.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Time and Space III
Pavel Caha
March 17 2022
1 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
What we know so far
Paths
2 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Figure, Ground, Spa al marker
3 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Figure, Ground, Spa al marker
▶ [ FIG [ SM GROUND ] ]
3 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Figure, Ground, Spa al marker
▶ [ FIG [ SM GROUND ] ]
▶ Two basic ways of nding the Figure:
3 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Figure, Ground, Spa al marker
▶ [ FIG [ SM GROUND ] ]
▶ Two basic ways of nding the Figure:
▶ start at Ground, search in a par cular direc on
3 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Figure, Ground, Spa al marker
▶ [ FIG [ SM GROUND ] ]
▶ Two basic ways of nding the Figure:
▶ start at Ground, search in a par cular direc on
▶ Frames of reference (absolute, rela ve, intrinsic
3 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Figure, Ground, Spa al marker
▶ [ FIG [ SM GROUND ] ]
▶ Two basic ways of nding the Figure:
▶ start at Ground, search in a par cular direc on
▶ Frames of reference (absolute, rela ve, intrinsic
▶ start at Ground, look around in no par cular direc on, but in the
general proximity of the object
3 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
▶ Figure, Ground, Spa al marker
▶ [ FIG [ SM GROUND ] ]
▶ Two basic ways of nding the Figure:
▶ start at Ground, search in a par cular direc on
▶ Frames of reference (absolute, rela ve, intrinsic
▶ start at Ground, look around in no par cular direc on, but in the
general proximity of the object
▶ geometry (interior), func on (container)
3 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Par cles/pre xes lack the Ground
(1) S
the ball SM
on the table
(2) a. The cook twisted the lid o the jar.
4 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Par cles/pre xes lack the Ground
(1) S
the ball SM
on the table
(2) a. The cook twisted the lid o the jar.
b. The cook twisted the lid o .
4 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Par cles/pre xes lacking the Ground
(3) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
past
fakulty.
the.faculty
5 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Par cles/pre xes lacking the Ground
(3) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
past
fakulty.
the.faculty
b. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
by
5 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Par cles/pre xes lacking the Ground
(3) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
past
fakulty.
the.faculty
b. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
by
(4) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
od
away.from
fakulty
the.faculty
5 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Par cles/pre xes lacking the Ground
(3) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
past
fakulty.
the.faculty
b. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
by
(4) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
od
away.from
fakulty
the.faculty
b. *Petr
Petr
šel
walked
od
away
5 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Par cles/pre xes lacking the Ground
(3) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
past
fakulty.
the.faculty
b. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
by
(4) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
od
away.from
fakulty
the.faculty
b. *Petr
Petr
šel
walked
od
away
c. Petr
Petr
ode-šel
away-walked
5 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(5) Pachatel
perpetrator
od-šrouboval
o -twisted
víčko
lid
z
from
nádrže
tank
kamionu
of.truck
‘The perpetrator twisted the lid o the truck’s tank’
6 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(5) Pachatel
perpetrator
od-šrouboval
o -twisted
víčko
lid
z
from
nádrže
tank
kamionu
of.truck
‘The perpetrator twisted the lid o the truck’s tank’
(6) budete
will.you
ch t,
want
aby
that
číšník
waiter
vyndal
takes.out
zátku,
cork
nebo
or
od-šrouboval
o -twisted
uzávěr?
lid?
‘Do you want the waiter to take out a cork or twist o the lid?
6 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(5) Pachatel
perpetrator
od-šrouboval
o -twisted
víčko
lid
z
from
nádrže
tank
kamionu
of.truck
‘The perpetrator twisted the lid o the truck’s tank’
(6) budete
will.you
ch t,
want
aby
that
číšník
waiter
vyndal
takes.out
zátku,
cork
nebo
or
od-šrouboval
o -twisted
uzávěr?
lid?
‘Do you want the waiter to take out a cork or twist o the lid?
(7) Zkazilo
spoiled
by
would
vám
for.you
dojem,
impression
kdyby
if
v
in
luxusní
luxury
restauraci
restaurant
číšník
waiter
místo
instead.of
obřadného
ceremonial
vytažení
pulling.out
korku
of.cork
láhev
bo le
od-šrouboval?
o .twisted
‘Wouldn’t it spoil your impression if a waiter in a luxury
restaurant would simply twist o the bo le instead of
ceremonially pulling out the cork?’
