. Kabát
coat
visí
hangs
{ *do
into
skříně
wardrobe
/ ve
in
skříni
wardrobe
}
(5) Cross-linguis c varia on
a. He jumped in the lake (loca ve and direc onal)
b. He swam in the lake (only loca ve)
(6) There are markers like this in Czech
a. Dej
put
ten
the
kabát
coat
vedle
next to
bundy
jacket
6 / 19
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How to tell loca ves and direc onals apart
(4) Compa bility with di erent verbs
a. Dej
put
ten
the
kabát
coat
{ do
into
skříně
wardrobe
/ *ve
in
skříni
wardrobe
}
b. Kabát
coat
visí
hangs
{ *do
into
skříně
wardrobe
/ ve
in
skříni
wardrobe
}
(5) Cross-linguis c varia on
a. He jumped in the lake (loca ve and direc onal)
b. He swam in the lake (only loca ve)
(6) There are markers like this in Czech
a. Dej
put
ten
the
kabát
coat
vedle
next to
bundy
jacket
b. Kabát
coat
visí
is hanging
vedle
next to
bundy
jacket
6 / 19
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How to tell loca ves and direc onals apart
(4) Compa bility with di erent verbs
a. Dej
put
ten
the
kabát
coat
{ do
into
skříně
wardrobe
/ *ve
in
skříni
wardrobe
}
b. Kabát
coat
visí
hangs
{ *do
into
skříně
wardrobe
/ ve
in
skříni
wardrobe
}
(5) Cross-linguis c varia on
a. He jumped in the lake (loca ve and direc onal)
b. He swam in the lake (only loca ve)
(6) There are markers like this in Czech
a. Dej
put
ten
the
kabát
coat
vedle
next to
bundy
jacket
b. Kabát
coat
visí
is hanging
vedle
next to
bundy
jacket
▶ The point: mo on can be coded in the spa al marker or in the
verb.
6 / 19
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.
(7) Spa al markers – some basic dis nc ons
a. direc onal: k,
to
z,
from
s,
o
do,
into
od,
away from
přes,
over
…
7 / 19
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.
(7) Spa al markers – some basic dis nc ons
a. direc onal: k,
to
z,
from
s,
o
do,
into
od,
away from
přes,
over
…
b. loca on: u,
at
v,
in
na,
on
po,
on
nad,
above
pod,
under
před,
in front of
za,
behind
…
7 / 19
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.
(7) Spa al markers – some basic dis nc ons
a. direc onal: k,
to
z,
from
s,
o
do,
into
od,
away from
přes,
over
…
b. loca on: u,
at
v,
in
na,
on
po,
on
nad,
above
pod,
under
před,
in front of
za,
behind
…
(8) Case marking the ground
geni ve: u aut-a
by the car
7 / 19
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.
(7) Spa al markers – some basic dis nc ons
a. direc onal: k,
to
z,
from
s,
o
do,
into
od,
away from
přes,
over
…
b. loca on: u,
at
v,
in
na,
on
po,
on
nad,
above
pod,
under
před,
in front of
za,
behind
…
(8) Case marking the ground
geni ve: u aut-a
by the car
loca ve: v/na/po aut-ě
in/on/all over the car
7 / 19
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.
(7) Spa al markers – some basic dis nc ons
a. direc onal: k,
to
z,
from
s,
o
do,
into
od,
away from
přes,
over
…
b. loca on: u,
at
v,
in
na,
on
po,
on
nad,
above
pod,
under
před,
in front of
za,
behind
…
(8) Case marking the ground
geni ve: u aut-a
by the car
loca ve: v/na/po aut-ě
in/on/all over the car
instrumental: nad/pod/před/za aut-em
above/under/in front of/behind the car
7 / 19
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.
(7) Spa al markers – some basic dis nc ons
a. direc onal: k,
to
z,
from
s,
o
do,
into
od,
away from
přes,
over
…
b. loca on: u,
at
v,
in
na,
on
po,
on
nad,
above
pod,
under
před,
in front of
za,
behind
…
(8) Case marking the ground
geni ve: u aut-a
by the car
loca ve: v/na/po aut-ě
in/on/all over the car
instrumental: nad/pod/před/za aut-em
above/under/in front of/behind the car
▶ Two basic ways of nding the Figure:
7 / 19
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.
(7) Spa al markers – some basic dis nc ons
a. direc onal: k,
to
z,
from
s,
o
do,
into
od,
away from
přes,
over
…
b. loca on: u,
at
v,
in
na,
on
po,
on
nad,
above
pod,
under
před,
in front of
za,
behind
…
(8) Case marking the ground
geni ve: u aut-a
by the car
loca ve: v/na/po aut-ě
in/on/all over the car
instrumental: nad/pod/před/za aut-em
above/under/in front of/behind the car
▶ Two basic ways of nding the Figure:
▶ start at Ground, search in a par cular direc on
7 / 19
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.