6 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
some pre xes are picky (the gure has to stay)
(8) Maminka
mum
lepí
glues
Emmě
to.Emma
náplast
a.plaster
na
on
ránu
wound
7 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
some pre xes are picky (the gure has to stay)
(8) Maminka
mum
lepí
glues
Emmě
to.Emma
náplast
a.plaster
na
on
ránu
wound
(9) Maminka
mum
na-lepí
on.glues
Emmě
to.Emma
náplast
a.plaster
7 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
some pre xes are picky (the gure has to stay)
(8) Maminka
mum
lepí
glues
Emmě
to.Emma
náplast
a.plaster
na
on
ránu
wound
(9) Maminka
mum
na-lepí
on.glues
Emmě
to.Emma
náplast
a.plaster
(10) *Maminka
mum
na-lepí
on.glues
Emmě
to.Emma
ránu
a.plaster
7 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
some pre xes are picky (the gure has to stay)
(8) Maminka
mum
lepí
glues
Emmě
to.Emma
náplast
a.plaster
na
on
ránu
wound
(9) Maminka
mum
na-lepí
on.glues
Emmě
to.Emma
náplast
a.plaster
(10) *Maminka
mum
na-lepí
on.glues
Emmě
to.Emma
ránu
a.plaster
7 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Summary
▶ Spa al markers prototypically relate Figure and Ground
▶ However, there are also spa al markers that only introduce the
Figure (Ground is implicit)
▶ Other spa al markers only introduce the Ground (Figure is
implicit)
8 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
dark corners
(11) Petr
Petr
šel
walked
ke
to(wards)
mně
me
9 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
dark corners
(11) Petr
Petr
šel
walked
ke
to(wards)
mně
me
(12) *Petr
Petr
k(e)-šel
to-walked
9 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
dark corners
(11) Petr
Petr
šel
walked
ke
to(wards)
mně
me
(12) *Petr
Petr
k(e)-šel
to-walked
(13) Petr
Petr
při-šel
to-walked
9 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
dark corners
(11) Petr
Petr
šel
walked
ke
to(wards)
mně
me
(12) *Petr
Petr
k(e)-šel
to-walked
(13) Petr
Petr
při-šel
to-walked
(14) Petr
Petr
při-šel
to-walked
ke
to
mně
me
9 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Geometry vs. func onality
▶ ON: in contact with vs. support
10 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Geometry vs. func onality
▶ ON: in contact with vs. support
▶ IN: enclosed by the boundaries of vs. container
10 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Geometry vs. func onality
▶ ON: in contact with vs. support
▶ IN: enclosed by the boundaries of vs. container
10 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Geometry vs. func onality
▶ ON: in contact with vs. support
▶ IN: enclosed by the boundaries of vs. container
10 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
projec ve loca ons
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to percep on
11 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
projec ve loca ons
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to percep on
▶ IN FRONT OF: along an axis going out via the front side vs.
accessible to percep on
11 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
projec ve loca ons
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to percep on
▶ IN FRONT OF: along an axis going out via the front side vs.
accessible to percep on
(15) a. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
za
behind
barák
the.house
11 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
projec ve loca ons
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to percep on
▶ IN FRONT OF: along an axis going out via the front side vs.
accessible to percep on
(15) a. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
za
behind
barák
the.house
b. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
do
into
boudy
its.dog.house
11 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
projec ve loca ons
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to percep on
▶ IN FRONT OF: along an axis going out via the front side vs.
accessible to percep on
(15) a. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
za
behind
barák
the.house
b. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
do
into
boudy
its.dog.house
c. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
pod
under
divan
the.table
11 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
projec ve loca ons
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to percep on
▶ IN FRONT OF: along an axis going out via the front side vs.
accessible to percep on
(15) a. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
za
behind
barák
the.house
b. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
do
into
boudy
its.dog.house
c. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
pod
under
divan
the.table
(16) a. Pes
the.dog
vy-lezl
out-crawled
před
to.in.front.of
barák
the.house
11 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
projec ve loca ons
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to percep on
▶ IN FRONT OF: along an axis going out via the front side vs.
accessible to percep on
(15) a. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
za
behind
barák
the.house
b. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
do
into
boudy
its.dog.house
c. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
pod
under
divan
the.table
(16) a. Pes
the.dog
vy-lezl
out-crawled
před
to.in.front.of
barák
the.house
b. Pes
the.dog
vy-lezl
out-crawled
z
out.of
boudy
its.dog.house
11 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
projec ve loca ons
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to percep on
▶ IN FRONT OF: along an axis going out via the front side vs.
accessible to percep on
(15) a. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
za
behind
barák
the.house
b. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
do
into
boudy
its.dog.house
c. Pes
the.dog
za-lezl
behind-crawled
pod
under
divan
the.table
(16) a. Pes
the.dog
vy-lezl
out-crawled
před
to.in.front.of
barák
the.house
b. Pes
the.dog
vy-lezl
out-crawled
z
out.of
boudy
its.dog.house
c. Pes
the.dog
vy-lezl
up-crawled
na
on
divan
the.sofa
11 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
What we know so far
Paths
12 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Paths and loca ons
13 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Paths and loca ons
14 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The logical structure of path expressions
(17) the cockroach emerged from under the bed
15 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The logical structure of path expressions
(17) the cockroach emerged from under the bed
(18) S
the cockroach V
emerged
from
under the bed
15 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(19)
from
under the bed
16 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(20)
under the bed
from
17 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(21)
the bed under
from
18 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Caucasian
19 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Lezgian
20 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Tsez
21 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Tsez
22 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(22)
the bed under
from
23 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Macedonian
24 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(23)
from
under the bed
25 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(24)
under the bed
from
26 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(25) Ancient Greek
a. [parà
at
nus]
ships-
-ì
‘AT in the hollow ships’
b. [par’
at
Hēphaist]
Hephaistos
-on
‘TO
in Hephaestos’
c. [par’
at
Eurút]
Eurytos
-ou
‘FROM
in Eurytos’
27 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(26) a. na
on
podlaz-e
oor- (sta c loca ve)
28 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(26) a. na
on
podlaz-e
oor- (sta c loca ve)
b. na
on
podlah-u
oor- (goal)
28 / 28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(26) a. na
on
podlaz-e
oor- (sta c loca ve)
b. na
on
podlah-u
oor- (goal)
(27)
na podlah
u
28 / 28