(7) Spa al markers – some basic dis nc ons
a. direc onal: k,
to
z,
from
s,
o
do,
into
od,
away from
přes,
over
…
b. loca on: u,
at
v,
in
na,
on
po,
on
nad,
above
pod,
under
před,
in front of
za,
behind
…
(8) Case marking the ground
geni ve: u aut-a
by the car
loca ve: v/na/po aut-ě
in/on/all over the car
instrumental: nad/pod/před/za aut-em
above/under/in front of/behind the car
▶ Two basic ways of nding the Figure:
▶ start at Ground, search in a par cular direc on
▶ start at Ground, look around in no par cular direc on, but in the
general proximity of the object
7 / 19
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Intrinsic frame of reference (in front of the car)
8 / 19
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Rela ve frame of reference
9 / 19
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Absolute frame of reference
10 / 19
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Rota ons
11 / 19
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back to Czech
(9) Case marking the ground
geni ve: u aut-a
by the car
loca ve: v/na/po aut-ě
in/on/all over the car
instrumental: nad/pod/před/za aut-em
above/under/in front of/behind the car
▶ Two basic ways of nding the Figure:
▶ start at Ground, search in a par cular direc on
▶ start at Ground, look around in no par cular direc on, but in the
general proximity of the object
12 / 19
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back to Czech
(9) Case marking the ground
geni ve: u aut-a
by the car
loca ve: v/na/po aut-ě
in/on/all over the car
instrumental: nad/pod/před/za aut-em
above/under/in front of/behind the car
▶ Two basic ways of nding the Figure:
▶ start at Ground, search in a par cular direc on
▶ start at Ground, look around in no par cular direc on, but in the
general proximity of the object
▶ All and only preposi ons with the instrumental require us to
orient the ground
12 / 19
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Interior (in)
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a achment (on)
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proximity (u)
15 / 19
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projec vity
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(10) Case marking the ground
geni ve: u aut-a
by the car
loca ve: v/na/po aut-ě
in/on/all over the car
instrumental: nad/pod/před/za aut-em
above/under/in front of/behind the car
(11) a. dva
two
metry
meters
nad/pod/před/za
above/under/inf.front.of/behind
domem
house
b. *dva metry u/v/na hradu
two meters at/in/on castle
17 / 19
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(12) Symmetry
a. A
A
je
is
u
at
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
u
at
A
A
18 / 19
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(12) Symmetry
a. A
A
je
is
u
at
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
u
at
A
A
(13) Asymmetry
a. A
A
je
is
v
in
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
v
in
A
A
18 / 19
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(12) Symmetry
a. A
A
je
is
u
at
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
u
at
A
A
(13) Asymmetry
a. A
A
je
is
v
in
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
v
in
A
A
(14) Asymmetry
a. A
A
je
is
na
on
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
na
on
A
A
18 / 19
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(12) Symmetry
a. A
A
je
is
u
at
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
u
at
A
A
(13) Asymmetry
a. A
A
je
is
v
in
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
v
in
A
A
(14) Asymmetry
a. A
A
je
is
na
on
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
na
on
A
A
▶ u: Ground is a point (1D)
18 / 19
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(12) Symmetry
a. A
A
je
is
u
at
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
u
at
A
A
(13) Asymmetry
a. A
A
je
is
v
in
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
v
in
A
A
(14) Asymmetry
a. A
A
je
is
na
on
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
na
on
A
A
▶ u: Ground is a point (1D)
▶ na: Ground has surface (2D) 18 / 19
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(12) Symmetry
a. A
A
je
is
u
at
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
u
at
A
A
(13) Asymmetry
a. A
A
je
is
v
in
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
v
in
A
A
(14) Asymmetry
a. A
A
je
is
na
on
B
B
b. B
B
je
is
na
on
A
A
▶ u: Ground is a point (1D)
▶ na: Ground has surface (2D) 18 / 19
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Summary
▶ Figure – something we are looking for
19 / 19
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Summary
▶ Figure – something we are looking for
▶ Ground – a xed reference point, we use it to locate the gure
19 / 19
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Summary
▶ Figure – something we are looking for
▶ Ground – a xed reference point, we use it to locate the gure
▶ spa al marker – tells us how to nd the gure rela ve to the
ground
19 / 19
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Summary
▶ Figure – something we are looking for
▶ Ground – a xed reference point, we use it to locate the gure
▶ spa al marker – tells us how to nd the gure rela ve to the
ground
▶ projec ve spa al markers: orient the ground according to a set
of coordinates, search in a par cular direc on
19 / 19
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Summary
▶ Figure – something we are looking for
▶ Ground – a xed reference point, we use it to locate the gure
▶ spa al marker – tells us how to nd the gure rela ve to the
ground
▶ projec ve spa al markers: orient the ground according to a set
of coordinates, search in a par cular direc on
▶ non-projec ve spa al markers: interior, surface, proximity
19 / 19